农业部第一批推荐的种子加工机械

农业部第一批推荐的种子加工机械根据农业部《关于做好种子加工机械试验选型工作的通知》文件精神，农业部农业机械试验鉴定总站、全国农业技术推广服务中心于１９９６年组织有关检测机构，对种子成套加工设备、种子清选机、种子包衣机、种子干燥设备进行了选型试验检测，...     

用图像处理技术检测精密排种器性能

运用计算机图像处理技术，建立了精密排种器性能检测系统，通过种子动态图像的详细分析，采用图像增强、平滑、锐化及分割等预处理方法，有效地提高了图像质量；提出了根据种子的面积和种子间距检测精密排种器性能的特征提取方式。检测试验表明，检测系统精度满足精密排种器性能检测要求。     

种子微创取样关键技术与装备研究进展

种子微创取样装备是面向生物育种技术中的种子切片取样环节，基于机电控制、机器视觉等技术，实现种子基因样本的全流程、自动化操作的智能化工具，其推广和应用可有效提升种质资源培育的效率和质量，助力种业振兴。本文首先介绍了种子切片检测的历史背景和装备研究现状，随后将种子微创取样关键技术系统地划分为种子分离、位姿调整、夹持输送、取样和样品收集与清洁技术，并对其研究现状和发展动态进行了阐述和剖析。在此基础上，结合种子切片装备发展要求和应用场景，归纳了种子切片取样装备面临的切割理论不足、多尺度通用性差、系统集成度有待提高等问题，提出了未来发展方向为: 加强种子切片装备基础理论研究；多尺度通用化种子切片平台开发；发展全生产环节智慧取样检测系统。     

排种器性能检测中种子位置智能检测方法

根据基于计算机视觉的排种器性能检测的特点，提出了基于神经网络的种子位置智能检测方法。采用两个光轴互相垂直的摄像机监测投种规律，并把以矩法求取的质心图像坐标作为输入节点，构造检测种子质心实际坐标的两个神经网络，并行处理左右两幅图像，从而快速求得种子位置。实践表明，此方法不仅能求出种子位置，而且可全面监测种子的运动情况。     

加强县级农作物种子质量检验工作的思考

种子质量检验工作是控制种子质量的有效手段。按照《中华人民共和国种子法》《农作物种子质量监督抽查管理办法》等相关法律法规的要求，目前县级农作物种子质量检验工作存在检测人员业务素质不高、仪器设备设施陈旧、工作经费严重不足等问题，极大地束缚了种子质量检验工作整体水平的提高。笔者现结合工作实际，就如何加强县级农作物种子质量检验工作提出如下几点思考。     

在线式玉米单粒种子检测分选装置设计与试验

针对农业生产中种子精选的需求,设计了在线式单粒种子检测分选装置,实现流水线式种子上料、检测和分选。该装置由上料装置、检测单元、分选单元和控制系统组成。上料装置通过两级振动实现籽粒的平铺,配合传输带完成籽粒的单粒化。检测单元由高速工业相机实时获取种子图像,并传送至上位机检测分析。控制系统根据检测结果和种子在图像中的位置,控制分选单元完成分选。利用搭建的装置采集了1200粒正常种子、1200粒霉变种子和1200粒破损种子的图像,使用HALCON软件提取了单粒种子的18个颜色和12个形态特征,通过偏最小二乘判别分析法进行判别分析,分别构建了种子霉变和破损的检测模型,并利用搭建的装置和模型进行了验证试验。试验结果表明：在线式单粒种子检测分选装置分选速率大于300粒/min;其中霉变种子的分选准确率高于95%,破损种子分选的准确率高于89%。     

高压静电处理水稻种子的试验研究

选用不同年代收获的水稻种子，在高压静电场中进行处理，并设置相应对照组，对其发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生长高度、活力指数等项指标进行检测和统计分析。结果表明，高压静电处理过的水稻种子在发芽期间的各项生理指标，均高于对照组，效果极其显著。因而得出，利用高压静电场处理种子可改变种子内部结构，加速种子细胞动力学过程，激活种子内部潜在能力，加快种子萌发，促进幼苗生长，达到提高产量的目的。     

在线式玉米单粒种子检测分选装置设计与试验

针对农业生产中种子精选的需求,设计了在线式单粒种子检测分选装置,实现流水线式种子上料、检测和分选。该装置由上料装置、检测单元、分选单元和控制系统组成。上料装置通过两级振动实现籽粒的平铺,配合传输带完成籽粒的单粒化。检测单元由高速工业相机实时获取种子图像,并传送至上位机检测分析。控制系统根据检测结果和种子在图像中的位置,控制分选单元完成分选。利用搭建的装置采集了1 200粒正常种子、1 200粒霉变种子和1 200粒破损种子的图像,使用HALCON软件提取了单粒种子的18个颜色和12个形态特征,通过偏最小二乘判别分析法进行判别分析,分别构建了种子霉变和破损的检测模型,并利用搭建的装置和模型进行了验证试验。试验结果表明：在线式单粒种子检测分选装置分选速率大于300粒/min;其中霉变种子的分选准确率高于95%,破损种子分选的准确率高于89%。     

种子包衣合格率图像检测系统设计与试验

为满足对种子包衣合格率定量检测的需求,设计一套基于图像处理的检测系统,由上料下料系统、图像采集系统、控制系统和壳体等部件组成。该系统通过4个工业相机获取种子表面图像,通过工控机和软件进行处理,分别计算种子表面积和包衣面积,得到每粒种子包衣覆盖率和一批种子的包衣合格率。试验结果表明,单粒种子的平均检测时间小于3 s,覆盖率准确度的检测误差小于0.5%,覆盖率一致性偏差小于4%;一批种子合格率重复率为98.12%,差错率小于1%。与传统检测系统相比,该系统检测速度快,检测精度较高,差错率小,结构紧凑,能满足种子包衣合格率的定量检测。     

基于数学形态滤波算子的黄顶菊种子图像边缘检测

黄顶菊种子边缘检测是进行黄顶菊种子形态特征提取和分析的基础.经典的边缘检测算法由于抗噪声能力差,无法精确检测出黄顶菊种子的边缘.为此,运用数学形态学的基本原理和方法,提出了一种基于数学形态滤波器的二值图像边缘检测算法,应用于黄顶菊种子图像的边缘检测.实验结果表明,提出的边缘检测算法的性能明显优于经典的边缘检测算法,不仅能够准确、有效、完整地提取出黄顶菊种子的边缘,同时能有效地去除噪声.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。