不同植物蛋白源日粮对山羊血液氮素代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同植物蛋白源日粮对山羊血液氮素代谢的影响。选择3头体况良好安装有颈动脉、门静脉和肠系膜静脉插管的徐淮白山羊,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,以3种植物蛋白饲料-豆粕(A)、棉粕(B)和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(C)作为蛋白源。结果表明:不同蛋白源日粮显著影响动脉和门静脉中尿素氮浓度(P<0.05);显著影响肠系膜静脉中总15N、蛋白态15N和氨基酸态15N丰度(P<0.05),且血液中15N丰度均为C组>A组>B组;各处理组间门静脉排流组织(PDV)和肠系膜排流组织(MDV)中总15N和蛋白态15N净流量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但不同蛋白源日粮显著影响PDV和MDV组织中游离氨基酸态15N净流量,且均以C组最高;各处理组中总游离氨基酸(TFAA)和总肽结合氨基酸(TPAA)浓度均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。综合上述,徐淮白山羊以玉米干酒糟及其可溶物作为植物蛋白源比豆粕和棉粕效果更好。     

补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究放牧补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。选择60只(6月龄)北川白山羊作为研究对象,随机分成4组,即14%蛋白组、16%蛋白组、18%蛋白组和对照组(不补饲),每组15只,测定生产性能、血液生化指标和屠宰性能。结果显示:补饲组北川白山羊平均日增重、血清总胆固醇、尿素氮含量、葡萄糖含量、谷草转氨酶活性、宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积以及羊肉粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着补饲蛋白水平的增加,血清尿素氮含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),而羊肉水分含量呈线性减少(P<0.05);平均日增重、血清总胆固醇含量、血清葡萄糖含量和羊肉粗蛋白呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。结果表明:补饲不同蛋白水平日粮可以提高血清中血糖、尿素氮、总胆固醇浓度和谷草转氨酶活性,可以在一定程度上改善和提高北川白山羊的生产性能、屠宰性能及肉品质等,北川白山羊的补饲料适宜蛋白水平为16%。     

15N示踪法对日粮不同蛋白质水平山羊氮代谢的影响

采用15N稳定性同位素示踪技术,将4只(30±3)kg、装有颈静脉血管插管的山羊,按4×4拉丁方设计进行试验,研究了由牧草和精料组成的4种不同蛋白质水平日粮[8.5%(A)、11.0%(B)、13.5%(C)和16.0%(D)]对山羊内源尿素氮代谢的影响.结果表明,日粮蛋白质水平时氮的表观消化率影响较小,各组间差异不显著,但呈现出随氮食入量的增加而升高的趋势;对山羊体内氮的沉积量有显著或极显著的影响,当日粮蛋白质水平为11.0%时,可获得最大氮沉积量0.36 g/(d·W0.75).粪中15N丰度和富集量都呈现出随日粮蛋白质水平的升高先上升而后下降的趋势,尿中15N丰度和富集量都呈现出随日粮蛋白质水平升高而升高的趋势,日粮蛋白质水平对粪和尿中15N峰值出现的时间均影响不大.     

不同蛋白日粮对山羊瘤胃环境参数的影响

试验采用4×3拉丁方试验设计,研究豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、玉米酒糟4种不同蛋白质日粮对3只徐淮白山羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。结果表明,4种不同蛋白源日粮对山羊瘤胃内环境有显著的影响,玉米酒糟组pH值最高;豆粕和棉籽粕组氨氮浓度与玉米酒糟组相比差异显著(P<0.05),与菜籽粕组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);4种蛋白源的瘤胃总VFA浓度分别为87.44、66.67、80.63、82.73mmol/l,其中以豆粕组最高,显著高于菜籽粕组(P<0.05),极显著高于棉籽粕组(P<0.01);以棉籽粕组最低,极显著低于其它3组。     

