三种物料及其施用比例对汞污染土壤养分的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了3种物料(中药渣生物有机肥、秸秆生物炭、凹凸棒土)不同施用比例[0 (CK)、1.5%、3%和6%]对汞污染土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,培养60 d后,施用中药渣生物有机肥和秸秆生物炭均可明显提高土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,且土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均随施用比例增加而提高;施用凹凸棒土可有效降低土壤有效磷含量,但对土壤全氮和速效钾含量的影响不明显。可见,中药渣生物有机肥和秸秆生物炭可有效提高汞污染土壤肥力水平,但凹凸棒土对土壤肥力的影响尚不明确。     

连云港市水稻主产区土壤和灌溉水重金属含量分析及在稻米中的累积效应

对连云港市水稻主产区的土壤、灌溉水和稻米中重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)该地区水稻灌溉水所含重金属污染较轻,没有对稻米品质造成影响,完全符合无公害稻米生产要求。(2)土壤中砷、铅、镉的平均含量超过国家和江苏省背景值,砷、镉、铬、铅和汞的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为砷(42.56%)>镉(37.00%)>铬(7.78%)>铅(7.22%)>汞(5.54%),土壤主要以砷、镉污染为主;综合污染指数P综=0.59<0.7,属1级,为安全清洁水平,符合无公害农产品生产基地重金属环境质量要求。(3)稻米中4种重金属污染排序为铅>汞>镉>砷,以铅和汞污染为主;除铅外,稻米中重金属富集效应不明显,徐稻3号累积铅的能力较强,稻米中镉的含量与土壤中pH值存在着负相关关系。     

三明市郊蔬菜基地土壤养分及重金属含量状况

通过实地调查,取样分析了市郊蔬菜基地土壤中有效养分、pH值及砷、汞、铅、铬含量,与全国第二次土壤普查值相比,结果表明菜园土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾增加幅度大。土壤中重金属元素砷、铅、铬,符合福建省无公害蔬菜生产环境要求,4个样点土壤中汞含量超过二级标准,污染指数Si=1.27,汞是主要的污染因子。     

勐海县茶园土壤养分状况及肥力质量评价

勐海是云南省产茶大县,深入了解全县茶园土壤养分状况与肥力水平,可为勐海县茶园土壤改良与精准施肥提供科学依据。本研究对勐海县茶园面积集中的6个乡镇进行实地调查和布点采样,分析了151个茶园土壤pH、有机质及大量营养元素的含量,并采用模糊数学隶属度函数模型,计算土壤肥力综合指数(IFI),进而对勐海县茶园土壤养分状况进行数值化综合评价。结果表明,勐海县各乡镇茶园pH为3.83~6.16,大部分土壤pH适合茶树生长。茶园土壤有机质含量范围在20.88~101.80 g·kg~(-1)之间,有机质含量比较丰富,均达到Ⅰ级标准。勐海县各乡镇茶园全氮、全磷和全钾含量较高,但碱解氮和有效磷含量不足。除勐混镇外,其他各乡镇达到优质高产茶园土壤碱解氮含量的比例低于30%。速效钾供应充足,仅勐阿镇和勐混镇分别有6.25%和20.00%土壤速效钾处于Ⅲ级标准。勐海县各乡镇茶园土壤肥力综合指数为0.30~0.84,勐阿镇、勐遮镇、格朗和乡和布朗山乡有部分茶园土壤达到Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级标准,茶园土壤肥力等级主要分布在Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,除布朗山乡外,其余各乡镇茶园土壤肥力处于中低水平的比例超过60%。研究表明,勐海县茶园大部分土壤pH适合茶树的生长,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及速效钾含量丰富,而碱解氮和有效磷含量不足,需要有针对性地调整施肥策略。     

