Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Tools: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Alternative on Soil Evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique for analyzing a wide variety of samples, thus, the growing interest of using this technique in soil science. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in the soil. NIR spectra from 20 cm³ of soil samples were acquired on the range of 750 to 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode, resolution of 16 cm^?1 and 64 scans. Eight models of calibration/validation were constructed. Calibration and validation models showed that the predictive potential of NIR varied with the specific soil property (OC, TN, P and K) under evaluation and according to the methodology employed in the model construction (cross-validation or test set). Good prediction models were obtained for OC and TN content based on the statistical parameters. Test set methodology was able to predict soil OC, TN, P, and K better than cross-validation methodology.     

Analysis of nitrogen fractions in silage by near-infrared spectroscopy

Total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (SN), nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), and acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) were analyzed in grass silage by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A set of 144 samples was used to calibrate the instrument by modified partial least-squares regression, and the following statistical results were achieved: standard error of calibration (SEC) = 0.449 and square correlation coefficient (R (2)) = 0.98 for total nitrogen x 6.25, SEC = 0.425 and R (2) = 0.95 for SN x 6.25, SEC = 0.414 and R (2) = 0.94 for NPN x 6.25, and SEC = 0.139 and R (2) = 0.84 for ADIN x 6.25. To validate the calibration performed, a set of 48 silage samples was used. Standard errors of prediction were 0.76, 0.64, 0.63, and 0.25 for total nitrogen, SN, NPN, and ADIN (all of them multiplied by 6.25), respectively, and R (2) for the regression of measurements by reference method versus NIR analysis were 0.94, 0.92, 0.90, and 0.48 for total nitrogen, SN, NPN, and ADIN, respectively. To compare the results obtained by NIR spectroscopy with those obtained by the reference methods for total nitrogen, SN, and NPN of the validation set, linear regression and paired t tests were applied, and the results were not significantly different (p = 0.05). When mean square prediction error analysis was applied, it could be concluded that for total nitrogen, SN, and NPN, a robust calibration model was obtained and that the main error was unexplained error. Statistical data for ADIN were worse than those of the other parameters; as a result NIR spectroscopy is not an effective method for quantitative analyses of ADIN in silage; nevertheless, it may be an acceptable method for semiquantitative evaluation.     

Limestone liners to protect groundwater quality against organic wastewater seepage

Crushed limestone was tested as a sealing liner for organic wastewater storage facilities. This material was compacted in laboratory columns and exposed in quadruplet to three levels of wastewater total solids (TS of 0.6, 1.3 and 2.6%). A fourth set of quadruple columns was used to monitor the total nitrogen (TN) loading rate using 1.3% TS wastewater. The crushed limestone cores measured 310 mm in depth by 98 mm in diameter and were exposed to a typical wastewater depth of 290 mm. Wastewater TS and ambient temperatures had a marked effect on seepage and TN loading rates. If the wastewater contains at least 1.3% TS, the seepage and N loading rate can be limited to 2 × 10^-8 m s^-1 and 200 mgN m^-2 d^-1, respectively. Ambient temperatures below 5 °C caused the TN loading rate to increase 7 fold, while those above 5 °C favoured nitrifying and denitrifying activity, thereby reducing seepage TN.     

In Situ Measurement of Soil Chemical Composition by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Tool Toward Sustainable Vineyard Management

This study evaluated an in-field near-infrared (NIR) instrument to predict the contents of total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), pH, and electric conductivity (EC) in soil vineyard samples (n = 70) sourced from three wine regions of Australia. Samples were analyzed using a portable NIR spectrophotometer (ASD FieldSpec III, 350–1800 nm). Partial least squares (PLS) regressions yield a coefficient of determination in calibration (R2) and a standard error in cross validation (SECV) of 0.74 (0.03) for TN, 0.92 (2.19) for S, 0.81 (0.42) for OC, 0.70 (109.2) for K, 0.84 (0.03) for EC, 0.83 (0.44) for pH, and 0.69 (24.6) for P, respectively. This study showed that it is possible to measure soil chemical properties in the vineyard, and the main advantages of this approach will be the speed, low cost, and ability to better manage and monitor soil fertility.     