围产前期莫能霉素的使用对奶牛血液生化指标的影响

选取健康、产奶量近似的经产高产奶牛40头,随机分成4个组,在产前阶段(35~5 d),分别饲喂4种日粮:13%蛋白水平不添加莫能霉素日粮;11%蛋白水平不添加莫能霉素日粮;13%蛋白水平添加莫能霉素(450 mg/d)日粮和11%蛋白水平添加莫能霉素(450 mg/d)日粮。在产前第35、15、5 d和产后第5、15、30 d尾根静脉采血,分析血清生化指标的变化情况。结果表明:围产前期添加莫能霉素没有显著改变血液中血糖、总蛋白和非酯化脂肪酸的水平(P0.05)。但围产前期奶牛的日粮中添加莫能霉素能提高甘油三酯的水平和产后一段时间血钙的水平,特别是在高蛋白日粮时效果显著(P0.05)。     

结合15N示踪法研究日粮蛋白水平对山羊氮代谢的影响

采用4只体重(30±3)kg的山羊,运用15N稳定性同位素示踪技术,按4×4拉丁方设计,研究了8.5%(A)、11.0%(B)、13.5%(C)和16.0%(D)4种蛋白水平日粮对山羊氮代谢的影响。结果表明:①日粮蛋白水平对氮的表观消化率影响较小,各组差异不显著,但随氮食入量的增加呈升高的趋势;②山羊体内氮沉积量显著或极显著受日粮粗蛋白水平影响,并且蛋白水平为11.0%时,获得最大氮沉积0.36g/W0.75;③粪中15N丰度和富集量都随日粮蛋白水平的升高呈现出先上升而后下降的趋势,其中B组最高,显著高于D组,A、B、C三组差异不显著;尿中15N丰度和富集量都呈现出随日粮蛋白水平升高而升高的趋势,其中D组极显著高于A、B、C三组。     

不同酪蛋白添加水平对湖羊肠系膜排流组织、门静脉排流组织中游离氨基酸和肽结合氨基酸净流量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同酪蛋白添加水平对湖羊血浆中游离氨基酸(FAA)和肽结合氨基酸(PAA)释放量及肠系膜排流组织(MDV)、门静脉排流组织(PDV)净流量的影响.选用3只体况良好的湖羊,安装肠系膜静脉、门静脉和颈动脉插管.采用4×3不完全拉丁方试验设计,试验羊分别饲喂4种不同酪蛋白添加水平(A:0、B:3.0%、C:6.0%、D:9.0%)的饲粮.结果显示,湖羊血浆氨基酸浓度随着饲粮酪蛋白添加水平的升高而升高.MDV的FAA净流量以D组最高,且显著高于A组(P<0.05);PAA净流量则是C组最高,且显著高于A、B组(P<0.05).PDV的FAA和PAA净流量都是C组最高,且显著或极显著高于A、B组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结果提示,在一定范围内,饲粮蛋白质水平影响湖羊MDV和PDV中FAA和PAA的净流量.     

饲料添加钩吻干粉对仔猪生长性能的影响及机制

目的钩吻对畜禽具有良好的促生长作用,但其具体机制尚不清楚。本文研究钩吻对断奶仔猪生长性能、血液生理生化指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响。方法 30头56日龄的仔猪按体重平均分为两组,对照组(CON)饲喂基础日粮,钩吻组饲喂补充50mg/kg剂量的钩吻醇提物日粮。试验期为49天,每两周记录一次体重和采食量;试验结束后,采血液和肝脏组织进行相关基因检测。结果试验结果显示,日粮补充钩吻干粉显著提高了仔猪的平均日增重(11%),并降低料重比(12%)(P<0.05)。钩吻显著提升了仔猪血液红细胞数量(7.6%)、血红蛋白(8.4%)、血清总蛋白(5.9%)、免疫球蛋白A(36%)、胰岛素(11%)和尿素氮(17%)等指标(P<0.05),同时降低血清中谷丙转氨酶(15%)和谷草转氨酶(23%)活性以及谷丙转氨酶与谷草转氨酶比值(P<0.05)。同时,钩吻显著增加肝脏PPARD、ANGPT4和HMGCS2等基因的mRNA丰度(P<0.05),降低PDK4基因的表达量(P<0.05)。结论钩吻作为饲料添加剂能够显著提高仔猪生长性能,其促生长作用可能与其参与血液生化参数以及糖脂代谢相关基因的表达有关。     

