乳浆大戟天蛾生活史观察

乳浆大戟（ＥｕｐｈｏｒｂｉａｅｓｕｌａＬ．）为北美及我国北方草原的恶性毒草（王韧，Ｒ．Ｗ．潘伯敦，１９９３；王建锋，１９９４）。１９８７年，中美联合考察乳浆大戟草天敌，在内蒙首先发现乳浆大戟天蛾［Ｃｅｌｅｒｉｏ（Ｈｙｌｅｓ）ｌｉｎｅａｔａ（Ｅｓｐｅｒ...     

交链孢真菌对乳浆大戟的致病性

乳浆大戟是北美草原上的一种多年生杂草,在美国常年造成5千万美元的经济损失,对其进行化学防治既不经济又相当困难,经接种试验,交链孢真菌可用于防治乳浆大戟,该菌对乳浆大戟以外的植物,要在较长的露湿期才能侵染。经毒素的生物测定,交链孢真菌能产生毒素已得到初步测定。     

中美合作考察乳浆大戟草的天敌

根据中美农业科技合作协议,1987年7月9日至8月5日,美国农业部杂草生防研究室潘伯敦博士(Dr.R.W.Pemberton)与中国农科院生防室合作,在北京、辽宁、内蒙古等地考察了乳浆大戟草(Euphorbia esula)的天敌。乳浆大戟草又名猫眼草、烂疤眼等,属大戟科大戟属、原产欧亚大陆。在我国为零星发生的次要杂草。但在美国西部和北部草原地区,     

不同地面管理栽培模式柑橘园害虫天敌种类及发生特点研究

为了明确柑橘园不同地面管理栽培模式的天敌种类和数量差异性,通过设置留草、半留草和除草等3种栽培模式区,并开展柑橘园害虫天敌调查研究,结果表明,广西柑橘害虫天敌资源比较丰富,共发现种类14种,其中寄生蜂种类有11种,占天敌昆虫的78.6%。3种栽培模式区天敌种类均主要是寄生蜂、瓢虫和草蛉等3大种类,这表明同一区域柑橘园天敌重要种类相似,生境是决定天敌种类多少的重要因素。留草栽培、半留草栽培区的天敌种类和数量丰富,且相差很小,均显著大于除草栽培区,表明同一区域内不同栽培模式是决定天敌数量的重要因素。寄生蜂在留草栽培和半留草栽培区的频度、优势度分别大于0.41和0.45,约是瓢虫和草蛉的2倍,但在除草栽培区3者均为0.35左右。     

棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构与动态及其对棉蚜的控制效应

采取不同的棉苜间作方式,研究了棉苜间作棉田天敌群落结构及种群动态规律、棉蚜与天敌的消长动态,以及棉苜间作对棉田蚜虫的控制效应。与常规单种棉田相比,间作苜蓿棉田内的瓢虫、蜘蛛、草蛉种群数量大幅度增长,尤以每隔1膜间作75cm苜蓿带处理区为甚,分别增长了318.0%、120.9%和79.6%。间作或邻作苜蓿的棉田天敌群落的物种丰富度、丰富度指数及多样性指数均高于常规单种棉田,表明间作和邻作苜蓿带并适时刈割,可以提高棉田内天敌群落的丰富度和多样性。刈割苜蓿带对棉田棉蚜及瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌的数量动态影响较大。在棉蚜上升初期刈割苜蓿带,使棉田内瓢虫类、蜘蛛类和草蛉类天敌数量急剧上升,棉蚜数量大幅下降,从而有效地控制了棉田棉蚜的暴发。     

