福建龙岩米老排林分生长效果分析及优树选择

应用随机抽样法对福建省龙岩不同林龄米老排现有林分进行调查,结果表明:影响米老排生长的关键因子是立地类型;不同林龄米老排树高年均生长量为0.8~1.2 m,胸径年均生长量为0.7~1.6 cm,其树高、胸径、单株材积总生长量随着年龄增加而增加,年均生长量均超过米老排人工林自然生长量,呈现生长迅速、适应性广、抗性强、萌芽力强、树干通直、成材早等特性;米老排是马尾松近自然改培针阔混交首选阔叶树种;以生长性状为指标精选出米老排优树20株。     

坡位对大青杨生长影响的初步分析

通过对同一造林地3种不同坡位的大青杨(Populus ussuriensis)人工林生长情况进行的调查与分析,结果表明:3处位置即坡下位、中位、上位(海拔分别为700m、750m、800m)的大青杨树高和胸径生长量均有显著性差异;中位(海拔750m)处树高和胸径生长量最高,极大值均出现在此区域。因此,建议营造大青杨人工林应尽量选择坡中位。     

造林密度对米老排人工林初期生长的影响

[目的]探讨不同造林密度对米老排人工林生长的影响规律,为米老排人工林定向培育过程中的密度控制提供参考。[方法]以广东省云浮市造林后6年生米老排人工林为研究对象,对不同造林密度(625、833、1 111、1 667、2 500株·hm~(-2))林分平均树高、优势木高、胸径、保留率和枝下高等生长指标进行连续4年调查。[结果]表明:随着造林密度的增大,米老排林分平均胸径、胸径连年生长量、保留率、单株材积和材积连年生长量均显著减小,而枝下高、林分蓄积量和蓄积连年生长量显著增加。在一定密度范围内,造林密度对林分高生长的影响比较小。造林后第6年,密度1 667株·hm~(-2)林分的平均树高最大(11.4 m),优势木高以密度1 111株·hm~(-2)林分的最大(13.3m),树高连年生长量以密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的最大(1.5 m·a~(-1));密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的平均胸径、胸径连年生长量、单株材积和材积连年生长量均最大,分别为14.3 cm、2.5 cm·a~(-1)、0.097 3 m~3和0.038 2 m~3·a~(-1),比密度2 500株·hm~(-2)林分的分别增加27.7%、81.0%、49.0%和82.4%;密度2 500株·hm~(-2)林分的枝下高、蓄积量和蓄积连年生长量均最大,分别为6.0 m、149.4 m~3·hm~(-2)和44.8 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),分别是密度625株·hm~(-2)林分的2.61、2.52、1.95倍。[结论]分析了造林密度对米老排初期生长的影响,对米老排人工林的培育具有理论指导意义。     

四川绵竹立地分类及立地质量评价研究

绵竹是四川重要的造林竹种。本研究对四川省绵竹的生长情况进行全面调查,在此基础上开展绵竹立地分类和立地质量评价。研究共划分了1个立地区域,两个立地区,4个立地亚区,共计45个立地类型。立地质量评价结果表明:海拔、土壤厚度、坡位、坡度是影响绵竹生长的主要因子。在绵竹造林时,应考虑选择厚层土壤(60cm)、中低海拔(800 m以下)、坡位中下和坡度25°的立地条件。     

内蒙古大青山前坡油松人工林生长特征研究

以内蒙古大青山前坡38 a生、17 a生油松人工林为研究对象,对林分生长特征、部分立地因子特征进行调查分析,研究造林立地因子对人工林生长的影响.结果表明:(1)38 a生油松人工林平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别为7.36 m、9.8 cm和261.1 cm;17 a生油松人工林平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别为2.86 m、8.1 ...     

不同立地条件对云南石梓幼林生长的影响

通过设置样地调查不同立地因子对云南石梓幼林的生长影响,结果表明:云南石梓幼林随着海拔升高,树高、胸径生长量逐渐下降,海拔500m以下为云南石梓栽培的最适宜区;海拔500⁷00m为适宜区;海拔700700m为适宜区;海拔700⁸00m为次适宜区;造林地植被类型不同,幼林树高、胸径生长量有明显差异,未经改造的白茅地段不宜选用;不同坡位对云南石梓生长影响较为显著,坡顶、山脊生长最差。造林地要求疏松、肥力良好的土壤,土壤厚度(A层+B层)最好>80cm,<50cm则生长不良。     

高海拔山区柳杉人工林生长及关键营林技术

通过对高海拔(1 100～1 200m)和中、低海拔(600～800m)24a生柳杉人工林分生长情况进行调查分析,结果表明柳杉更适合在高海拔地区生长,高海拔地区的胸径平均生长量的峰值比中、低海拔要晚15 a以上.虽然低海拔有利于柳杉的树高生长,但从材积来看,25 a生时高海拔柳杉材积平均生长量已接近并将超过低海拔柳杉材积平均生长量.     

立地因子对不同龄级油松人工林生长的影响

以北京市森林资源二类调查数据和相关文献资料为基础,采用主成分分析及相关性分析方法对北京山区海拔、坡向、坡度、土壤质地、土壤类型、土壤厚度、枯落叶厚度等7个因子对林木生长影响进行了研究,结果表明:不同因子对不同龄级油松人工林平均树高、胸径及蓄积量的影响不同,对Ⅲ龄级、Ⅳ龄级各生长量影响最大。对Ⅰ龄级和Ⅲ龄级油松人工林各生长量均有影响的立地因子是海拔和坡向,对Ⅱ龄级油松人工林各生长量均有影响的立地因子是坡向,对Ⅳ龄级油松人工林各生长量均有影响的立地因子是海拔、土壤质地和土壤厚度。土壤因子对油松人工林Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级的生长情况影响较大,对Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级油松人工林影响较小。     

腾冲县秃杉人工林立地条件与林分生长关系分析

根据样地调查数据,采用方差分析法、显著性分析和多重比较分析法,分析不同坡向、坡位、坡度、土壤等立地因子下的秃杉人工林树高、胸径平均生长量状况。结果表明:不同坡向、坡位、土壤厚度对秃杉人工林林分生长均有显著影响;影响秃杉人工林林分生长的最主要立地因子为坡位、坡向和土壤厚度;秃杉最适生的立地条件为坡下部、阴坡、土壤深厚。     

榆林沙区樟子松人工林立地质量数量化评价

为了对榆林沙区樟子松人工林的造林培育及可持续经营提供参考依据。本研究在榆林市榆阳区设置了38块20 m×20 m的樟子松人工林样地,调查了不同林龄樟子松的胸径、树高等生长指标,应用数量化理论Ⅰ预测模型建立樟子松人工林优势木平均树高与立地因子之间的多元回归方程并确定立地评价等级,对樟子松人工林的立地质量进行了数量化评价。结果表明：（1）榆林沙区樟子松人工林随着林龄的增长,樟子松人工林平均胸径、树高均会有显著增长,且在第10～20年增长速度最快。（2）以坡向、海拔和坡位这三个主导因子将樟子松人工林划分为12个立地类型区,进行立地分类结果评价。通过对调查样地进行立地评价,可以看出调查样地中75%的樟子松人工林立地评价等级在中级以上,表明榆林地区的樟子松种植区域立地条件较好,适合樟子松种植。预测方程经过检验达到要求,说明利用数量化理论Ⅰ可以对樟子松人工林进行立地质量评价和生长趋势预测。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.