准噶尔盆地南缘盐生植被的类型和组成

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘的盐生植物群落,有盐生荒漠、盐化草甸、盐化沼泽、盐化灌丛、盐化吐加依疏树林和一年生盐生植物群落等类型。据29个调查样地统计,盐生植被的区系组成中,共有高等植物58种,隶属于14科、39属。其中,藜科植物15属,占属总数的38.5%,29种,占全部植物种的一半。区系植物组成虽然贫乏,但生活型仍有10类,干旱区植物生活型中的绝大多数都有代表。木本和半木本种类22种,占38%。特别是荒漠灌木和半灌木很多,且多为盆地南缘盐生植物群落的建群种或优势种,反映了准噶尔盆地盐生植被的荒漠性质,而与滨海盐生植被相异。根据盐生植物对水、盐的适应关系,可划分为强盐超旱生、盐旱生、盐旱中生、盐中生和盐湿生等生态类群。另外,群落组成中具有很多古老成分,短命和类短命植物贫乏并缺少典型的草原成分等,也是盆地南缘盐生植物群落的特点。     

艾比湖湿地盐生植物区系研究

对艾比湖湿地盐生植物区系和常见群落的土壤盐分特征进行了分析。结果表明:艾比湖湿地盐生植物物种多样性较为丰富,共有31科73属144种,分别占新疆盐生植物39科128属358种的79.5%、57.0%和40.2%,占中国盐生植物73科239属566种的42.5%、30.5%和25.4%;艾比湖湿地盐生植物地理成分在科的分布有4个类型4个变型;属的分布有9个类型7个变型,其中古地中海成分明显,没有区系特有成分。常见盐生植物群落冠下土壤盐分含量均显著低于裸地,能有效改良盐碱地。     

甘肃河西戈壁植物群落组成特征及其多样性研究

采用"样带+样方"方法,以河西戈壁典型区域64个样地上的576个样方植被为研究对象,分析研究了河西戈壁植物群落组成特征、生活型谱以及物种多样性等。结果表明,研究区共出现81种植物,分属于21科60属,其主要分属在藜科、菊科、禾本科、蒺藜科及豆科中(属、种百分比和均在55%以上),其余16个科植物几乎为2属2种或单属单种。草本层优势种植物为短命避旱的1年生草本-盐生草、画眉草、五星蒿、小车前、蝎虎驼蹄瓣,灌木层优势种为超旱生植物红砂、合头草、泡泡刺、中亚紫菀木、膜果麻黄,乔木层植物仅有胡杨1种。植物群落几乎由灌木和草本组成,群落生活型谱以地面芽植物和1年生草本为主。该区域整个植物群落呈现出物种丰富度指数和多样性指数相对较大,均匀度指数Jsw值、物种总数N均较小。     

吉兰泵地区梭梭与肉苁蓉生境土壤盐分特性研究

本文分析了吉兰泰地区梭梭与肉苁蓉生境土壤盐渍化成因，土壤盐分分布特征和盐分组成类型等。并运用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法，对土壤可溶性盐离子与pH值、全盐含量进行了关联分析，揭示了该区土壤可溶性盐离子与pH值、全盐含量之相关性及排序。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的主要植物群落类型和饲用植物

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘.具有中亚西部——哈萨克斯坦荒漠的典型气候特征,水平地带性植被是小半乔木、半灌木和小半灌木荒漠,盐生植物群落也有广泛发育。根据生态生物学特性和饲用价值,可作为家畜采食的饲用植物可分为小半乔木、沙旱生灌木、盐中生灌木、盐柴类半灌木和小半灌木、多汁盐柴类半灌木和小半灌木、蒿类、短命和类短命植物、多年生草类和一年生盐柴类植物等生态经济类群。从土地的利用角度出发,该区的植被及其饲用植物资源宜作为骆驼、山羊和三北羊等家畜的春秋和冬季放牧利用。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线植被及特点

本文以塔克拉玛干浙江省公路为主线，调查由沙漠北缘至腹地自然概况，植物组成及分布特点，植被类型等，结果表明，塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线植物组成非常贫乏，仅１８种；生态学特性则以中生，耐盐的高位芽植物占主导地位；大多数植物以根蘖为主要繁殖形式；植被类型简单、隐域性盐化草甸植被占有一定的地位。     