放牧干扰对荒漠草原优势植物形态可塑性及生物量分配的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原优势植物短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)、蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)、牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)、牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)和乳浆大戟(Euphorbia esula)为研究对象,探讨了不同放牧强度对植物的高度、叶性状、生物量、根冠比和根生物量比的影响。结果表明:围封区短花针茅、蒙古冰草、甘草、牛枝子和牛心朴子的株高显著高于重度放牧区。随着放牧强度的增加,短花针茅、蒙古冰草和牛枝子的株高呈降低趋势,而甘草、牛心朴子和乳浆大戟呈先升高后降低趋势;短花针茅、蒙古冰草、甘草和牛心朴子的叶面积和叶干重呈先增加后降低趋势,牛枝子的叶面积和叶干重呈显著降低趋势,而乳浆大戟呈显著增加趋势。重度放牧对短花针茅、蒙古冰草、甘草和牛枝子的比叶面积(SLA)影响显著,而中度和轻度放牧没有影响。重度放牧区短花针茅、蒙古冰草、甘草、牛枝子和牛心朴子的个体生物量、根系生物量和地上生物量均显著低于围封区和轻度放牧区。重度放牧区短花针茅、蒙古冰草和甘草的根系生物量分别比围封区降低了66.5%,88.8%和55.5%。说明放牧干扰影响短花针茅、蒙古冰草、牛枝子和牛心朴子生物量在植物地上和地下的分配模式。     

麦田天敌向棉田的转移

七星瓢虫、叶色草蛉、小花蝽等是麦蚜的优势种天敌,同时又是棉虫(棉蚜、棉铃虫)的优势种天敌,所以了解麦田天敌向棉田的迁移,对于棉田壮大天敌群落,用以控制棉虫有重要意义。为此,我们于1987、1988年对麦田天敌向棉田的转移做了调查。     

稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的种库与群落的重建

本文对稻田捕食性节肢动物群落的种库和群落的重建进行了初步的研究。害虫防治史、植被覆盖度、环境复杂性和气候因子等对种库都有不同程度的影响。种库的结构决定了群落的重建。重建群落的优势种、物种丰富度和群落多样性与种库呈正相关关系。生产上可采取适当的措施保护天敌群落的种库，促进天敌群落的迅速重建，充分发挥天敌对害虫的控制作用     

临川水蕹菜地节肢动物多样性研究

对水蕹菜试验地进行为期5个月的调查研究,结果表明,水蕹菜实验地生态系统内节肢动物群落物种数为34种,其中害虫6种,天敌20种,中性虫8种,分别占整个群落的17.65%、58.82%、23.53%。物种丰富度15～22,生态优势度0.0981～0.2843,多样性指数1.7714～2.5654,均匀度指数0.6129～0.8634。群落动态分析,群落特征指数都有明显的时间变化。8月期间,生态优势度低,多样性和均匀度指数高,群落结构较合理。从害虫与天敌的时间动态变化对比看出,拟水狼蛛、中华狼蛛等天敌对主要优势害虫柑橘全爪螨、桃蚜等有明显的控制作用。     

保护利用农田天敌的群落问题探讨

作者在群落水平上,从5个方面探讨了保护利用农田天敌的理论基础。增加农田生态系统的多样性,可以增加天敌群落种库的多样性,进而加速天敌群落的迅速重建和发展,这对控制早期迁入害虫的发生有重要意义。多样性高的天敌群落能减轻害虫发生程度,推迟害虫发生高峰的出现。群落内各子系统的相互联系和相互作用维持了天敌群落的稳定,增强了天敌对害虫的控制作用。群落多样性是影响稳定性的一个重要因素,它在一定程度上反映稳定性。     

ON THE REGENERATION OF ROOT FRAGMENTS OF LEAFY SPURGE (EUPHORBIA ESULA L.)

Summary. The roots of leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L.) normally produce shoot buds abundantly near the soil surface but with decreasing frequency at increasing depths. By placing Fragments of roots collected from various depths in the soil in shallow flats in a glasshouse, it was demonstrated that root Fragments from all depths down to 2–8 m do not differ appreciably in rcgenerative capacity and this capacity is not dependent upon the presence of performed shoot buds. By collecting root fragments from the same stand throughout the growing season it was shown that regenerative capacity is lowest in June at the time of maximum flowering. The implications of these findings arc discussed in relation to the control of this species.
Sur la régénération des fragments de racines de Euphorbia esula L .     