土壤水分、有机质和总氮含量的近红外光谱分析研究

本文首次采用了近红外光谱分析法对我国黄土区土壤水分,有机质和总氮含量进行主人分析。结果表明,该法与实验室化学分析法之间相关性高,误差小,５２份样品定标结果：水分,有机质和总氮的复合相关系数分别为０．９７４,０．９３８和０．９４２;标准误差分别为１．０８,０．２３和０．０４２。７４份样品的检验结果;相关系数分别为０．９６９,０．９２１和０．９２８;估测标准误差分别为１．１４,０．２８和０．０４６。三     

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BORON INFLUENCES THE LEAF MINERAL STATUS,VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH,YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF ‘KINNOW’ MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO.)

The effects of foliar application of boron (B) in the form of boric acid on vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco.) were investigated. Kinnow mandarin was sprayed with different concentrations of boric acid viz. (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%) at fruit set stage. Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), B, and zinc (Zn) along with flush length, tree height, tree spread and tree trunk diameter increased, while leaf length and leaf age showed non-significant results after foliar B application. Yield of the ‘Kinnow’ mandarin was significantly affected by foliar application of B and a significant increase in fruit weight at harvest was also observed. Soluble solid concentration (SSC): titratable acidity (TA) ratio, ascorbic acid, total sugars, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidants significantly affected, while pH of juice, SSC, TA, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars showed non- significant results.     

Rapid determination of the main organic acid composition of raw Japanese apricot fruit juices using near-infrared spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to rapidly determine citric and malic acid contents of raw Japanese apricot (Japanese "ume", also known as the Japanese plum) fruit juice was investigated. In total, 314 raw juice samples with different organic acid compositions were collected over a long growth period, and spectra (1100-1850 nm) of these samples were acquired using an NIR spectrophotometer with a 1-mm path length. Calibrations were performed using a partial least-squares regression method based on a calibration sample set (211 samples), while validations were performed based on a validation sample set (103 samples). The results revealed good agreement between NIR spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis, including the correlation coefficient (r2), standard error of prediction (SEP), and bias; no statistically (p = 0.05) significant differences were found for these parameters. Moreover, standard deviation ratios of reference data in the validation sample set to the SEP were higher than 3, indicating that NIR spectroscopy may represent an acceptable method for quantitative evaluation of citric and malic acids in raw Japanese apricot fruit juice.     

自然降雨条件下秸秆还田对巢湖流域旱地氮磷流失的影响

本文通过野外径流小区观测试验,开展了自然降雨条件下秸秆覆盖对巢湖流域旱地地表径流、泥沙和氮磷流失影响的研究。试验结果表明,秸秆覆盖能有效减少地表径流量、侵蚀产沙量以及因地表径流引起的土壤氮磷流失。在整个玉米生长期间,秸秆覆盖小区的总产流量与产沙量比传统耕作小区分别减少30.47%和22.88%,表现出显著的水土保持作用。与传统耕作小区相比,秸秆覆盖小区随地表径流迁移的氮、磷流失总量分别降低27.42%和32.29%,但秸秆覆盖对径流中氮磷浓度的影响却不明显。溶解态氮是氮素流失的主要形态,颗粒态磷是磷素流失的主要形态。秸秆覆盖可以作为源头控制农业面源污染的较好措施之一加以推广。     

邵武烟叶常规化学成分质量评价

测定分析了邵武市11个主要植烟乡镇52份C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品中总植物碱、总氮、钾、氯、还原糖和淀粉含量,计算了氮碱比、糖碱比和钾氯比等指标,并由此评价了邵武烟叶的化学质量。结果表明:总体上,邵武市烟叶常规化学成分含量适宜,比例协调,主要指标达到优质烟叶标准。个别乡镇中上部位烟叶化学指标差异较大,尚需在烟叶种植和烘烤过程中进行技术优化,特别是应该注重控制上部烟叶采收成熟度和结合烟叶素质调整烘烤工艺参数。     