日粮蛋白质水平对湖羊胃肠道内pH值、氨态氮和菌体蛋白的影响

试验借助瘤胃、十二指肠造瘘技术,研究4种蛋白质水平[8.4%(A)、11.2%(B)、14.0%(C)、16.8%(D)]日粮对湖羊胃肠道pH值、氨态氮和菌体蛋白的影响,对科学的指导反刍动物生产具有现实意义。试验结果显示,随着日粮蛋白质水平的升高,湖羊胃肠道各参数也呈现了升高的趋势。瘤胃液氨氮浓度在食后4h达到峰值,蛋白质水平高时产氨量也较高,D组极显著高于其它组(P<0.01);C组极显著高于A组(P<0.01)。十二指肠食糜中D组氨氮浓度最高,极显著高于其它三组(P<0.01);B、C组极显著高于A组(P<0.01)。瘤胃液中的菌体蛋白以D组(5.24mg N/100ml)最高,A组最低(4.18mg N/100ml),D组显著高于A组(P<0.05)。表明蛋白质水平日粮对湖羊胃肠道内环境各参数有显著影响。     

饲粮中全棉籽比例对育肥荷斯坦公牛瘤胃发酵与微生物区系、甲烷排放及肝脏碳代谢相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中全棉籽比例对育肥荷斯坦公牛瘤胃发酵与微生物区系、甲烷排放及肝脏碳代谢相关基因表达的影响。选取44头体重相近、健康的育肥荷斯坦公牛,随机分为4组,每组11头,各组平均体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。Ⅰ(对照)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组公牛分别饲喂含有0、5%、10%和15%全棉籽的饲粮。各组饲粮能量和粗蛋白质水平基本相同。试验期为90d。结果表明:1)在瘤胃发酵参数中,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅳ组的氨态氮、微生物蛋白浓度以及乙酸和丙酸比例分别提高了31.34%、40.00%、2.26%和15.20%(P<0.05),丁酸比例降低了4.46%(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸和pH无显著变化(P>0.05)。2)从瘤胃细菌属水平的相对丰度分析,Ⅳ组中普雷沃氏菌属-1、密螺旋体属-2的相对丰度极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.01);Ⅳ组的琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-002的相对丰度显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);理研菌科RC9肠道群、普雷沃氏菌科UCG003、瘤胃杆菌属、疣微菌科NK4A214群、纤维杆菌属、未识别的叶绿体和拟杆菌属的相对丰度各组间的差异均不显著(P>0.05)。3)从瘤胃产甲烷古菌属水平的相对丰度分析,Ⅳ组甲烷短杆菌属、甲烷丝状菌属的相对丰度均为4组中最低,并显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组Absconditabacteria_unidentified_SR1的相对丰度最高,显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);甲烷球形菌属、甲烷微球菌属、甲烷螺菌属的相对丰度各组间均未表现出显著差异(P>0.05)。4)饲粮中添加不同比例的全棉籽均降低了育肥荷斯坦公牛的甲烷排放量,其中Ⅳ组的甲烷排放量比Ⅰ组降低了22.68%(P<0.05)。5)相关分析发现,育肥荷斯坦公牛的平均日增重与甲烷排放量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),甲烷短杆菌、甲烷丝状菌和琥珀酸弧菌科菌群的相对丰度与甲烷排放量呈显著或极显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。6)饲粮中添加15%的全棉籽后,育肥荷斯坦公牛肝脏中甲基丙二酸单酰辅酶A变位酶(MUT)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6P)的mRNA表达量均呈上调趋势,其中MUT的mRNA表达量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),PEPCK的mRNA表达量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加15%的全棉籽可有效调控荷斯坦公牛瘤胃发酵及微生物区系,显著降低甲烷排放量以及上调肝脏中碳代谢相关基因的表达。     

