鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

2004～2005年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验,研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响.结果表明,鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华,使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻.鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降29.7%和18.6%;叶绿素a浓度分别下降26.6%和15.9%.同时,围隔水体透明度显著提高.但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响,并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽,使水体中新增加了直径大于500 μm的悬浮颗粒物.     

鲢和奥尼罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

２００４～２００５年在广州市一个富营养化浅水池塘中开展原位围隔试验,研究放养鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼对蓝藻水华的控制效果及对水质的影响。结果表明,鲢鱼和奥尼罗非鱼可以有效控制蓝藻水华,使围隔水体中的浮游植物优势种由蓝藻渐变为裸藻、绿藻和硅藻。鲢鱼、奥尼罗非鱼围隔水体中总悬浮物浓度较池塘水体分别下降２９.７％和１８．６％;叶绿素ａ浓度分别下降２６．６％和１５．９％。同时,围隔水体透明度显著提高。但鱼类放养对水体中的总氮、总磷浓度没有显著影响,并会造成水体中悬浮颗粒物的粒径分布范围变宽,使水体中新增加了直径 大于５００μｍ的悬浮颗粒物。     

尼罗与奥利亚罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质影响的研究

利用尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼进行了池塘抑藻试验,采用血球计数板测定水体中的微囊藻密度,并对水体理化性质进行了检测分析。试验结果表明,罗非鱼能有效消减水体中蓝藻生物量,降低水体藻毒素浓度,并对水体TN、TP产生一定影响。其中奥利亚罗非鱼试验组蓝藻初始密度为1．53-108cells／L,下降至0．86-108eells／L,降低43．79％;尼罗罗非鱼组蓝藻初始密度为1．54-108cells／L,下降至O．51×108cells,L,降低66．88％。水体总磷含量无显著变化,总氮含量有所下降,水体微囊藻毒素MC—LR含量随着蓝藻密度的下降而降低,并讨论了尼罗与奥利亚罗非鱼摄食抑制蓝藻的摄食抑制及其对水质的影响。     

利用小球藻防控养殖水体蓝藻水华的初步研究

<正>随着我国水产养殖业集约化养殖模式的深入推广,大部分养殖水体常年处于富营养化状态,水华频频暴发,蓝藻作为最常见的水华种类之一,已经严重制约了水产养殖业的健康发展。蓝藻水华具有分布广、适应能力强、繁殖力强等特点,蓝藻暴发会消耗大量氧气,使水体透明度迅速下降。此     

放养不同数量白鲢对罗氏沼虾池塘蓝藻水华及水质的影响

该文旨在探讨在罗氏沼虾养殖后期放养白鲢对池塘水质及浮游植物种类与数量的影响。试验选取规格为80尾/kg白鲢鱼种,按放养数量分别为0(1号塘)、1000尾/667m^2(2号塘)、1500尾/667m^2(3号塘)、2000尾/667m^2(4号塘),投放到4个养殖条件相近的罗氏沼虾池塘中,每隔10d检测池塘水质指标和浮游藻类,共5次。结果显示,池塘pH值呈先下降后稳定的趋势;各组溶氧均有显著的提升;2号和4号池塘透明度提升速率明显高于对照组;各组氨氮、亚硝含量变化不明显。各组化学需氧量(CODCr)、总氮、总磷、修正营养状态指数(TSIM)均呈下降趋势,且试验组下降幅度高于对照组,其中4号池塘下降最为明显。试验组池塘蓝藻下降幅度均高于对照组,且随着投放鲢鱼数量的增大,蓝藻占水体浮游植物的百分比越小。结果表明,在罗氏沼虾养殖后期放养白鲢,能够改善养殖水体环境,降低水体富营养化程度,有效控制蓝藻水华的发生。     

