氮素穗肥对不同品种稻米品质性状的影响

以4种不同类型的稻米为材料,采用4个不同的氮素穗肥处理,利用黏度分析仪和XRD技术测定其淀粉特性,探索氮素穗肥对稻米品质及淀粉特性的影响。试验结果表明,氮素穗肥对稻米蛋白质、直链淀粉含量、支/直比和胶稠度的影响,品种间存在差异。各品种稻米的黏滞谱曲线随着氮肥的增加均呈整体下降趋势;相对粳稻而言,杂交籼稻和糯稻黏滞谱曲线在不同的氮肥处理下降幅度较小。各品种稻米淀粉的相对结晶度均表现为随氮肥施用量的增加而减小,17和18的两个衍射峰的分离状态逐渐减小。氮素穗肥施用量与稻米品质和淀粉特性关系密切,可通过调控氮素穗肥水平来改善稻米品质。     

不同品种稻米品质形成对盐胁迫的响应

为明确盐浓度对稻米品质形成的影响及其机制,以江苏省大面积种植水稻品种南粳9108和盐稻12号为试验材料,种植于土培池中,全生育期以盐水灌溉代替淡水灌溉,盐浓度设置0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%、0.30%、0.35%,并以淡水(盐浓度0%)灌溉为对照(CK),研究不同盐浓度对稻米品质形成的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,在低盐浓度(0.10%~0.15%)下,直链淀粉含量显著降低,稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率增加,稻米淀粉黏滞特性(RVA谱)的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和最终黏度增加,米饭的外观、黏度、平衡度和食味值在0.10%盐浓度下高于CK,南粳9108和盐稻12号的胶稠度在0.10%盐浓度下分别较CK高4.5和3.5 mm;在中、高盐浓度(0.20%~0.35%)下,稻米的加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和稻米淀粉黏滞特性明显降低。稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度随着盐浓度的增加而减小。综上可知,在低盐浓度(0.10%~0.15%)下,稻米的品质总体有一定的改善;高盐浓度(0.35%)下,稻米品质明显变劣。本研究通过分析不同盐浓度下水稻的品质状况,为滩涂水稻高产与品质调优栽培提供了参考。     

结实期温度对稻米理化特性及淀粉谱特性的影响

利用玻璃室内的高温和室外的常温，研究了结实期温度对稻米理化特性和淀粉谱特性的.影响结果表明，随着结实期温度的升高，稻米的糊化温度和蛋白质含量提高，胶稠度变化，而直链淀粉含量下降；相关分析表明，结实期日平均气温与胶稠度和蛋白质含量呈正相关，而与碱消值和直链淀粉含量呈负相关，糊化开始温度随结实期温度的升高而提高，但最高粘度、最低粘度及下降粘度值的变化因品种生态类型不同而异，即在高温条件下结实的稻米与在常温条件下结裨稻米相比，其最高粘度，最低粘度以及下降粘度值，早熟品种前者比后者大，而晚熟品种前者比后者小。     

氮肥运筹对免耕高留茬抛秧稻氮素吸收、运转和子粒品质的影响

田间裂区试验研究了氮肥运筹对免耕高留茬抛秧稻氮素吸收、运转和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增加,水稻吸氮增多,转移到穗部的比例下降、滞留在叶片中的比例增加,氮素干物质生产效率和产谷效率下降。增施氮肥提高了糙米率、精米率和整精米率,垩白米率、垩白度和蛋白质含量随施氮量增加而上升。随施氮量的增加,淀粉RVA谱特征的最高粘度和崩解值降低,消减值和糊化温度升高。基∶蘖∶穗肥比为7∶0∶3和4∶3∶3处理提高了氮素农艺效率、稻米蛋白质含量、消减值,降低了最高粘度。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对不同品种小麦蛋白组分及面团揉混特性的影响

