河套灌区麦后复种饲料油菜养分吸收规律及施肥效应

为了解春小麦收获后复种饲料油菜的施肥效应,采用田间定位方法,研究了氮磷钾的施肥效果、产量反应和氮磷钾养分吸收规律。结果表明,氮磷钾配合施用(NPK)饲料油菜产草量最高,分别比不施氮肥(PK)、不施磷肥(NK)、不施钾肥(NP)增产63.9%、28.3%和12.7%,施肥效果为氮肥磷肥钾肥。生产1t饲料油菜干草,吸收N、P_2O_5、K2_O分别为27.4kg、9.2kg、47.3kg。氮肥对油菜株高和干物质积累量的影响最大,其次是磷肥,钾肥的影响最小。饲料油菜氮磷钾养分的吸收积累表现为"慢-快-慢"的变化规律,NPK处理植株吸收的氮磷钾最多,PK处理植株吸收量最少。在出苗后44~49d、47~55d和43~51d是饲料油菜N、P_2O_5、K_2O的吸收高峰期,此期间保证氮磷钾肥的供应是获得高产的关键。复种饲料油菜各施肥处理对后茬作物的影响不大。连续两年麦后复种饲料油菜后,对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量没有显著影响。休闲处理和麦后复种饲料油菜施用NPK处理可以提高土壤有效磷含量,麦后复种饲料油菜的土壤速效钾含量有所降低。     

钾肥对油菜植株养分及种子产量品质的影响

本文通过马肝泥水稻长期定位施肥试验及灰潮土复混肥田间试验表明:速效磷钾含量较低的马肝泥水稻土,施钾肥显著促进油菜植株N、P、K养分与干物质积累,提高根、茎、角壳含K量(籽粒含K较稳定),增加角果数;与氮磷配合施钾显著提高油菜籽产量。而土壤速效磷钾中上等的灰潮土,与氮磷配合施钾,籽粒产量虽有增加,但差异不显著,植株N、P、K含量亦无明显变化。钾肥提高菜籽含油量和油酸含量,降低芥酸含量,硫甙含量亦有降低。     

砂土地花生高产配肥及培肥地力的研究

采用四因子二次通用旋转设计，研究了砂土地施用有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对花生产量的作用及最适配比和因子之间的交互作用及其对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与花生产量呈二次回归关系，砂土地要提高产量和培肥地力应立足于肥料配合施用，重施有机肥，酌情多施钾肥和磷肥。     

施钾对花生养分吸收及生长的影响

用盆栽试验和田间试验相结合,研究了土娄土施用不同量钾肥对花生不同生育时期养分吸收及生长的影响。结果表明：施用钾肥可促进花生的生长和发育,使花生产量提高了２７．６％,最高产量出现在Ｋ２Ｏ用量６７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;施钾促进花生对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分的吸收,三种养分的吸收量为Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｐ,但不同钾肥用量对养分的吸收影响不大;施钾使花生籽粒蛋白质和粗脂肪含量分别提高了１７．７％和１０．７４％。试验中我们还观察到,施用钾肥可显著提高花生的抗病性,而抗病性有随施钾量增加而提高的趋势。     

氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

 采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计,在大田试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响,并探讨了3种肥料间的互作效应。结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥的施用均可以显著提高水稻产量,且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任两种肥料配施。氮、磷、钾肥的施用可以改善部分米质性状,如提高整精米率,降低垩白度、稻谷长宽比和精米直链淀粉含量;氮、磷肥的施用还可提高糙米蛋白质含量,降低青米率。施用氮、磷、钾肥后,水稻养分总吸收量和每100 kg籽粒养分需求量显著增加,而养分干物质生产效率和养分稻谷生产效率显著下降,且3种肥料的吸收利用率、农学利用率及生理利用率均随施肥量的增加而下降。氮、磷、钾肥两两互作对水稻产量均有极显著的影响,当肥料用量处于低中水平时,互作效应均表现为协同促进作用,肥料用量超过一定水平后则表现为拮抗作用。对水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收影响最大的交互作用分别是氮钾、氮磷和磷钾互作。总体来看,肥料对水稻生长的影响是多方面的,肥料用量及配比应在综合考虑水稻产量、品质及肥料利用率的基础上确定。     

磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响

利用大田试验研究了磷肥用量对油菜生长、产量、养分含量、养分积累及经济收益的影响.结果表明,在4个施磷水平下,蕲春和黄冈两个试验点磷肥(P2O5)用量分别为135kg/hm2和90kg/hm2时效果最好,分别提高产量148.5%和81.5%,增加纯利润2 532元/hm2和1 038元/hm2.施磷能大幅度的增加油菜分枝数、每株角果数、每角籽粒数及在一定程度上提高籽粒千粒重.施磷能不同程度地提高油菜各部位N、P、K养分含量,显著地提高油菜地上部对N、P和K的积累量.根据肥料效应方程和油菜籽及磷肥价格确定,蕲春和黄冈试验点最高产量水平时的磷肥用量分别为145.3kg/hm2和119.2kg/hm2,而最佳施磷量则分别为141.4kg/hm2和113.5kg/hm2.     