生物调控防治池塘蓝藻技术

一、蓝藻对水体的危害 1.蓝藻“水华”中以微囊藻占绝对优势,微囊藻的大量繁殖抑制了其他浮游植物的正常生长,对鱼类有利的浮游动、植物的生长繁殖就受到很大的影响。2。池塘中出现蓝藻“水华”时,水体表面形成一层“绿色浮渣”,水体的水质开始恶化,降低水体的透明度,增加浊度,水面被藻类遮盖,     

养殖水体微囊藻的危害与防治

养殖水体富营养化的表征之一即是蓝藻“水华”的大量暴发。2003年8月26日,凌海市西八千乡60亩南美白对虾淡化养殖水面不同程度地漂浮着厚积的绿色黏膜,对虾陆续死亡。经笔者镜检鉴定确认是铜绿微囊藻大量繁殖所致。2004-2005年盛夏初秋,又相继在各类中小型鱼塘出现了蓝藻“水华”现象。2006年经实地防治试验,有效地预防和控制了高温期养殖水体微囊藻的发生。现将养殖水体防治微囊藻的技术要点介绍如下：     

贵州龙滩水库鱼粪回收环保网箱养殖区域浮游生物调查

浮游植物种类的组成有明显的季节性,而且浮游植物种类的组成与水体营养状况有关。不同的浮游植物种类的组成变化能反映水体环境梯度的变化。富营养化水体以蓝藻和裸藻为主,但是林氏藻、微囊藻、湖丝藻和鱼腥藻都是富营养化水体的藻类,这些藻类都能够形成水华,对水质的恶化有显著的推动作用。     

3种植物浸提液对铜绿微囊藻化感效应研究

<正>铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为常见引发水华的蓝藻之一。蓝藻的大量繁殖争夺水体溶氧，导致水生动物大量死亡，水体恶臭。浮藻繁殖旺盛、覆盖水面从而阻碍水生植物的光合作用，造成水生植物逐渐死亡(李祎等，2022)；蓝藻死亡后释放有毒物质——蓝藻毒素，会对水生动物产生危害，因此防治蓝藻水华、维持生态平衡刻不容缓。     

淀山湖浮游植物群落结构特征及水生态健康评价

淀山湖是黄浦江上游重要的饮用水源地保护区和生态涵养区。为评估淀山湖水生态健康状况,本文依据2013年、2016年、2019年和2022年的6月和9月生态调查资料,研究了淀山湖夏初、秋初浮游植物的种类组成、数量和多样性等群落结构特点。调查期间共检出浮游植物7门80属169种,其中绿藻门占绝对优势,其次为硅藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门,甲藻门、隐藻门和金藻门种类数较少。在数量上以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和尖尾蓝隐藻（Chroomonas acuta）的优势最明显,其中铜绿微囊藻是引起淀山湖水华的主要物种,且易在9月湖区的西南方引起蓝藻水华。6月和9月浮游植物密度变动范围分别为1.69～3.08×106 cells/L和1.31～128.67×106 cells/L,6月在湖区东北方的平均密度最高,9月在湖区西南方的平均密度最高。水华暴发年份（2016年和2019年）9月平均密度明显高于同年6月,水华未暴发年份（2013年和2022年）9月平均密度则低于同年6月。采用冗余分析（RDA）法研究浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系,结果显示水温、溶解氧、透明度、总磷、总氮和高锰酸盐指数等是主要环境影响因子,且水华暴发年份与水华未暴发年份水温、溶解氧、透明度、总磷和总氮等对浮游植物群落的影响存在一定差异;浮游植物群落主要受磷营养限制,其物种数量、密度及优势种主要受水温影响。采用不同指数法评价水质,发现Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数对淀山湖蓝藻水华的指示比综合营养状态指数更灵敏。根据湖区出现的主要优势种均为富营养水体指示物种,以及生物多样性指数、均匀度指数和综合营养状态指数值,可以判断淀山湖夏秋季水体总体上处于轻-中度富营养化水平,且呈轻污染程度。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.