为研究灌浆期高温胁迫对不同品种小麦蛋白组分及面团揉混特性的影响,以济麦22(JM22)和新麦26(XM26)为材料,通过灌浆初期(S1)和灌浆中期(S2)在田间搭棚进行高温胁迫处理,以未进行高温胁迫的大田小麦作对照(CK),收获后对小麦淀粉黏滞谱、蛋白质组分含量和揉混参数等进行分析。结果表明,与各自CK相比,JM22的黏滞谱参数除回复值和糊化温度降低外,其余参数均升高,XM26的黏滞谱参数除峰值时间外均降低。S1和S2使JM22的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、峰值时间分别较CK提高2.81%和18.63%、7.71%和19.51%、11.88%和21.15%、1.88%和12.22%、2.45%和4.08%,且S2均大于CK和S1,S1与CK差异不显著;S1和S2使XM26的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、回复值分别较CK降低12.95%和31.21%、1.81%和27.18%、2.50%和22.22%、3.57%和14.39%,其中,S2、S1与CK三者之间的峰值黏度均达显著水平。与CK相比,高温胁迫后JM22的蛋白质含量降低,而XM26升高。两品种各组分蛋白含量均发生改变,S1和S2使JM22谷蛋白含量减少4.52%和6.01%,S1和S2使XM26谷蛋白增加13.66%和17.27%,不可溶蛋白增加28.95%和34.80%,谷醇比也增加。高温处理对两品种面团揉混参数值也有一定影响,S1使JM22和XM26的峰值时间、峰值高度、8 min带宽分别较各自CK显著增加8.50%和42.80%、12.20%和2.80%、26.57%和68.30%,而S2的两品种只有峰值时间同时显著增加,分别增加9.60%和28.50%。本研究结果为优质专用小麦品质提升栽培技术提供了理论基础。     

氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质特性的影响

利用稻米品质特性不同的 7个粳稻品种 ,研究了氮肥对稻米垩白率、理化特性及淀粉谱特性的影响。结果表明 ,随着氮肥施用量的增加 ,稻米垩白率和直链淀粉含量逐渐降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,而在稻米淀粉谱特性中除糊化开始温度略提高外 ,其余特性均降低或变小 ;在水稻全生育期施同等量的氮肥时 ,与生育前期追施氮肥相比 ,抽穗期追施氮肥 ,其稻米的垩白率和直链淀粉含量降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,但对稻米淀粉谱特性的影响很小。品质特性对氮肥的反应敏感程度品种间有差异。     

传统风干牦牛肉加工中肌原纤维蛋白氧化与体外消化性变化

为了评价传统风干牦牛肉在加工过程中肌原纤维蛋白消化率的变化,并探讨蛋白质氧化影响其消化性的潜在机制。在牦牛肉自然风干加工过程中(40 d)采集样本,测定肌原纤维蛋白羰基、巯基、二硫键、二聚酪氨酸、粒径分布、体外消化率及脂质氧化等指标,并分析脂质氧化和蛋白质氧化对蛋白质消化性的影响。结果显示,脂质初级氧化产物(Primary Oxidation Value, POV)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(Thiobarbituric Acid Reaction Substrates, TBARS)和蛋白质羰基化合物随加工时间的延长而显著增加(P0.05),并且相互间存在极显著相关性(P0.01)。此外,二硫键和二聚酪氨酸含量显著增加(P0.05),这是蛋白质交联的主要形式。蛋白质被胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶总的水解率在整个加工过程中降低了19.58%(P0.05),蛋白质的水解率与羰基、二硫键、二聚酪氨酸和蛋白质粒径呈现极显著负相关性(P0.01)。综上所述,在风干牛肉加工期间,脂质氧化产物促进了蛋白质氧化,蛋白质的羰基化和交联导致蛋白酶对蛋白质的水解率降低。研究结果对了解风干牦牛肉传统加工方式和进一步改进加工工艺具有积极的促进作用。     

生物炭对粉黏壤土水力参数及胀缩性的影响

该文选取2种粒径（细炭0.013～0.048 mm、粗炭0.3～0.7 mm）的生物炭,以2种质量百分比（3%、6%）施入一种粉黏壤土,通过测定不同粒径生物炭及施加比例下土壤的水分特征曲线、饱和水力传导度、收缩性及饱和膨胀率,研究生物炭对粉黏壤土水力参数及胀缩性的影响。结果表明,2种粒径及添加比例的生物炭均降低了粉黏壤土的持水能力。但4种添加生物炭处理相互之间持水能力差异不显著。生物炭可降低粉黏壤土中极微孔隙和中大孔隙的比例,提高微孔隙和小孔隙所占的比例。生物炭的添加降低了该粉黏壤土的饱和含水率和凋萎系数。细炭对粉黏壤土的田间持水率没有显著影响,粗炭降低了粉黏壤土的田间持水率。两种粒径的生物炭均可提高粉黏壤土的有效含水率,并降低离心失水过程中土壤的收缩,在这2方面细炭的影响效果比粗炭显著;细炭的添加对粉黏壤土饱和膨胀率没有显著影响,粗炭则降低了粉黏壤土的饱和膨胀率。2种粒径生物炭的添加均降低了该粉黏壤土的饱和水力传导度。3%和6%的添加比例在大部分研究指标中未表现出明显差异。该研究可为生物炭在土壤环境修复应用方面提供一定的理论指导。     