氮磷钾肥施用对甘蓝型春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响

利用大田试验研究了氮、磷、钾肥对青海省互助县种植的甘蓝型春油菜产量、养分吸收量和肥料利用效率等指标的影响。结果表明,氮肥和磷肥对春油菜(甘蓝型杂交油菜青杂2号)籽粒产量的提高有显著作用,钾肥的影响相对较小;与不施肥对照相比,氮、磷、钾肥的施用可显著促进成熟期春油菜地上部N、P、K素累积量(P<0.05);不同肥料的春油菜农学利用率分别为5.3kg/kg N、5.6kg/kg P2O5和1.7kg/kg K2O;肥料表观利用率分别为N 33.6%、P2O5 7.8%和K2O 52.0%, N、P、K肥对油菜籽产量的偏生产力分别为28.0kg/kg N、46.7kg/kg P2O5和26kg/kg K2O。青海省互助县种植条件下,当春油菜产量水平在3 504kg/hm2时,NPK配施条件下每生产100kg籽粒需要吸收N、P2O5、K2O量分别为4.6kg、2.0kg和5.6kg,氮磷钾比为1:0.43:1.21。油菜生产实践中实现高产目标需同时关注地力培肥和平衡施肥两方面。     

钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆开花后氮素积累的影响

钾素营养充足,可以提高作物抗逆能力和产量。随着氮、磷肥在生产中施用的增加,钾肥已逐渐成为作物产量的最大限制因子。大豆开花后籽粒形成期是大豆氮素积累、产量提高的重要时期,文章对钾肥施用后菜用大豆和普通大豆两者开花后氮素的积累进行了比较研究。在正常氮磷种肥用量基础上,设置3种施钾处理:不施钾(K0)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(K1)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)且在花、荚期喷施30 kg·hm~(-2)叶面钾肥(K2),探究菜用大豆、普通大豆开花后28~56 d内籽粒、叶片、茎中氮素积累动态。结果表明:施用钾肥增进两种类型大豆植株各部位中氮素积累。同时期内,两种类型大豆在各施肥处理下各部位的氮素积累量均为K2K1K0,大豆植株各部位中相对氮素累积量均为籽粒叶片茎。钾肥施用对提高菜用大豆籽粒氮素含量的效应高于普通大豆,与K0相比,K2处理下菜用大豆、普通大豆籽粒平均氮素含量分别增加了0.19%和0.1%。施用钾肥提高了菜用大豆叶片氮素转移效率,相比K0处理,K1、K2处理分别增加了6.1%、8.2%,而对普通大豆影响不大。钾肥施用显著增加普通大豆茎中氮素积累,但菜用大豆品种间差异较大。     

钾肥用量对油菜产量及钾素利用效率的影响

通过11个大田试验研究了钾肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,施钾（K2O）60、120和180kg/hm2与不施钾相比平均籽粒产量分别增加16.8%、21.6%和19.8%,籽粒含钾量增加2.9%、9.1%和7.8%,植株地上部钾素总累积量提高42.9%、63.0%和82.2%。说明施钾能提高油菜籽产量、提高油菜对钾素吸收和累积。油菜钾肥农学利用率、偏生产力、表观利用率和生理利用率均随钾肥用量的增加而显著下降,100kg籽粒需钾量随钾肥用量的增加而增加。综合结果表明,湖北省油菜钾肥高产高效生产的适宜推荐范围为60~120kg K2O/hm2。     

磷肥用量对油菜产量及磷素利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与不施磷相比,施磷肥（P2O5）37.5、75.0和112.5kg/hm2平均分别增产24.2%、42.9%和43.2%,籽粒含磷量增加10.5%、16.7%和27.1%,植株地上部磷素总累积量提高36.1%、59.1%和78.7%。施磷促进油菜生长,提高油菜对磷素的吸收和累积,显著增加百千克籽粒需磷量。但磷肥农学利用率、偏生产力、表观利用率和生理利用率均随磷肥用量的增加显著下降。磷肥用量为75.0kg/hm2时可达到油菜的高产高效生产。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

FTIR and Solid StateC NMR Spectroscopy of Proteins of Wet Cooked and Popped Sorghum and Maize

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and solid state¹³C NMR spectroscopic methods were used to investigate changes in maize and sorghum proteins on wet cooking and popping. FTIR spectra indicated that wet cooking led to proteins in two normal sorghums, namely NK 283 (a red hybrid) and KAT 369 (a white variety), two sorghum mutants (P850029 and P851171) and a maize hybrid (PAN 6043) assuming more antiparallel intermolecular β-sheet character, possibly at the expense of some α-helical conformation. Solid state¹³C NMR, using the technique of Cross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning showed shifts of the protein carbonyl carbon and α-carbon resonances upfield on wet cooking in all samples, also indicating a change in protein secondary structure from α-helical to β-sheet conformation. The extent of secondary structural change on wet cooking seemed to be greater in sorghum than in maize and may have a bearing on the inferior protein digestibility of wet cooked sorghum compared to maize. Popping produced the same secondary structural change as observed for wet cooking in both sorghum and maize. However, the extent of change on popping was less than on wet cooking in sorghum and maize.     

浅议茶旅融合发展的意义与途径

茶旅融合与互动发展是茶产业及旅游产业发展的内在需求,也是实施乡村振兴战略的重要抓手,对于破解茶产业利润增长瓶颈具有重要意义。本文浅析茶旅融合互动发展对产业的促进作用,结合浙江省茶旅产业的实践案例和模式提出推进茶旅融合发展的建议与途径,以期为茶产业与旅游产业融合发展带来新思路。