乌兰布和沙漠植被数量分类及环境解释

植被与环境的关系研究一直是植被生态学研究的热点问题。应用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)方法对乌兰布和沙漠植物群落进行分类,应用典范对应分析(CCA)方法建立植物群落与地理位置、气候和土壤因子间的对应关系,以明确乌兰布和沙漠主要植物群落类型及影响群落变化和分布的主要环境因子。研究表明;乌兰布和沙漠天然植被由51科161属318种植物组成,可划分为30个群落类型。海拔、降水量以及土壤水分、粒度和养分是影响沙漠植被物种组成及其分布的主要因子。梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)、沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)等主要植物群落生境对应较高沙粒含量,分布范围广;盐爪爪(Kalidium spp.)、马蔺(Iris lactea)、柽柳(Tamarix spp.)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落生境对应较高的土壤水分、盐分和粘粒含量,属于小生境群落;油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落生境对应较高的降水量,分布于沙漠东部。因此,在乌兰布和沙漠生态保护与固沙植被建设中,应加强对土壤生境的保护,并针对不同区域的生境特点选择适宜的固沙植物及其恢复管理措施。     

吉兰泰地区梭梭与肉苁蓉生境土壤盐分特征研究

本文分析了吉兰泰地区梭梭与肉苁蓉生境土壤盐渍化成因 ,土壤盐分分布特征和盐分组成类型等。并运用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法 ,对土壤可溶性盐离子与 p H值、全盐含量进行了关联分析 ,揭示了该区土壤可溶性盐离子与 p H值、全盐含量之间的相关性及排序。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐分对植被分布格局的影响

对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲盐生植被进行双向指示种分类和模糊数学排序,结果显示:以柽柳和芦苇为优势种的群落V具有最强的耐盐能力;以柽柳、盐穗木和盐节木为共优势种的群落Ⅲ耐盐能力次之;以梭梭为单优势种的群落Ⅳ耐盐能力相对较弱;其他植物群落则属于中间过渡类型.柽柳、盐穗木在高盐环境下,具有很强的种间竞争能力,是绿洲盐渍化环境...     

新疆三种类型盐生植物矿质元素含量的特点比较

通过比较生长在新疆极端干旱区的三种生态类型的盐生植物 ,即积盐植物 (以盐爪爪为代表 )、泌盐植物(以柽柳为代表 )和避盐植物 (以芦苇为代表 )地上部元素含量特点 ,发现盐爪爪属于Na>K >Ca >Mg型SO2 -4-Cl-盐生植物 ,柽柳属于Ca>Mg >Na>K型Cl--SO2 -4盐生植物 ,芦苇属于Ca >Na >K >Mg型的Cl--SO2 -4型盐生植物。Na、K、Cl-含量以盐爪爪 >柽柳 >芦苇 ,SO2 -4含量以芦苇 >柽柳 >盐爪爪 ,Mg2 + 含量柽柳 >盐爪爪 >芦苇 ,Ca含量为柽柳 >芦苇 >盐爪爪。这三种盐生植物体内元素含量特点与其生长的土壤盐分类型相反     

内亚的盐生植物和盐生植物群落

广大的亚洲内陆干旱区,降水稀少、蒸发强烈,加之内流区的低洼地是积盐中心,地下水位较高,土壤普遍盐渍化,为盐生植被的广泛发育提供了适宜的生态条件。盐生植物区系组成约150种左右,高位芽和地面芽植物最丰富,盐旱生的种类居多。群落类型主要有七个,其中由盐生灌木组成的各类群落最具有代表意义,是亚洲内陆平原区主要的景观植被和天然放牧场,与当地许多优良家畜品种的形成有着一定的联系。长期以来,畜牧业管理粗放,盐生饲用植物资源利用很不充分。干旱缺水、樵采和人为破坏现象十分严重,有待加强保护、科学化管理和进一步开发利用。     

鄂尔多斯高原西部阿拉巴斯山地区第三纪残遗植物避难所的自然保护问题

阿拉巴斯山地区为干旱区第三纪残遗植物的避难所,是内蒙古地区植物特有现象最明显的地区。共有维管植物251种。地带性植被为草原化荒漠,主要群落类型为四合木荒漠、半日花荒漠、绵刺荒漠、沙冬青荒漠等荒漠群系。以戈壁种和东阿拉善种为主的荒漠成分构成了本地区植物区系的主体。古老残遗种及特有种在植物区系和植被组成中均起主导作用。但是这块宝地目前面临严重破坏,应该尽快成立阿拉巴斯第三纪残遗植物保护区。     

Interactions between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert of central Iran