豌豆粉添加对米粉品质特性的影响

为了提高米粉的营养价值,本研究将不同粒径的豌豆粉添加到米粉中,分析不同粒径及添加量(0%、7.5%、15%、30%)对大米粉粉质特性及米粉蒸煮、质构和感官特性的影响。结果表明,添加豌豆粉可以增加米粉中蛋白质的含量,添加30%豌豆粉后米粉的蛋白质含量为原米粉的1.73倍。豌豆粉的添加降低了米粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值,提高了米粉冷糊稳定性,使米粉不易老化。随着豌豆粉添加量的增加,米粉的硬度与蒸煮损失逐渐增大,感官品质降低。豌豆粉的粒度对米粉品质影响较大,当豌豆粉添加量相同时,添加200目豌豆粉的米粉蒸煮损失比添加80目豌豆粉降低9.08%~20.73%;感官评价总分提高1.35%~10.43%。综上,通过降低豌豆粉的粒度可以制备出豌豆粉添加量为30%的品质较好的米粉。本研究结果为营养健康型米粉的开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

γ辐照对稻米蒸煮和食用品质的影响

本研究了＾６０Ｃｏγ辐照对稻米蒸煮和食用品质的影响。结果表明：在２－１２ｋＧｙ范围内,辐照使低和中等直链淀粉含量的早灿稻浙辐５０４和早粳稻Ｔ２的直链淀粉含量降低,而对高直链淀粉含量的早灿稻浙辐８０２的直链淀粉含量没有明显的影响。辐照使３个品种的胶稠度增大,淀粉粘度谱的最高粘度,热浆粘度,冷胶粘度明显下降。     

Pasting Process in Rice Flour Using Rapid Visco Analyser Curves and First Derivatives

The objective of these studies was to gain a better understanding of the pasting process in rice. We chose six different medium grain rice flour samples with amylose contents of 0.41–24.9% and protein contents of 4.89–10.65%. By using the first derivative of Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) curves, changes in the pasting rates could be obtained. We found that samples containing low amylose contents (CM101 [CA] 0.41% amylose and 7.04% protein) exhibited a single smooth transition during pasting. Pastes from all other samples, M201 (TX), Nato (LA), Koshihikari (CA), Mercury (LA), and Nanking Sel (LA) with higher amylose contents (10.65–24.9%) underwent multiple phase transitions and rate changes before the peak viscosity. Disruption of disulfide linkages using dithiothreitol (DTT) led to a decrease in the rate of the single pasting step observed for CM101 (CA). Rice containing larger concentrations of amylose showed an increase in the first, but a decrease in subsequent steps. Our data suggests that amylopectin and protein are mutually important in the initialization of pasting in rice. At later stages of pasting, amylose and its complexes seem to become important.     

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Flour Pasting Properties Influenced by Free Fatty Acids and Protein

A second unusually high viscosity peak appeared at the cooling stage (50°C) of a Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) profile of short‐term stored (two months at room temperature) whole grain sorghum flour, while freshly ground flour had a typical pasting curve with one viscosity peak at the 95°C holding period. The formation of the second viscosity peak was caused by liberation of free fatty acids (FFA), mainly palmitic (15.6%), oleic (41.9%), and linoleic (37.9%) acids from stored flour. After the flour samples were pretreated with pepsin or the protease thermolysin, the second peak disappeared in the presence of FFA while the high viscosity was partially retained, indicating that flour protein was another essential component to the production of the actual peak. Effects of dithiothreitol (DTT), pH, and NaCl on RVA profiles of stored flour suggested that disulfide‐linked protein and electrostatic interaction are required for the peak production. In the presence of sufficient FFA, similar cooling stage viscosity peaks appeared in the RVA profiles of flour samples from maize, rice, millet, and wheat; thus, the effect was not unique to sorghum flour. Coinciding with previously reported findings from our laboratory of a three‐component interaction and discernable complex in a model system, a similar three‐component (starch, protein, and FFA) interaction was revealed in natural flour systems resulting in formation of an unusual and notably high cooling stage viscosity peak. Practical applications and an interaction mechanism are discussed.     