Free and peptide amino acid net flux across the rumen and the mesenteric- and portal-drained viscera of sheep

This experiment was conducted to determine the significance of the peptide amino acid (PAA) contribution to amino acid (AA) net flux in the portal vein and to evaluate the capacity for peptide absorption in the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. Four sheep (64+/-3 kg BW) were fitted with catheters and blood flow probes, allowing AA net flux measurements across the portal- (PDV) and mesenteric (MDV)-drained viscera and the rumen. Sheep were fed at maintenance a diet containing hay and extruded peas (70:30). Peptide absorption was investigated by a dose infusion of a mixture of peptides (casein hydrolysate, Pro-Phe, beta-Ala-His, Gly-Gly) into the rumen. Control and postinjection net fluxes of plasma free amino acids (FAA) and PAA were determined. The concentration of plasma PAA was determined by quantification of amino acids before and after acid hydrolysis of samples first submitted to chemical deproteinization and ultrafiltration (3-kDa cut-off filter). During the control period a significant net release (12 mmol/h) of PAA was observed across the PDV, which accounted for 35% of the sum of FAA and PAA net fluxes. This PDV flux of PAA mainly resulted from a MDV release of PAA (15 mmol/h). The net flux of total PAA across the ruminal wall was not significantly different from zero, but uptake of peptide Ile and release of peptide Gly were observed. The injection into the rumen of the peptide mixture increased the net release of peptide essential AA (EAA) across the MDV (P < .05) and the PDV (P < .10), and of peptide Pro and Phe across the non-MDV (P < .10). Peptide Ile uptake by the rumen tissues was decreased by the injection (P < .05). Significant increases in peptide Pro and Gly arterial concentrations were observed (P < .05). The 3-Ala-His and Gly-Gly arterial concentrations and net fluxes across the PDV were not affected by their injections into the rumen. This study showed that PAA may contribute significantly to AA flux across the PDV of sheep, and that part of this flux can probably be attributed to peptide absorption from the gut lumen. When high concentrations of peptides are generated in the rumen the possibility of peptide absorption before the jejunum has to be considered.     

Portal-drained visceral flux of nutrients in lambs fed alfalfa or maintained by total intragastric infusion

An experiment was performed using lambs fitted with chronic indwelling catheters in appropriate blood vessels for portal-drained visceral (PDV) flux measurements. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate PDV nutrient flux in alfalfa-fed and intragastrically infused lambs and to evaluate the effects of amount of energy and N infused on PDV nutrient metabolism. Lambs were fed alfalfa or infused with 1.64 and 10.9; 1.82 and 12.3; or 2.37 and 15.0 Mcal GE and g N/d, respectively. Arterial concentrations and PDV fluxes of glucose, L-lactate, acetate and portal blood flow were not different (P greater than .10) between alfalfa-fed and infused lambs. Net flux of alpha-amino N, ammonia N and branched-chain VFA were lower (P less than .05) and net flux of propionate, butyrate and total VFA were higher for intragastric infusion vs alfalfa. No consistent differences in PDV fluxes were noted among the three levels of energy and N infused, although the energy and N levels tested were near maintenance requirements. Nitrogen retention increased as level of energy and N infusion increased. Approximately 47, 70 and 22% of ruminally infused acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively, were found on a net basis in portal blood as VFA. Measurements of net nutrient utilization by the PDV that eliminate the influence of ruminal fermentation are possible. How the changes in PDV tissues due to intragastric infusion influence these estimates is unknown.     