东北典型县域稻田土壤肥力评价及其空间变异

  【目的】  明确东北典型县域稻田土壤肥力空间变异特征,为该区域稻田土壤合理培肥管理提供科学依据。  【方法】  以黑龙江省方正县为研究区域,2017年在该研究区域采取114个代表性点位的稻田土壤,选取容重、pH、全氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量和阳离子交换量作为土壤综合肥力评价指标,采用相关系数法确定各个指标的权重,根据东北稻田土壤特征,选择隶属度函数曲线,并确定隶属度函数转折点,依据模糊数学法的加乘原理,利用各土壤肥力指标的权重值和隶属度值计算土壤综合肥力指数;采用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,确定各项肥力指标和综合肥力指数的空间变异特征和分布格局;通过主成分分析探究土壤肥力差异的主控因子。  【结果】  描述性统计分析表明,方正县稻田土壤综合肥力指数在0.18～0.99,平均值为0.60。土壤容重和pH的变异系数分别为9.15%和5.69%,属于弱变异强度,其他肥力指标的变异系数在20.01%～36.18%,属于中等变异强度。地统计学研究表明,土壤容重、全氮含量、有机质含量和阳离子交换量的块金系数在39%～50%,它们具有中等强度的空间自相关性,土壤pH、有效磷含量、速效钾含量和综合肥力指数的块金系数均在25%以下,它们具有强烈的空间自相关性。方正县土壤综合肥力指数值在0.70以上的稻田占16%,在0.60～0.70的稻田占45%。各个肥力指标中,土壤有效磷含量和速效钾含量的分布特征与综合肥力指数相似,呈南高北低的分布格局;土壤pH和阳离子交换量由稻区中部向南北方向逐渐降低;土壤容重由西北向东南呈逐渐降低的趋势;土壤有机质和全氮含量均表现为由东南向西北逐渐降低的趋势,土壤有机质含量在30 g/kg以上的稻田占比为97%,土壤全氮含量在1.5 g/kg以上的稻田占比为84%;其中北部蚂蚁河沿岸土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量相对较低。利用主成分分析得到各项肥力指标的综合得分值由大到小依次为:土壤有效磷含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量、阳离子交换量、全氮含量、pH和容重。  【结论】  方正县61%的稻田土壤肥力处于中等及以上水平,稻田土壤肥力整体呈现出南高北低的分布格局。土壤有效磷和速效钾含量是造成土壤肥力差异的主要因子。     

河北省农地土壤肥力特征时空变异分析及其质量评价

本文选取pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮构成河北省农地土壤肥力评价指标;并采用层次分析法确定土壤肥力评价指标的权重,运用模糊数学法对河北农地土壤肥力进行了综合评价。经与第二次土壤普查比较,研究发现:土壤pH值较高,有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量中等偏上,全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾含量较高,速效钾含量呈下降趋势;河北农地土壤肥力综合隶属度在0.739～0.862之间,其中唐山、衡水、石家庄、邯郸土壤综合肥力较高,廊坊、邢台土壤综合肥力有待提高。     

恩施州不同气候型旱地土壤肥力变化及肥力因子变异特征

分析了恩施州不同气候型旱地土壤肥力变化及肥力因子的变异特征。结果表明:(1)不同海拔带土壤类型随着海拔的上升和生物气候的变化而有规律地形成土壤垂直带谱;(2)随着海拔的升高,土壤pH值、速效磷含量保持相对的稳定,但土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮含量表现出明显的上升趋势;(3)土壤pH的变异最小,土壤有机质、碱解氮的变异次之,土壤速效磷和速效钾的变异系数明显大于其它3个土壤肥力因子;土壤速效磷和速效钾的变异系数表现出随着海拔的增加变异系数减小的趋势;(4)恩施州土壤肥力状况较20年前相比发生了明显的变化,尤其是土壤速效磷和碱解氮含量表现为明显的增加趋势。     