Effect of Aging on the Quality of Glutinous Rice Crackers

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of aging on the physicochemical properties of two Thai cultivars of milled glutinous rice (RD6 and RD8). The amylose and protein content of rice samples did not change when stored from 0 to 4 months. Amylograph curves from samples of milled rice stored from 0 to 8 months were analyzed. Both cultivars gave constant gelatinization temperature during aging. The values for peak viscosity, final viscosity on cooking at 94°C, viscosity on cooling to 50°C and breakdown decreased significantly for RD6 cultivar, whereas the setback value and consistency were not changed significantly. For RD8 cultivar, no significant difference was observed for viscosity on cooling to 50°C and consistency during aging up to 8 months. Peak viscosity and breakdown value were reduced during storage, whereas the final viscosity on cooking at 94°C and setback value increased with time. Raw milled rice of both RD6 and RD8 cultivars have similar water uptake rates. Stored rice tended to have a lower water uptake rate which increased proportionately with soaking time. Samples from both rice cultivars were used to make rice crackers to study the effects of aging on quality. Volume expansion of rice crackers made from RD6 and RD8 cultivars tended to decrease during storage which resulted in an increase in the hardness of the crackers.     

土壤水分供给对不同水稻的产量构成及其淀粉品质的影响

在人工气候室和网室条件下,测定了4个水分处理下2个籼型水稻材料中9B和金早47的株产量和淀粉品质。结果表明,中9B在水分胁迫下株产量显著降低主要原因在于有效穗数显著减少,而金早47随水分胁迫加重株产量显著降低,原因是水稻穗型变小,总粒数和实粒数显著减小。在水分胁迫下,2个水稻品种在产量构成中的不同表现,反映了不同水稻品...     

Effect of Dry Heating on Physicochemical Properties of Pregelatinized Rice Starch

Japonica and indica rice starches (10% w/w) were pregelatinized in a boiling water bath for 5 or 10 min and subsequently heat‐treated in a dry state for 0, 1, 2, or 3 h at 130°C to examine the effects of dry heating on pasting viscosity, paste clarity, thermal properties, X‐ray diffraction pattern, and gel strength of pregelatinized starches. Heat treatment obviously changed the physicochemical properties of pregelatinized rice starch. The pregelatinized rice starches had higher peak viscosity and final viscosity than the corresponding native rice starches. Heat treatment of pregelatinized rice starch for 1 h increased the peak viscosity, but treatment for 2 or 3 h decreased the peak viscosity compared with the unheated pregelatinized rice starch. The indica rice starch exhibited more substantial changes in pasting viscosity than did japonica rice starch during heat treatment. The melting enthalpy of the endothermic peak occurred at 90–110°C, and the intensity of the X‐ray diffraction peak at 20° was increased by dry heating, possibly owing to the enhanced amylose‐lipid complexes. The dry heat treatment of pregelatinized starch caused an increase in paste clarity and a decrease in gel strength.     

香稻品种RVA谱多样性研究

对来自不同种植区域的593份香稻材料(香糯稻152份,香籼稻342份,香粳稻99份)进行了RVA谱的多样性分析。结果表明,香糯稻以最终粘度的变异系数最大,为42.9,香籼稻和香粳稻以回生值的变异系数最大,分别为71.9和76.1。按遗传多样性指数(Shannon-wiener多样性指数)的分级标准计算,不同种质资源RVA谱特征值的分级情况复杂,除了峰值时间分布相对集中外,其他特征值的分级情况差别较大。RVA谱各特征值的遗传多样性指数均大于1.0,香糯稻峰值粘度和最终粘度的遗传多样性指数高达2.02和2.01,香籼稻和香粳稻均以回生值的遗传指数最高,分别为2.09和1.99。不同香稻种质间的淀粉糊化特性潜在分异明显。     