秸秆覆盖与平衡施肥对巢湖流域农田氮素流失的影响研究

通过野外径流小区观测试验,研究了巢湖流域旱地秸秆覆盖与平衡施肥条件下的径流、泥沙和氮素流失特征。结果表明,相对于当地传统耕作区,秸秆覆盖和平衡施肥能分别减少30.47%和21.61%的径流量,减少22.88%和20.59%的泥沙量,表现出显著的水土保持作用。当地传统耕作处理氮向水体迁移的负荷量为3.04 kghm-2,流失系数为1.35,其中溶解态氮是氮迁移的主要形式,其浓度占总氮浓度的60%~88%。秸秆覆盖与平衡施肥均能有效的降低径流氮的流失量,可分别降低27.42%和21.88%的氮流失,但其对径流氮浓度的影响却不明显。作物生长情况显著影响土壤氮素的流失,地上部分生物量与径流总氮的迁移量呈负相关关系。因此秸秆覆盖和平衡施肥可以作为源头控制农田养分流失的较好措施加以推广。     

保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳全氮及微生物量碳氮的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,共设4个处理（T：传统耕作;NT：免耕无覆盖;TS：传统耕作＋秸秆还田;NTS：免耕＋秸秆覆盖）,采用春小麦豌豆双序列轮作（即小麦→豌豆→小麦和豌豆→小麦→豌豆,本文中所指春小麦地、豌豆地分别指2008年种植春小麦、豌豆的轮作次序）,于2008年3月中旬对春小麦、豌豆双序列轮作下的土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳及土壤微生物量氮含量进行了采样测定。结果表明,经过7a的轮作后,两种轮作次序下,0-30cm土层中土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量均有在免耕＋秸秆覆盖、传统耕作＋秸秆还田处理较免耕不覆盖、传统耕作处理高的趋势,且其含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低。其中,土壤微生物量碳含量在两种轮作次序下的排序均为：免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）〉传统耕作（T）;而土壤微生物量氮含量在春小麦地和豌豆地的排序则分别表现为：免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉传统耕作（T）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）和免耕＋秸秆覆盖（NTS）〉传统耕作＋秸秆还田（TS）〉免耕不覆盖（NT）〉传统耕作（T）。同时,微生物量碳、微生物量氮与有机碳和全氮均呈显著正相关,说明提高土壤有机质、全氮含量的保护性耕作模式有利于土壤微生物量碳与氮的积累。     

土壤地下渗滤法处理分散生活污水的新技术: 两段厌氧土壤渗滤沟系统

The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen （TN） is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system, which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field. In this study, a full-scale, two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was designed and operated to evaluate the feasibility and performances in treating sewage from a school campus for over a one-year monitoring period. The raw sewage was prepared and fed into the first anaerobic tank and second tank by 60% and 40%, respectively. This novel process could decrease chemical oxygen demand with the dichromate method by 89%-96%, suspended solids by 91%-97%, and total phosphorus by 91%-97%. The denitrification was satisfactory in the second stage soil trench, so the removals of TN as well as ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） reached 68%-75% and 96% 99%, respectively. It appeared that the removal efficiency of TN in this two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was more effective than that in the single stage soil infiltration system. The effluent met the discharge standard for the sewage treatment plant （GB18918-2002） of China.     

A New Soil Infiltration Technology for Decentralized Sewage Treatment: Two-Stage Anaerobic Tank and Soil Trench System

The low removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) is one of the main disadvantages of traditional single stage subsurface infiltration system,which combines an anaerobic tank and a soil filter field.In this study,a full-scale,two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was designed and operated to evaluate the feasibility and performances in treating sewage from a school campus for over a one-year monitoring period.The raw sewage was prepared and fed into the first anaerobic tank and second tank by 60% and 40%,respectively.This novel process could decrease chemical oxygen demand with the dichromate method by 89%-96%,suspended solids by 91%-97%,and total phosphorus by 91%-97%.The denitrification was satisfactory in the second stage soil trench,so the removals of TN as well as ammonia nitrogen (NH 4-N) reached 68%-75% and 96%-99%,respectively.It appeared that the removal efficiency of TN in this two-stage anaerobic tank and soil trench system was more effective than that in the single stage soil infiltration system.The effluent met the discharge standard for the sewage treatment plant (GB18918-2002) of China.     