Investigating the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors provide management insights into factors affecting the growth and establishment of plant species and vegetation communities in saline areas.The aim of this study was to assess the spatial variability of various vegetation communities in relation to edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert,central Iran.Fifteen vegetation communities were identified using the physiognomy-floristic method.Coverage and density of vegetation communities were determined using the transect plot method.Forty soil samples were collected from major horizons of fifteen profiles in vegetation communities,and analyzed in terms of following soil physical and chemical characteristics:soil texture,soluble Na+concentration,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,organic matter content,soluble Mg2+and Ca2+concentrations,carbonate and gypsum contents,and spontaneously-and mechanically-dispersible clay contents.Redundancy analysis was used to investigate the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors.The generalized linear method(GLM)was used to find the plant species response curves against edaphic factors.Results showed that plant species responded differently to edaphic factors,in which soluble sodium concentration,EC,SAR,gypsum content and soil texture were identified as the most discriminative edaphic factors.The studied plant species were also found to have different ecological requirements and tolerance to edaphic factors,in which Tamarix aphylla and Halocnemum strobilaceum were identified as the most salt-resistant species in the region.Furthermore,the presence of Artemisia sieberi was highly related to soil sand and gypsum contents.The results implied that exploring the plant species response curves against edaphic factors can assist managers to lay out more appropriate restoration plans in similar arid areas.     

长沙地区典型生境中外来入侵植物组成及入侵危害研究

为了全面摸清长沙地区典型生境中外来入侵植物的种类构成、区系组成,为保护长沙地区本地生态系统,防止外来植物的入侵危害提供决策依据,以长沙市9种土地利用类型、22种生境类型为调查对象,采取标准样地法、样方法、样线法进行外来入侵植物实地调查,通过文献资料对调查物种进行了补充。调查结果表明,长沙地区有外来入侵植物116种,隶属38科83属,其中菊科(29种)、豆科(12种)及苋科(11种)为优势科,占物种总数的44.83%;种类最多的属为苋属(5种)和大戟属(5种)。原产地分析结果表明,81种外来入侵植物来自美洲地区,占物种总数的69.83%。从入侵等级来看,处于恶性入侵种(1级)、严重入侵种(2级)、局部入侵种(3级)的物种数分别为21、24、14种。植物区系分析结果显示,长沙地区外来入侵植物科的主要分布类型为世界广布、泛热带分布;属的主要分布类型依次为泛热带分布、世界分布、东亚(热带、亚热带)及热带南美间断分布、北温带分布。     

民勤荒漠植被的形成与演替过程及其发展趋势

甘肃省民勤县是我国的典型荒漠化地区,自西汉以来生态环境逐渐退化,植被经历了一个从沼泽植被到盐生草甸植被再到荒漠植被的退化过程。水资源的变化是决定当地植被退化的主导因子,在大面积湖泊、河流背景上是沼泽植被,在干涸湖泊、河床背景上的是盐生草甸植被,在沙质荒漠背景上的是荒漠植被。目前,荒漠植被正处于进一步退化过程中。退化演替的同一阶段存在多种演替过程,现阶段存在着荒漠植被退化演替和盐生草甸植被向荒漠植被演替2种退化过程。20世纪中叶,在当地是从盐生草甸植被向荒漠植被演替的过渡时期,20世纪50年代以来,荒漠植被逐渐占据了优势。目前的天然种子植物共有22个科,72个属,127个种,其中以典型荒漠为主,共有3个植被型,7个群系组,17个群系。植物种类少,群落结构简单,群落随生境的分异性较大。目前的植被正处在进一步退化过程中,植物种类和面积减少,大面积枯梢、死亡,优势种的优势度增大。现阶段决定荒漠植被生长状况的主要是大气降水,植被盖度和密度随年际降水量变化较大,尤其是一年生草本植物。目前影响植被退化的人为因素主要是上游来水量减少,地下水严重超采、草场严重超载和造林密度过大等。在干旱内陆盆地,一旦水资源供给减少,湖盆、河道干涸,泥沙出露,形成沙漠和沙漠化则是必然结果。     

Soil characteristics and plant distribution in saline wetlands of Oued Righ,northeastern Algerian Sahara