黄土塬面果园土壤养分特征及演变

为了探明黄土高原沟壑区长期种植果树对果园土壤肥力的影响,应用空间代时间的方法,对不同种植年限果园的土壤肥力状况进行多元统计分析。结果表明,果园土壤全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量丰富,有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量属中等偏下水平。不同果园中各养分变异较大的是土壤速效磷、速效钾,土壤有机质和全氮的变异系数最小。与当地农田土壤养分相比,果园土壤养分除有机质含量差异不显著,全氮含量显著低于农田外,其余养分含量均显著高于农田。总体上看,不同种植年限间果园土壤养分含量差异显著。果园土壤肥力综合指数与种植年限二者之间有显著的相关性,其变化趋势符合y=-0.0011x2+0.0419x+0.2078模型。在黄土高原沟壑区种植果树能够提高土壤肥力,但当果树种植年限超过19年时果园土壤肥力开始衰退,果园生态系统质量下降。     

黄土丘陵区刺槐人工林土壤养分特征及演变

为了探明黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林土壤养分状况及其演变规律,应用时空互代的方法,以刺槐林为代表,对该区不同利用年限的人工林土壤养分特征及其时空变化等进行了系统研究。结果表明,黄土丘陵区人工林土壤肥力处于低水平;人工林表层土壤养分中有机质和速效磷的空间变异性较大;坡度、坡向、坡位等环境因子对土壤养分有一定的影响。随利用年限的增加,人工林土壤全氮,有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量及土壤养分指数均增加,与利用年限有极显著的相关性,其变化趋势符合y=axb模型。全氮,有机质和碱解氮随利用年限的增加量不显著,而速效钾每经过10年就有显著增加,全磷和速效磷含量则保持相对衡定的水平。黄土丘陵区人工林地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾及养分指数年增长率分别约为0.20g.kg、0.01g.kg、0.69mg.kg、2.27mg.kg和0.04。该区人工林地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮及养分指数约需50年、速效钾约需30年可达到中上等养分水平。     

福建省主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况调查与评价

对全省23个城市46片主要常年蔬菜基地土壤采样分析,测定了53个土壤样品的pH及重金属镉、铅、汞、砷、铬的含量水平。采用重金属污染因子综合指数法进行土壤重金属污染综合评价,结果表明土壤重金属含量超标污染因子依次为汞、铬、铅,有14个调查土壤样品超标,不合格率26.4%。     

土壤培肥过程中氯离子累积与分布规律研究

以陕西杨凌杜寨村为中心,沿南、西、北3条辐射线分别采取耕层和剖面土样,探讨土壤中Cl^-的累积与垂直分布情况,揭示受人类生活影响历史较长的杜寨村农田土壤中Cl^-的累积状况与迁移规律。结果表明,在半干旱偏湿润气候地区,由于受自然环境因素和人为因素的强烈影响,Cl^-在村庄附近的土壤耕层呈现出累积趋势,随着离村庄距离的增加而明显减少;土壤剖面上Cl^-的含量随着土壤深度的增加也逐渐减少;Cl^-在土壤耕层虽然表现出一定的累积趋势,但累积量并不高,暂时不会影响作物的产量和品质。     

Water extractable concentrations of Fe,Mn, Ni,Co, Mo,Pb and Cd under different land uses of Danube basin in Croatia

Abstract

Water extraction of trace elements can simulate the concentration of elements in the soil solution from where the plant takes up the elements. The objective of this investigation was to determine the water extractable concentration of seven trace elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Mo, Pb and Cd) and to assess their relationship with soil properties of the Danube basin in Croatia. Soil samples from the surface layer (0–25 cm) of 74 sites, having different land uses (forest and agricultural land), were collected. Samples were analysed for total and water extractable trace elements as well as for pH, DOC, SOC and CEC. The concentrations of water extractable fraction of trace elements were on average: 20.14 mg kg^?1 for Fe, 3.61 mg kg^?1 for Mn, 0.07 mg kg^?1 for Ni, 0.016 mg kg^?1 for Co, 0.01 mg kg^?1 for Mo, 0.01 mg kg^?1 for Pb and 0.0009 mg kg^?1 for Cd. Soil properties were in the following range: pH 4.3–8 (Avg: 6.35), DOC 6.1–73 mg l^?1 (Avg: 26 mg l^?1), CEC 1.3–24 cmol kg^?1 (Avg: 9 cmol kg^?1) and SOC 0.5–5% (Avg: 1.7%). The concentration of water extractable fraction of trace elements was significantly correlated with pH (p <0.001), DOC (p <0.001 – p <0.05) and CEC (p <0.001) but their relationship with total content of trace element and SOC was rather weak, suggesting that total metal alone cannot be an indicator of toxicity or deficiency. Results show that pH, DOC and CEC are important soil quality parameters taking part in the solubility control of trace metals in the soil rather than their total concentration. The difference between land uses has been observed as well, suggesting that a change in land use can cause a change in trace element solubility.     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