斑地锦(Euphorbia maculata)入侵特征、地理分布和风险评估

通过对文献和资料的整理,在了解斑地锦生物学和生态学特性、历史和地理分布、扩散模式等的基础上,采用2种风险评估体系,即澳大利亚(或新西兰)风险评估体系(WRA)和中欧风险评估体系(WGWRA)对其入侵风险进行评估。斑地锦原产于北美洲,最早于20世纪40年代在我国东南沿海地区发现归化;目前,已在我国25省70市有分布,并呈现随时间推移不断扩大其分布区的趋势。斑地锦为大戟科有毒植物,种子产量大、耐逆性强,适应多种多样的气候环境,可以在农田、草坪、道旁及荒地等多种生境中建植和归化。一旦入侵成功,则威胁到当地的生态安全和生物多样性。风险评估结果表明,WG-WRA分值为22分,入侵等级为中等风险Ⅱ;WRA风险评估分值为29分,具有很高的入侵风险;其中,农业和环境方面的分值分别为16分和15分。2个风险评估都表明斑地锦在我国有较高的入侵风险,是需要引起警示的外来植物。因此,必须加强对于斑地锦的预报和监测,并做好相应的防控工作。     

Advances in biological control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata in Poland1

Results of research, and practical attempts at biological control of Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), are reviewed. Attempts to introduce parasitic or predatory insects from North America and establish them permanently in Europe were unsuccessful. Studies conducted in Poland and Europe revealed 237 species of indigenous arthropod natural enemies of Colorado beetle (in North America only 61) and over 15 species of microorganisms (mollicutes, fungi, protozoa and nematodes). The combined action of indigenous natural enemies lowers density of Colorado beetle by 30–80%, but this is still above the economic threshold so that chemical control remains necessary. Under a cooperative project (Poland, Czechia, USA), it was demonstrated in Poland that three treatments with the biopesticides Mycotrol or Novodor provided a level of potato protection similar to that of two treatments with a synthetic pyrethroid.     

The Ecological Areawide Management (TEAM) of leafy spurge program of the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service

The Ecological Areawide Management (TEAM) of Leafy Spurge program was developed to focus research and control efforts on a single weed, leafy spurge, and demonstrate the effectiveness of a coordinated, biologically based, integrated pest management program (IPM). This was accomplished through partnerships and teamwork that clearly demonstrated the advantages of the biologically based IPM approach. However, the success of regional weed control programs horizontally across several states and provinces also requires a vertical integration of several sectors of society. Awareness and education are the essential elements of vertical integration. Therefore, a substantial effort was made to produce a wide variety of information products specifically designed to educate different segments of society. During its tenure, land managers and agency decision makers have seen the potential of using the TEAM approach to accelerate the regional control of leafy spurge. The example set by the TEAM organization and participants is viewed as a model for future weed-control efforts.     

Sustainable use of glyphosate in North American cropping systems

Roundup Ready (glyphosate-resistant) cropping systems enable the use of glyphosate, a non-selective herbicide that offers growers several benefits, including superior weed control, flexibility in weed control timing and economic advantages. The rapid adoption of such crops in North America has resulted in greater glyphosate use and concern over the potential for weed resistance to erode the sustainability of its efficacy. Computer modeling is one method that can be used to explore the sustainability of glyphosate when used in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. Field tests should help strengthen the assumptions on which the models are based, and have been initiated for this purpose. Empirical evaluations of published data show that glyphosate-resistant weeds have an appearance rate of 0.007, defined as the number of newly resistant species per million acres treated, which ranks low among herbicides used in North America. Modeling calculations and ongoing field tests support a practical recommendation for growers occasionally to include other herbicides in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems, to lower further the potential for new resistance to occur. The presented data suggest that the sustainability of glyphosate in North America would be enhanced by prudent use of additional herbicides in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems.     

利用天敌昆虫治理豚草的研究进展

豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.起源于北美洲,一年生草本植物,靠种子繁殖。豚草在入侵地逃离了天敌等生物因子的制约,种群得以快速发展,并暴发成灾,对人类健康、农牧业生产、生态环境等均造成严重的影响。从20世纪60年代开始,许多国家从原产地寻找天敌,开始豚草生物防治。我国从20世纪80年代,先后从国外引进了5种植食性昆虫,对其生物学、生态学特性及其应用等开展了研究,最终确认豚草条纹叶甲和豚草卷蛾是2种具有应用前景的天敌昆虫。这两种天敌昆虫在野外释放后,仅有豚草卷蛾能在野外成功建立种群,一定程度上延缓了豚草种群的蔓延。随后,2001年,在南京市郊的豚草上发现一种来自北美的广聚萤叶甲,经过寄主专一性测定后,发现其具有严格的寄主专一性。同时,这种叶甲气候适应能力、繁殖力和对豚草控制潜力均较强。在中国,广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾生态位互补的生物防治技术已被提出,并在南方各省市大面积推广应用,取了非常理想的控制效果。然而,广聚萤叶甲尚未能在北方建立种群,这给北方豚草的生物防治带来了许多困难。因此,通过野外创造有利于广聚萤叶甲成虫越冬的人工保护生境,或通过人工冷驯化和筛选获取高产耐寒种群,将有助于这些问题的解决。     

Biology,ecology and management of the invasive parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.)