Saline wetlands are rare ecosystems in Saharan areas, which are important for conservation of many endemic and rare plant species. In this study, we investigated five saline wetland sites of the Oued Righ region, located in the northeastern Algeria, to determine the environmental factors controlling the composition and distribution of plant communities. We established a total of 20 transects to measure the vegetation parameters (density and cover) and soil characteristics (electrical conductivity, moisture, pH, CaSO₄, CaCO₃, organic matter, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄^2–, Cl^–, NO₃^– and HCO₃^–). A total of 17 plant species belonging to seven families were identified. The natural vegetation was composed of halophytic and hydro-halophytic plant communities, presented specially by the species of Amaranthaceae family. Soils in the studied wetlands were moist, gypsiferous, alkaline, salty to very salty with dominance of chloride and calcium. Results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that community structure and species distribution patterns of vegetation were mainly dependent on soil characteristics, mainly being soil salinity (CaSO₄, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl^–) and moisture. The distribution of plant species was found to follow a specific zonal pattern. Halocnemum strobilaceum was observed to grow in highly salt-affected soils, thus being the more salt-tolerant species. Phragmites communis plants were widely distributed in the study area with a high density at the edges of accumulated water body. Juncus maritimus, Tamarix gallica and Salicornia fructicosa grew in soils that are partially or completely flooded in winter. Suaeda fructicosa, Traganum nudatum, Arthrocnemum glaucum, Aeluropus littoralis, Cressa cretica and Cynodon dactylon were distributed in salty and moist soils away from the open water body. Plants of Zygophyllum album, Limonastrirum guyonianum, Cornulaca monacantha, Cistanche tinctoria, Mollugo nudicaulis and Sonchus maritimus were found in soils with less salty and moisture. They constituted the outermost belt of vegetation in the studied wetlands. This study will provide a reference on introducing the salt-tolerant plant species as a fodder resource in saline habitats and regenerating the degraded saline wetlands.     

民勤荒漠区植被退化动态定位研究

白刺、沙蒿、麻黄是民勤荒漠区的主要植物种类,梭梭是当地主要固沙造林树种。定位监测表明:民勤5月下旬土壤含水率与灌木、草本植物和优势种密度及植被总盖度之间呈正相关关系。6~7月的降水量与灌木密度和植被总盖度之间呈正相关关系。5~7月的降水量和土壤水分是限制当地荒漠植被密度、盖度的关键因子。从群落类型看,深根性的麻黄和梭梭盖度比较稳定。从地貌看,流动沙丘和半固定沙丘上的植被较稳定,固定沙丘植被普遍严重退化。设置黏土沙障易形成沙面结皮,阻止降水下渗,不利于接收和保存有限的天然降水。     

Soil characteristics and plant distribution in saline wetlands of Oued Righ,northeastern Algeria

Saline wetlands are rare ecosystems in Saharan areas,which are important for conservation of many endemic and rare plant species.In this study,we investigated five saline wetland sites of the Oued Righ region,located in the northeastern Algeria,to determine the environmental factors controlling the composition and distribution of plant communities.We established a total of 20 transects to measure the vegetation parameters(density and cover) and soil characteristics(electrical conductivity,moisture,pH,CaSO_4,CaCO_3,organic matter,Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),SO_4~(2–),Cl~–,NO_3~– and HCO_3~–).A total of 17 plant species belonging to seven families were identified.The natural vegetation was composed of halophytic and hydro-halophytic plant communities,presented specially by the species of Amaranthaceae family.Soils in the studied wetlands were moist,gypsiferous,alkaline,salty to very salty with dominance of chloride and calcium.Results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) showed that community structure and species distribution patterns of vegetation were mainly dependent on soil characteristics,mainly being soil salinity(CaSO_4,K~+,Ca~(2+) and Cl~–) and moisture.The distribution of plant species was found to follow a specific zonal pattern.Halocnemum strobilaceum was observed to grow in highly salt-affected soils,thus being the more salt-tolerant species.Phragmites communis plants were widely distributed in the study area with a high density at the edges of accumulated water body.Juncus maritimus,Tamarix gallica and Salicornia fructicosa grew in soils that are partially or completely flooded in winter.Suaeda fructicosa,Traganum nudatum,Arthrocnemum glaucum,Aeluropus littoralis,Cressa cretica and Cynodon dactylon were distributed in salty and moist soils away from the open water body.Plants of Zygophyllum album,Limonastrirum guyonianum,Cornulaca monacantha,Cistanche tinctoria,Mollugo nudicaulis and Sonchus maritimus were found in soils with less salty and moisture.They constituted the outermost belt of vegetation in the studied wetlands.This study will provide a reference on introducing the salt-tolerant plant species as a fodder resource in saline habitats and regenerating the degraded saline wetlands.     

京郊荒滩生态恢复初期植被与土壤环境的变化--以延庆县为例

对延庆县龙庆峡荒滩恢复初期植被和土壤特征的变化进行了研究。结果表明:荒滩恢复过程中,人工植被长势良好,植物种类由恢复前的13种增加到60种,群落物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数均比恢复前显著提高;生活型谱中一、二年生草本植物的比例由恢复前的61.5%降低到35%,植被盖度由恢复前的18%增加到80%。植被的恢复使土壤理化性质发生了变化,与恢复前相比土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾以及细砂、极细砂、粉砂、粘粒含量显著增加,pH值和速效磷含量降低。