北京市朝阳区(五环内)绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其影响因素

为了研究和分析北京市朝阳区（五环内）土壤重金属的分布特征及影响因素,通过居住绿地、公园绿地、街旁绿地以及附属绿地（包括公共设施用地、对外交通用地和市政设施用地）4种土壤利用类型分别进行了土壤重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）以及土壤pH值、有机质的测定。结果表明:表层土壤中的重金属平均含量,除Pb外,均高于中国土壤背景值,尤其是重金属Cd,已达到0.26 mg/kg,超过了国家土壤环境质量1级标准;从土壤利用类型上来看,Cu在附属绿地土壤含量最高,达到33.576 mg/kg,Zn在居住绿地土壤含量最高,达到80.636 mg/kg,Cd在街旁绿地土壤含量最高,达到0.296 mg/kg,Pb在公园绿地土壤含量最高,达到24.706 mg/kg;在空间分布上,重金属Cu和Zn空间分布格局相类似,整体呈由西北向东南递减趋势,而Cd高值区在中部,整体北部高于南部,重金属Pb整体上呈由西南向东北递减趋势;通过相关性分析可知,土壤pH值对土壤重金属含量没有明显的影响,而土壤有机质与重金属Zn,Cd和Pb的含量有明显的相关性;4种重金属呈显著正相关（p<0.01）。     

Relationship between ammonium acetate‐acetic acid and morgan's solution for determining extractable P,K, Ca,and Mg in soils derived from calcareous glacial till

Abstract

Long filtration time, accumulation of salt residue on the atomic absorption or flame emission burner slot, and contamination of P and K in the sodium acetate are three problems encountered when using sodium acetate‐acetic acid or Morgan's solution (MS) for extracting P, K, Ca, and Mg from soil samples. Thus an ammonium acetate‐acetic acid (AA‐AA) solution was compared with MS for 144 soil samples which, although ranging in pH from 4.4 to 7.9, were all derived from calcareous glacial till. A highly significant linear correlation was obtained between the two methods for each of the four elements. Filtration time for the AA‐AA solution was 30–45 minutes shorter than that for MS. No salt residue accumulated on the atomic absorption burner slot when using AA‐AA. Because of these advantages, we have replaced MS with AA‐AA for samples analyzed in our laboratory.     

黑土区坡式条田对水土流失、土壤水热及呼吸的影响

[目的] 探索坡式条田在黑土区坡耕地水土保持和改善土壤环境中的作用,以期为坡式条田在坡耕地上的利用提供理论支持。[方法] 基于野外试验,观测研究了坡式条田对径流产沙、土壤水热和土壤呼吸的影响。[结果] ①黑土坡面设置坡式条田具有良好的减流减沙效果,年均减少输沙率和减少地表径流率分别为78.3%和68.5%,土壤侵蚀模数为87.53 t/（km²·a）,控制在允许范围内;②修筑坡式条田显著提高土壤质量含水量（p<0.05）,并能显著增加植被覆盖度（p<0.01）;③研究区土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著相关,修筑坡式条田能够显著降低土壤呼吸速率,降低土壤碳素损失。[结论] 黑土区坡式条田能够很好地防治水土流失,改善土壤水热和植被状况,且能降低土壤呼吸造成的C素流失,应在黑土坡耕地上推广应用。     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

Soil organic carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus distribution in stable aggregates of an Ultisol under contrasting land use and management history