转基因抗虫水稻矮秆突变体的品质性状分析

对转cry1Ab基因抗虫水稻矮秆突变体的品质性状与原亲本秀水11进行了对比分析,发现在最高粘度、热浆粘度和冷胶粘度等RVA谱特征值上两者有显著差异,而在外观品质、碾磨品质、表观直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和淀粉粘滞特性的崩解值、消减值等淀粉食用品质方面基本相同,在蛋白、脂肪、灰分、矿物质和氨基酸等关键营养成分上也不存在显著差异,在蒸煮后的矮杆突变体米粒中也未检测到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。     

抽穗扬花期低温胁迫对双季晚稻生理特性的影响

为探究抽穗扬花期低温胁迫对不同晚稻品种生理特性的影响,本研究以2个耐冷品种(岳优27、昌粳225)和2个冷敏感品种(泰丰优208、黄华占)为试验材料,于抽穗扬花期在人工气候室进行低温处理,分析其光合特性、抗氧化酶活性、穗部性状与稻米品质等。结果表明,随着低温处理时间的延长,各晚稻品种花粉活力均降低,除过氧化氢酶(CAT)外的抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量都有不同程度的增加,其中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和SP含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,而CAT活性呈先降低后增加的趋势,结实率和千粒重呈降低趋势。低温胁迫也会影响稻米品质及稻米RVA值,具体表现为随着低温处理时间的延长,各晚稻品种精米率降低,垩白粒率、垩白度和胶稠度增加,直链淀粉与粗蛋白含量呈先增加后降低的趋势;峰值黏度、崩解值逐渐降低,冷胶黏度、回复值和消减值逐渐升高。相较于冷敏感品种泰丰优208和黄华占,耐冷品种岳优27和昌粳225的抗氧化酶活性和SP含量较高,MDA含量较低;结实率和千粒重降低幅度较小,花粉活性降低幅度也较小,其中在第5天昌粳225降幅最小,为4.38%;稻米品质中精米率、垩白粒率、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量变化幅度较小,而垩白度增加幅度较大,RVA谱中峰值黏度降低幅度较大,热浆黏度反应较慢,而冷胶黏度和回复值较先达到最大值,崩解值和消解值的变化幅度较小。综上,耐冷品种岳优27和昌粳225抽穗扬花期相较于冷敏感品种泰丰优208和黄华占表现出较强耐受低温胁迫的能力。本研究结果可为抽穗扬花期耐低温双季晚稻的选育与栽培提供一定的理论参考。     

辐照改良水稻淀粉特性的研究

以相似AAC的不同类型水稻 (籼稻、粳稻和杂交稻 )和不同AAC早籼稻品种为材料 ,研究了辐照对淀粉粘滞性、理化品质和淀粉颗粒的影响。研究表明 ,最高粘度 (PKV)、热浆粘度 (HPV)、冷胶粘度 (CPV)、消减值 (SBV)和回复值 (CSV)等 5个RVA谱特征参数随剂量增加均显著下降。辐照明显降低了低AAC品种、糯稻和中等AAC品种的AAC ,但对高AAC品种的AAC影响不显著。辐照对碱消值 (ASV)无影响 ,但最高粘度时间 (PKT)随剂量增加而下降。胶稠度尤其是高AAC的胶稠度 (GC)随剂量增加明显提高。胚乳内淀粉颗粒经辐照处理也有所变形。结果表明 ,辐照可提高稻米食用和蒸煮品质。     

Effects of Rough Rice Storage Conditions on the Amylograph and Cooking Properties of Medium-Grain Rice cv. Bengal

Rough rice (cv. Bengal) was stored at four moisture contents (8.8, 10.7, 12.9, and 13.6% MC) and three temperatures (3, 20, and 37°C) for up to six months. The amylograph overall paste viscosity of the milled rice increased during storage. This increase was most apparent in all samples stored at 37°C. For rice stored at 20 and 37°C at all MC levels, a 30–50% increase in peak viscosity (PV) was observed during the first three months of storage. PV subsequently leveled off for rice stored at 12.9 and 13.6% MC but declined for samples stored at 8.8 and 10.7% MC. The final viscosities also increased during storage. The water-absorption ratio of the samples during cooking in excess water increased by an average of 15% over six months of storage. The amylograph and cooking properties were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by rough rice storage duration, temperature, MC, and their respective interactions.