杜马斯-碳氮分析仪法测定缓控释氮肥释放氮量

为了提高缓控释氮肥释放氮量的测定效率,避免样品消煮过程中的强酸与毒害气体物质等问题,该研究基于杜马斯法原理,利用碳氮分析仪,测定2种缓控释氮肥在25℃静水释放试验中,第1、3、7、14和28天肥料浸出液的氮浓度,计算缓控释氮肥释放氮量,并与传统常规的凯氏蒸馏滴定法测定结果间进行比较。结果表明：2种方法肥料浸出液中N浓度测定结果之间呈极显著线性相关关系,相关系数r=0.991（n=30,P<0.01）。依据2种方法测定结果计算的氮素养分释放期彼此相差小于20%,符合国家标准《GB/T 23348-2009缓释肥料》及化工行业标准《HG/T 4215-2011控释肥料》的允许差范围。相比较传统的凯氏蒸馏滴定法,杜马斯-碳氮分析仪法测定缓控释氮肥释放氮量过程简便快捷,样品无需消煮,不涉及强酸不产生有毒有害物质。该结果为缓控释氮肥释放氮量新的测定方法提供了科学依据。     

牛粪堆肥成型基质块蔬菜育苗灌溉方式

为优选蔬菜育苗成型基质的灌溉方式,提高成型基质蔬菜育苗效果,以牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟料和牛粪蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料为主料配方的成型基质块为研究对象,在低位浸泡灌溉和微喷灌溉条件下,其中牛粪好氧腐熟料成型基质块灌溉耗水量体积的处理水平分别为2 500、350、700、1 050、1 400、1 750 m L,用T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6表示;牛粪蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料基质块灌溉耗水量体积的处理水平分别为3 000、700、1 050、1 400、1 750、2 100 m L,用TS1、TS2、TS3、TS4、TS5、TS6表示,探讨不同灌溉条件对2种牛粪腐熟料成型基质块中全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)的迁移及其吸水特性和育苗效果。结果表明,2种牛粪腐熟料成型基质块在低位浸泡灌溉下,其灌溉充分,淋洗脱盐量相对较小,并且对成型基质块的冲刷,扰动较小;微喷灌溉最小灌溉量T2或TS2下,虽然其淋洗损失的TN、TP、TK小于低位浸泡灌溉,但成型基质块未能被充分湿润,影响育苗效果;微喷灌溉在T3、T4、T5、T6或TS3、TS4、TS5、TS6处理水平下,成型基质块中的TN、TP、TK淋洗损失量均大于低位浸泡灌溉,并且随灌溉量的增大而逐步增大。对牛粪好氧堆肥腐熟料成型基质块,育苗前期应选取微喷灌溉T4进行前充分淋洗,育苗后期采取低位浸泡灌溉保留幼苗生长所需养分;而对牛粪蚯蚓堆肥腐熟料成型基质块,TS1处理下黄瓜幼苗的茎粗(6.23 mm)、株高(138.09 mm)、地上部分干质量(758.85 mg)、地下部分干质量(147.92 mg)和壮苗指数(217.64)均为该试验中最大值,灌溉水利用率为2.79g/kg,该处理水平下幼苗生长及水分有效利用率均较优,即可采取TS1处理对牛粪蚯蚓腐熟料成型基质块进行灌溉。     

东北黑土有机碳、全氮空间分布特征

应用经典统计学方法,分析了东北黑土表层1100个样点的土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮空间分布规律。结果表明土壤有机碳和全氮平均含量分别为19.25 g kg-1和1.89 g kg-1,从南到北随纬度增加而增加,土壤有机碳和全氮与纬度的相关系数分别为0.70和0.76;土壤有机碳、全氮与黏粒、砂粒在P<0.01水平上显著相关,其中与砂粒为显著负相关,而SOC与粉粒则在P<0.05水平下显著正相关;土壤全氮与粉粒没有相关性。     

Measurement of condensed tannins and dry matter in red grape homogenates using near infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares

Samples (n = 620) of homogenized red grape berries were analyzed using a visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer (400-2500 nm) in reflectance. The spectra and the analytical data were used to develop partial least-squares calibrations to predict dry matter (DM) content and condensed tannins (CT) concentrations. The coefficient of determination in cross-validation and the standard error of cross-validation were 0.92 and 0.83% w/w for DM and 0.86 and 0.46 mg/g epicatechin equivalents for CT, respectively. The standard error in prediction was 1.34% w/w for DM and 0.89 mg/g epicatechin equivalents for CT, respectively. By implementing a NIR spectroscopy method to measure DM and CT in red grape homogenates, we have developed an approach that is suited to large-scale compositional analysis in commercial wine production facilities, as it enables the analysis of large numbers of samples needed to stream batches of fruit. From an economical point of view, the calibration models could be achieved with relatively small data sets. Thus, NIR offers a suitable and efficient tool for the simultaneous measurement of DM and CT in addition to other important parameters in red grape homogenates such as total anthocyanins, total soluble solids, and pH, with minimal sample preparation and low cost.     

自然降雨下玉米秸秆堆沤还田对滇中小流域坡耕地氮素流失的影响

为探究自然降雨下不同堆沤方式秸秆还田对小流域坡耕地径流泥沙及氮素流失的影响,以滇中二龙潭流域坡耕地为研究对象,设置9种不同玉米秸秆堆沤方式,分别为CK及8种处理,各处理包括2种秸秆还田量(0.75,1.5 kg/m^2)、2种秸秆粒度(1,5 cm)、2种秸秆堆沤方式(水或水与尿素堆沤),研究烤烟坡耕地产流产沙及氮素流失特征。结果表明:(1)在4场具有典型产流的降雨中,施用较高秸秆还田量(1.5 kg/m^2)和粗颗粒秸秆(5 cm),均可有效减少坡耕地产流产沙量(10.06%~38.60%和10.07%~38.60%);(2)施用较低秸秆还田量(0.75 kg/m^2)、粗颗粒秸秆(5 cm)及未添加尿素堆沤的秸秆径流TN、NO3--N浓度低于施用高秸秆还田量(1.5 kg/m^2)、细颗粒秸秆(1 cm)及添加尿素堆沤的处理(1.96%~32.79%和3.97%~40.89%);(3)各处理下NO3--N/TN、NH4+-N/TN、PN/TN分别为63.64%~86.18%,5.31%~13.86%和5.33%~25.80%,表明坡耕地地表径流氮素主要流失形式为NO3--N,溶解态氮是径流中的主要氮素污染物;(4)施用较低秸秆还田量(0.75 kg/m^2)、粗颗粒(5 cm)秸秆、未加尿素堆沤的秸秆,泥沙TN流失浓度降低(16.87%~48.15%);(5)施用较高秸秆还田量、粗颗粒秸秆及未添加尿素堆沤可有效降低滇中坡耕地氮素的流失风险(0.32%~35.05%和54.52%~77.23%)。TN径流和泥沙流失中,以径流输出为主,占TN流失量的50.09%~71.67%。为了减少该流域氮素流失量,可选择施用较高秸秆还田量(1.5 kg/m^2)和粗颗粒(5 cm)秸秆,并依据烤烟不同生长期的吸收情况和土壤养分情况等选择少量或不添加尿素堆沤进行秸秆还田。     

不同水土保持措施对黑土区坡耕地氮、磷流失的影响

采用无任何保护措施的坡耕地为对照组,系统地研究了3种典型水土保持措施:水保林、水平梯田、地埂植物带对桓仁浑江流域坡耕地总氮（Total nitrogen,TN）和总磷（total phosphorus,TP）变化的影响。2013年3—9月,共采集了336个有代表性的土壤样本进行分析研究。结果表明,采取了3种典型水土保持措施的土壤样品中的TN和TP含量均显著高于未采取任何水土保持措施坡耕地土壤中TN和TP含量。其中,水平梯田土壤中的TN和TP较对照组分别提高了24.6%和35.7%。地埂植物带土壤中的TN和TP较对照组分别提高了19.4%和37.4%。3种综合措施（水保林、水平梯田、地埂植物带）协同使用效果更为明显,可使TN和TP较对照组分别提高29.2%和30.6%。研究可为坡耕地面源污染治理提供科学依据和切实可行的方法。