落叶松—杨栅锈菌DNA提取及RAPD条件优化

本文对采自全国8个省市的落叶松—杨栅锈茵茵株进行了基因组DNA提取，并以其为模板对影响RAPD扩增1的重要参数进行优化试验，以期建立落叶松—杨栅锈茵RAPD反应的优化体系。结果表明，PCR扩增体系最佳条件是：25μL体积中，2．5mmol／LM^2 ，30ng／μL模板，0．15mmol／LdNTP，1．5μL引物，0．75UTaq聚合酶。     

闽楠、红楠AFLP反应体系建立

以闽楠、红楠总基因组DNA为模板,对AFLP分析各环节的条件进行了优化和筛选,建立了适合于闽楠、红楠AFLP分析的最佳反应体系.其中:酶切反应条件为在20μL反应体系中,加入模板DNA 150 ng,Buffer22μL,BSA 0.2μL,EcoRI 3U,Msel 2U,37℃酶切4 h,65℃变性10 min,4℃保存;连接反应条件为将酶切产物中加入5μL连接体系(包括T4 Buffer 2.5μL,EcoRI接头5 pmol,MseI接头50 pmol,T4连接酶1U),16℃连接过夜.预扩增反应条件为在20μL体系中,加入稀释25倍的连接产物5μL,Mg2+(25 mM/L)1.6μL,dNTP(2 mM/L)2 μL,预扩增引物E00、M00各30 ng,Taq酶1U.选择性扩增反应条件为:在20μL体系中,加入稀释100倍的预扩增产物5μL,Mg2+ 1.2μL,dNTP 2μL,选择性扩增引物(E+3/M+3)60 ng,Taq酶1U.本实验结果为闽楠、红楠AFLP分析打下了良好的实验基础.     

桢楠DNA提取和RAPD条件的优化

以桢楠（Phoebe zhennan）新鲜叶片、硅胶干燥叶片为材料,研究了DNA的提取方法,并对影响RAPD反应的各因素进行了优化。得到了桢楠RAPD的优化反应体系及程序,适合桢楠RAPD反应的体系总体积为25μL,DNA模板2μL,Taq DNA聚合酶用量0.3μL,引物用量1μL,Mg2＋用量5μL,dNTPs用量0.5μL,ddH2O16.2μL;适合桢楠RAPD扩增的程序是94℃预变性3 min,94℃变性1min,36℃复性1 min,72℃延伸2 min,42个循环,最后72℃延伸10 min,产物于4℃保存,同时结果表明硅胶保存的样品完全可以与传统的新鲜叶片得到同样的PCR扩增结果,完全可以满足研究需要。     

麻竹RAPD反应条件的优化

以麻竹DNA为模板,对影响麻竹RAPD扩增的重要参数进行了优化试验,以期建立麻竹RAPD反应的最适体系。最终得出的麻竹RAPD反应体系为:20μL反应体系,2μL10倍反应缓冲液,模板含量为50ng,2 5mmol·L-1的Mg2+,1 5U的Taq酶,dNTP为1 75mmol·L-1,引物浓度为0 4μmol·L-1。优化后的RAPD反应程序为:94℃3min→[94℃1min→37 5℃1min→72℃1min20sec]40个循环→72℃8min→4℃保持。     

七叶树RAPD反应体系的优化

以七叶树新鲜叶片为材料,研究了七叶树RAPD分析过程中的影响因素包括Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物、模板DNA浓度、变性时间、循环次数等,建立了适合七叶树RAPD反应的PCR体系。即20μl反应体系中含有dNTP 0.25 mmol/L,Mg2+2.5 mmol/L,Taq酶1.0U,引物0.8μmol/L,DNA模板50ng。扩增程序为:94℃预变性5min,然后40个循环(94℃变性30 s,33℃退火40 s,72℃延伸60 s),最后72℃延伸10min,4℃保存。     

云南箭竹基因组DNA的提取及RAPD反应条件的优化

用改良的SDS法从云南箭竹硅胶干燥的叶片中提取基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增。通过正交法对RAPD反应条件优化,6个试验因子的最适条件为:模板DNA1.5ng/μL,随机引物0.8～1.0μmol/L,dNTPs浓度0.1～0.15mmol/L,Mg2+浓度2.0～2.5mmol/L,Taq酶用量0.5～1.0U。最佳热循环参数为:94℃预变性2min,之后进行40次循环(94℃变性30s,36℃退火60s,72℃延伸90s),最后72℃总延伸7min后在4℃终止反应。     

我省板栗主载品种（无性系）RAPD反应体系的建立

在RAPD反应中，有许多影响结果的稳定性和准确性。本项研究采用浙江省8个板栗主载品种（无性系，）对RAPD各种反应进行了探索，结果表明，板栗理想的反应体系为：20μl反应体积含有100mmol/L Tris-HCl,500mmol/LKCl,20mmol/LMgCL2,0.01%Gelatin,dATP、dTTP、dGTP的量各为100μmol/L，50－200ng引物，0．75－1．0单位Taq酶，2－10ng模板NDA。反应条件为：94℃预变性2min，再94℃30s、40℃30s、72℃1．5min扩增37个循环；最后在72℃延伸7min。应用上述反应体系进行板栗PAPD反应，扩增产物在1．0％琼脂糖凝胶中电泳，经EB染色后在紫外灯下观察照相，可获得满意的DNA指纹图谱。     

核桃RAPD条件的优化

对核桃RAPD分析中Mgh、引物、dNTPs、TaqDNA聚合酶浓度及复性温度等因素进行了比较影响分析。建立了适合核桃DNA多态性分析的RAPD反应体系：25μL反应液中,3．5mM Mg^2＋、0．2mM dNTPs、0．2μM随机引物、1．0UT aq酶、50ng～100ng模板DNA;反应过程为45个循环,94℃变性60s,36℃退火60s,72℃延伸120s。     

我省板栗主栽品种(无性系)RAPD反应体系的建立

在RAPD反应中,有许多影响结果的稳定性和准确性.本项研究采用浙江省8个板栗主栽品种(无性系),对RAPD各种反应条件进行了探索,结果表明,板栗理想的反应体系为20μl反应体积含有100mmol/LTris-Hcl,500mmo1/LKCl,20mmol/LMgCL2,0.01%Gelatin,dATP、dTTP、dCTP、dGTP的量各为100μmol/L,50~200ng引物,0.75～1.0单位Taq酶,2～10ng模板DNA.反应条件为94℃预变性2min,再94℃30s、40℃30s、72℃1.5min扩增38个循环;最后在72℃延伸7min.应用上述反应体系进行板栗RAPD反应,扩增产物在1.0%琼脂糖凝胶中电泳,经EB染色后在紫外灯下观察照相,可获得满意的DNA指纹图谱.     

濒危药用植物延龄草RAPD反应体系的建立

以濒危药用植物延龄草(Trillium tschonoskiiM.)的叶片为材料,采用改良的CTAB法提取基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增,优化了RAPD扩增反应的程序及模板、引物、dNTP、Taq酶浓度等参数。结果表明:适合延龄草的RAPD扩增程序为:94℃预变性5 min,然后执行40个循环,每个循环中94℃变性1 min,36℃退火1 min,72℃延伸2 min,最后72℃延伸10min;适宜的反应体系为:25μL总体积中含DNA模板50 ng,Mg2+2.5 mM,引物0.6μM,dNTP 0.2 mM,Taq DNA聚合酶3 U。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.