高温炭化法制备竹炭的研究

采用高温炭化法制备竹炭,探讨温度、保温时间和升温速率对竹炭吸附性能的影响,并通过N2吸附等温线对其孔隙结构进行表征。结果表明:随着温度提高、保温时间延长,竹炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值呈现逐步增长的趋势;升温速率的提高,促进了炭素前驱体石墨化程度的提高,不利于竹炭孔隙结构的发达;高温炭化法可以制得微孔、中孔、大孔较发达的竹炭。在较佳的实验条件下,高温炭化法可制得亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值分别为280 mg.g-1和947.3 mg.g-1的竹炭。     

油茶壳活性炭的制备工艺研究

以油茶壳为原料,采用直接炭化和二步炭化法制备活性炭,探讨炭化温度和保温时间对活性炭产品得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值的影响。研究结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高,直接炭化法制得的油茶壳活性炭的吸附性能呈先升后降的趋势;二步炭化法随着保温时间的延长,活性炭的吸附性能呈不断上升的趋势,在较优的工艺条件下,活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值为210.0 mg.g-1和1 016.2 mg.g-1。二步炭化有利于进一步提高直接炭化的油茶壳活性炭的吸附性能,制得吸附性能良好的活性炭材料。     

CMC粘接法制备柱状成型活性炭

以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)为粘接剂制备了柱状成型活性炭,研究了炭化温度、CMC添加量对产物吸附性能、孔结构及强度的影响。结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高,柱状成型活性炭的比表面积、亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值均呈现下降趋势;随着CMC添加量的增加,柱状成型活性炭的比表面积、总孔容、微孔容、平均孔径及亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值及对甲苯的吸附能力均逐渐降低,其强度逐渐增大。CMC粘接法制备柱状成型活性炭的最佳工艺为炭化温度200℃,CMC添加量10%,产物比表面积可达844.9 m2/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值分别为189.2及968.2 mg/g,强度可达99.83%,甲苯的吸附率达65.5%。     

磷酸法制备活性炭工艺研究

以杉木屑为原料,采用磷酸浸渍在高温下对其进行活化,制备活性炭。探讨温度、保温时间、磷酸浓度对活性炭性能的影响。结果表明,随着温度和保温时间的增加,活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值和苯吸附值总体呈上升的趋势。随着磷酸浓度的增加,活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值呈先降后升的趋势。在较优的实验工艺下,活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值和吸苯率分别为330.0 mg·g-1、1 015.7 mg·g-1和59.2%。     

硫酸改性对活性炭吸附性能的影响

采用硫酸对活性炭进行改性,探讨硫酸浓度、改性温度对改性活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,改性活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值呈现先升后降的趋势,而苯吸附值和苯酚吸附值总体呈不断下降趋势;随着硫酸浓度的升高,改性活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值和苯吸附值呈不断下降的趋势,而苯酚吸附值呈先降后升的趋势。与未改性的活性炭相比,改性活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值和碘吸附值均有所降低,苯酚吸附值有所升高,而苯吸附值在一定范围内有所升高。     

KOH活化制备高比表面积竹活性炭研究

研究了KOH浸渍量、活化温度、活化时间等因素对活性炭收率、微孔结构和吸附性能的影响，结果表明：当碱，竹比为0．7，炭化温度为500℃，炭化时间为1h，活化温度为800℃，活化时间为20min时，所制得的活性炭的微孔比表面积达2492m^2／g、碘吸附值2382mg／g、亚甲基蓝吸附值558mg／g。     

二阶段炭化法制备木炭及其性能研究

以杉木屑为原料,采用二阶段炭化法制备木炭,探讨阶段炭化温度和终态温度对木炭得率、苯吸附值和孔隙结构的影响。结果表明,阶段炭化温度为324℃时,木炭的得率最高;阶段炭化温度为436℃时,木炭的苯吸附值较大、孔隙结构比较发达。终态炭化温度的升高促进了木炭苯吸附值的提高。与一阶段炭化法相比,二阶段炭化法有利于木炭得率、吸附性能、比表面积、微孔容积和中孔容积的提高。     

KOH活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭的研究

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭样品,探讨了炭化、活化及后处理过程中各实验条件对活性炭样品性能的影响。综合考虑活性炭样品的性能及得率,得出较优的实验条件为:炭化温度450～500℃、碱炭比值1.0、活化温度800℃、活化时间120 min;在较优条件下制得活性炭的比表面积2 312 m2/g,碘吸附值1 936 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值392 mg/g;孔径分布以微孔为主;表面含有羟基(—OH)、活泼氢(—H)等基团。     

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Cotton Stalk Using Potassium Hydroxide as Activation Agent

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭样品,探讨了炭化、活化及后处理过程中各实验条件对活性炭样品性能的影响.综合考虑活性炭样品的性能及得率,得出较优的实验条件为:炭化温度450～500℃、碱炭比值1.0、活化温度800℃、活化时间120 min;在较优条件下制得活性碳的比表面积2 312m2/g,碘吸附值1 936 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值392 mg,/g;孔径分布以微孔为主;表面含有羟基(-OH)、活泼氢(-H)等基团.     

油茶壳制活性炭的研究

以油茶壳为原料，用物理法(水蒸汽为活化剂)制备活性炭。研究了活化温度、活化时间、水蒸汽用量等对活性炭的得率、碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。确定了用油茶壳制备活性炭适宜的工艺条件为：活化温度为850℃、活化时间为2．5h，水蒸汽用量为210g。在此工艺条件下所制取的油茶壳活性炭的得率为33．7％。活性炭的碘吸附值968mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值180mg／g，比表面积935m^2／g。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.