二阶段炭化法制备木炭及其性能研究

以杉木屑为原料,采用二阶段炭化法制备木炭,探讨阶段炭化温度和终态温度对木炭得率、苯吸附值和孔隙结构的影响。结果表明,阶段炭化温度为324℃时,木炭的得率最高;阶段炭化温度为436℃时,木炭的苯吸附值较大、孔隙结构比较发达。终态炭化温度的升高促进了木炭苯吸附值的提高。与一阶段炭化法相比,二阶段炭化法有利于木炭得率、吸附性能、比表面积、微孔容积和中孔容积的提高。     

两步炭化法制备高活性木炭

500℃下炭化杉木屑,再将此炭化料在较高温度下,进行第二步炭化,制得高活性木炭。讨论了温度、保温时间、升温速率等因素对产品吸附性能的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高、保温时间的延长,亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、苯吸附值呈现上升趋势;随着升温速率的增大,得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、苯吸附值呈现下降趋势。在相对较优的实验条件下,制得了亚甲基蓝吸附值为330 mg/g,碘吸附值1 068.3 mg/g,苯吸附值105.28 %、得率为14.29 %的高活性木炭。研究认为两步炭化有利于进一步提高木炭的比表面积及吸附性能。第二步炭化时,在微量空气的作用下,对木炭产生了活化效果。研究表明,两步炭化法工艺比较简单,对设备要求不高。     

山苍子核渣生物质炭制备与性能分析

采用缺氧状态下进行热解,以水蒸气法提取精油的山苍子核渣为原料,测定不同热解温度下生物质炭的炭得率、灰分、挥发分、pH、固定碳、亚甲基蓝的吸附值,研究不同炭化温度对山苍子核渣生物质炭的特性影响。热解实验表明:随着炭化温度从300℃升温到600℃,炭得率和挥发分均逐渐降低,灰分和固定碳则逐渐升高,pH值逐渐升高。在温度为300℃时,山苍子核渣生物质炭的炭得率为(52.49±2.14)%、挥发分为(46.45±0.55)%、灰分为(3.37±0.47)%,通过计算得到固定碳为(50.18±1.02)%、pH值为6.68±0.10;在温度600℃时,山苍子核渣生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附值最大,为56.08 mg·g~(-1)。实验结果表明炭化温度为600℃时,山苍子核渣生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果最好,可作为一种新型潜在的生物质炭材料。     

竹材含水率和炭化温度对竹醋液得率和竹炭质量的影响

本文以自制连续式炭化炉就竹原料含水率和炭化温度对竹醋液得率和质量及竹炭质量的影响作了试验研究,结果表明,较高的含水率(约40%)和较高的炭化温度(约450℃),均有利于提高竹醋液的得率,其中,含水率对竹醋液得率的影响达显著水平,但总酸含量、溶解焦油含量、沉淀焦油含量则相反,呈降低趋势,其中,后者呈极显著差异;试验结果同时表明,较高的炭化温度使竹炭挥发分含量降低而固定碳和碘吸附值含量提高,其中对固定碳含量影响达到显著水平。     

水蒸气活化法制备松籽壳活性炭工艺

研究了水蒸气法活化制备松籽壳活性炭的工艺条件,探讨了炭化温度、活化温度、活化时间和水蒸气用量对活化效果的影响。结果表明最佳工艺条件为:炭化温度500℃、活化温度950℃、活化时间120 min和水蒸气用量为炭化料的1.8倍,制备的活性炭碘值1144 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值171 mL/g,产品得率15.6%。这些指标与木质活性炭相当,且投资少,能耗低,具有良好的社会效益与经济效益。     

木材炭化机理的研究——炭化方法和炭化条件对杉木间伐材炭化物物性的影响

采用一步炭化法与二步炭化法,加盖炭化法与未(不)加盖炭化法对杉木间伐材木屑在不同炭化条件下进行热解研究,同时结合元素分析方法,探讨了杉木间伐材木屑炭化的固体产物得率及其基本性质的变化规律.研究结果表明炭化温度在400～600℃之间,炭化物得率下降十分明显,此后相对趋于恒定;加盖炭化法的得率高于未加盖法;升温速率对炭化物得率有较大影响.无论是一步炭化法还是二步法,炭化氛围气为空气时的炭化物固定碳含量及炭化物的还原性较氮气高.无论氛围气体是空气还是氮气,炭化物的还原性均随着炭化温度升高而升高.     

木材炭化机理的研究——炭化方法和炭化条件对杉木间伐材炭化物物性的影响

采用一步炭化法与二步炭化法，加盖炭化法与未（不）加盖炭化法对杉木间伐材木屑在不同炭化条件下进行热解研究，同时结合元素分析方法，探讨了杉木间伐材木屑炭化的固体产物得率及其基本性质的变化规律。研究结果表明：炭化温度在400-600℃之间，炭化物得率下降十分明显，此后相对趋于恒定；加盖炭化法的得率高于未加盖法；升温速率对炭化物得率有较大影响。无论是一步炭化法还是二步法，炭化氛围气为空气时的炭化物固定碳含量及炭化物的还原性较氮气高。无论氛围气体是空气还是氮气，炭化物的还原性均随着炭化温度升高而升高。     

农业成型秸秆制备空气净化用活性炭试验研究

研究了以农业秸秆经压块成型后为原料,采用水蒸气活化法制备活性炭工艺。讨论了炭化温度、炭化时间、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件:炭化温度450℃、炭化时间6h、活化温度850℃、活化时间3h。经后处理去灰分后,制得的活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值达180 mg·g-1。基本能达到木质净水用活性炭标准要求,具有较大的推广应用前景。     

芦蒿秆热解产物性能及利用的研究

以芦蒿秆为原料,在最终炭化温度为300℃、350℃、400℃、450℃,平均升温速度为150℃/h,保温时间为1 h的条件下对其进行热解,并研究了热解产物的性质及利用.结果表明,450℃的芦蒿秆炭的固定碳含量和热值较高,分别为76.56%和18 782.77 J/g;350℃的芦蒿秆炭对苯和TVOC的吸附率较高,分别为6.97%和7.25%,450℃的芦蒿秆炭对甲醛和氨气的吸附率较高,分别为10.74%和11.94%;所得醋液的性能较稳定,pH值在3.96～4.32范围内,密度为1.01g/cm3.     

木屑炭化物制备工艺研究

采用杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）屑为原料制备木屑炭化物,通过正交试验研究炭化温度、炭化时间及原料含水率对木屑炭化得率及炭化物理化特性的影响。结果表明：炭化温度对木屑炭挥发分含量、灰分含量、固定碳含量和热值的影响达极显著水平,原料含水率对木屑炭挥发分含量的影响呈显著水平;木屑炭化物的最佳炭化工艺条件为炭化温度450℃、炭化时间2.5 h、原料含水率高（即31.26%以上）,制备的木屑炭化物挥发分含量19.62%、灰分含量4.15%、固定碳含量76.23%、pH值9.46、吸光度0.2510、热值31550 J/g,炭化得率可达32.11%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.