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is one of the most aggressive invasive weeds, threatening natural ecosystems and agroecosystems in over 30 countries worldwide. Parthenium weed causes losses of crops and pastures, degrading the biodiversity of natural plant communities, causing human and animal health hazards and resulting in serious economic losses to people and their interests in many countries around the globe. Several of its biological and ecological attributes contribute towards its invasiveness. Various management approaches (namely cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological control) have been used to minimise losses caused by this weed, but most of these approaches are ineffective and uneconomical and/or have limitations. Although chemical control using herbicides and biological control utilising exotic insects and pathogens have been found to contribute to the management of the weed, the weed nevertheless remains a significant problem. An integrated management approach is proposed here for the effective management of parthenium weed on a sustainable basis. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国新归化菊科植物——弯喙苣

弯喙苣属(Urospermum)有2种,原产于南欧、北非和西亚。其中,该属的模式种弯喙苣(Urospermum picroides(L.)Scop.ex F.W.Schmidt)目前已在北美洲、南美洲、澳大利亚、南非和巴基斯坦等许多地区归化,我国曾有引种栽培,近来成为宁波地区一种新的归化杂草。本文就弯喙苣的分类地位、形态特征、地理分布、生物学特征、传播途径、入侵危害、防治措施进行了报道,以期为外来有害杂草的鉴定提供借鉴。     

A Study on the Phylogeny of the Dyer's Woad Rust Fungus and Other Species of Puccinia from Crucifers

ABSTRACT The identity of a Puccinia species occurring on the introduced weed dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria) was studied using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The relationship of this fungus to other Puccinia species occurring on the family Brassicaceae in Europe and North America was examined, and we tested the hypothesis that P. thlaspeos and P. monoica are correlated species. The data suggest that the Puccinia species from dyer's woad is closely related to the North American species P. consimilis and may be derived from an indigenous strain of P. consimilis that switched hosts. Thus, the Puccinia species from dyer's woad is probably native to North America and is unlikely to cause disease epidemics on indigenous plants if used as a biological control agent against dyer's woad. P. thlaspeos appears to be polyphyletic and, therefore, P. thlaspeos and P. monoica do not appear to be correlated species. Additional DNA sequence data will be needed to clarify further the phylogeny of Puccinia species on the family Brassicaceae.     

The European Biological Control Laboratory: an existing infrastructure for biological control of weeds in Europe

The Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has maintained a continuous European effort in classical biological control of exotic pests in the USA. The European Parasite Laboratory was established in France in 1919, while the European Weed Laboratory began operations in Rome in 1958. The two laboratories were merged in Montpellier in 1991 as the European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), becoming the primary overseas biocontrol laboratory of the USDA. The management of weeds, insect pests, and pathogens is an important feature of agricultural research programmes worldwide. These invasive species can lead to vast financial losses for countries engaged in agriculture. The overall goal of research at EBCL is to develop biological control technologies to be used to suppress invading weeds and insect pests. This is done through expeditions to find natural enemies (insects, mites and pathogens), or phytophagous, parasitoid or predator species. These are characterized in careful experimentation in quarantine facilities and eventually developed as biological control agents. Current weed projects include studies on the Centaurea spp., Arundo donax , Vincetoxicum spp., Isatis tinctoria , Taeniatherum sp. and Dipsacus sp. Insect projects research Lygus bugs, the olive fruit fly, the vine mealybug, and the Asian long-horned beetle. The EBCL team is international and interdisciplinary. Entomology, plant and insect pathology, molecular biology and ecology are the main approaches of our biocontrol research. The team cooperates with universities and agencies worldwide.