Different land‐use affects the organization of mineral soil particles and soil organic components into aggregates and the consequent arrangement of the aggregates will influence essential ecosystem functions. We investigated a continuous rubber plantation (forested), land fallowed for 10 y (fallow), 10‐y continuous arable cropping land and cropped land with top soil removed (TSR) for concentrations of C, N, and P in bulk soil and dry aggregates. Results showed that a high level of soil disturbance decreased the proportion of surface (0–15 cm) soil aggregate stability (low mean weight diameter) in TSR by 149% and arable cropping by 125% compared with the forested. Aggregate associated SOC was higher in aggregate‐size fractions of forested land‐use when compared with that in 10‐y fallow, continuous arable cropping, and TSR. For aggregate associated N, fallow and forested land‐use types concentrated higher proportion across aggregate sizes than the arable cropping and TSR. Macro aggregate fractions generally contained higher concentrations of C, N, and P compared with the micro‐aggregates. Water transmission indicators like total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity recorded higher values with forested and fallow land‐use than the others. We can thus conclude that long‐term soil disturbance due to cultivation and removal of top soil reduces the accumulation of soil C, N, and P in bulk soil and decreases water transmission properties. On the other hand, aggregate‐associated C, N and P accumulations are dependent on the level of soil surface disturbance and aggregate sizes.     

添加秸秆对水稻产量和土壤碳氮及微生物群落的影响

为探究添加秸秆对黄筋泥田水稻产量和土壤碳、氮含量和微生物学特性的影响,设计了5个处理,即不添加秸秆和生物炭（CK）、添加秸秆（ST）、添加秸秆和腐熟剂1号（SB1）、添加秸秆和腐熟剂2号（SB2）和添加秸秆生物炭（SC）的水稻盆栽试验,分析水稻产量和土壤全碳、全氮、腐殖质含量和磷脂脂肪酸含量。结果表明：与CK相比,ST、SB1、SB2和SC均能提高水稻产量（P<0.05）,其中SB2增产55.73%;ST、SB1、SB2和SC也提高土壤全碳、全氮、腐殖质含量、细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和总磷脂脂肪酸含量（P<0.05）,其中SC土壤全碳提高31.36%,SB2土壤全氮提高40%,SB1腐殖质含量增加50.01%,而SB1和SB2的细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和总磷脂脂肪酸含量增加86.49%～401.59%。因此,添加秸秆可以增加水稻产量,提高土壤全碳、全氮和腐殖质的含量,改善土壤微生物群落结构。     

Effects of 5 years of corn residue grazing and baling on nitrogen cycling,soil compaction,and wind erosion potential

Abstract

Corn residue grazing can provide a valuable and cost effective means of feeding cattle and is a common practice in most corn producing states. Mechanical means of residue removal (baling) is also often practiced as a means of harvesting cattle feed. However, there are concerns about the effects of management practices that remove crop residue on soil processes such as compaction, aggregation, and N cycling. To study these concerns, an experiment with four treatments including control, light grazing, heavy grazing, and baling was carried out for 5?years at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Water Resources Field Laboratory near Brule, NE. Soil penetration resistance was measured after 3, 4, and 5?years of residue removal. Wind erodible fraction, mean weight diameter of dry aggregates, and soil total N were measured after 5?years. Corn yields were determined throughout the study. Results indicate that light grazing showed little or no difference from the no residue removal treatment, but heavy grazing and baled treatments often had higher penetration resistance, indicating that high rates of residue removal may increase risks of soil compaction. However, compaction did not appear to be cumulative over time. No significant differences were observed in wind erodible fraction and dry aggregate mean weight diameter. However, there were trends that suggest heavy grazing and baling may, in the long term, reduce dry aggregate stability, increasing wind erosion potential. Results also show that in the surface 0–2.5?cm grazing animals may increase soil total N and that baling residue may decrease soil N content. There was no impact on corn yields throughout the study. Overall, corn residue grazing and baling appear to have little or no adverse effects on soil compaction, aggregation, or nitrogen cycling after 5?years.