Effect of heat stress on endotoxin flux across mesenteric-drained and portal-drained viscera of dairy goat

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of heat stress on endotoxin flux across mesenteric-drained and portal-drained viscera of dairy goats. Three Saanen first lactation dairy goats were surgically fitted with indwelling catheters in the portal vein, the mesenteric vein and carotid, and were kept in thermal-neutral and then heat stress environment, for examining the effect of heat stress on endotoxin absorption and redox status. Average net absorption of endotoxin (EU/h) across mesenteric-drained viscera (MDV) and portal-drained viscera (PDV) during the whole period of heat stress increased by 279.05% and 227.92% in relation to thermo-neutral period. Plasma concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) in mesenteric and portal vein, and that of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mesenteric vein, increased significantly during heat stress. Main conclusions were: (i) net absorption of endotoxin in portal vein is mainly from non-mesenteric tissues both in heat stress and in thermo-neutral condition; (ii) heat stress may lead to the significant decrease in plasma SOD, GSH-Px, CAT flux across PDV and MDV, and the significant increase in endotoxin flux across PDV and MDV; and (iii) the increase in gastrointestinal permeability in dairy goats during heat stress may not be induced by the increase in oxidative stress.     

Effects of increasing ruminally degraded nitrogen and abomasal casein infusion on net portal flux of nutrients in yearling heifers consuming a high-grain diet.

Seven Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) III heifers (410+/-25 kg) fitted with hepatic portal, mesenteric venous, carotid catheters, and an abomasal cannula were used in a 7 x 5 incomplete Latin square design experiment. The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN) with or without the addition of abomasally infused casein on portal-drained visceral (PDV) flux of nutrients. Treatments consisted of dietary CP percentage levels of 9.5 (control), control plus .72% dietary urea (11.5U), control plus 1.44% dietary urea (13.5U), control plus abomasally infused casein (250 g/d; 11.5C), or control plus .72% dietary urea and abomasally infused casein (250 g/d; 13.5UC). All diets contained (DM basis) 80% ground corn, 15% corn silage, and 5% dry supplement and were provided for ad libitum consumption. Nitrogen intake increased (linear, P < .001) as CP increased from 9.5 to 13.5%. Portal-drained visceral release of ammonia N increased (linear, P < .10) as RDN increased, and was greater (P < .05) when protein was fed compared with heifers fed control (P < .10). Urea N removal by PDV was not affected ( P > . 10) by level of RDN but was greatest when 11.5C was fed and least when 13.5UC was fed. Net alpha-amino N (AAN) release by PDV was greatest when 13.5UC was fed (309 mmol/h), least when 9.5% CP was fed (112 mmol/h), and intermediate for the other groups (205 to 252 mmol/h). These data suggest that removal of N by the PDV may promote microbial protein synthesis when dietary RDN is low. When RDN needs have been met and amino acids are deficient for the host, escape protein should be fed to increase amino acid absorption.     

The net portal and hepatic flux of metabolites and oxygen consumption in growing beef steers given postruminal casein

Changes in net portal and hepatic nutrient flux and oxygen consumption in response to 3-d abomasal casein infusions were studied in seven multicatheterized beef steers. Steers were fed 4.3 kg DM/d of a high-concentrate diet in 12 equal meals. Blood flow (para-aminohippurate dilution) and net flux (venoarterial concentration difference x blood flow) across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and hepatic tissues were measured on d 3 of the abomasal infusions. In two experiments, the response to 300 (300C) and 150 (150C) g casein/d were compared, respectively, to a control water infusion. The 300C increased (P less than .05) arterial blood concentrations of alpha-amino N (AAN), urea N and ammonia; 150C increased (P less than .05) arterial urea N. Urinary urea N excretion was increased (P less than .01) by 300C and 150C. Although 300C increased net PDV release of AAN (P less than .07) and alanine (P less than .10), there was no net change in total splanchnic (TSP) flux due to an increased net hepatic uptake of AAN (P less than .01) and alanine (P less than .05). Net PDV glucose flux was decreased (P less than .05) by 300C, but net hepatic glucose flux was not affected by either level of casein. The 150C increased TSP oxygen consumption (P less than .05) and hepatic oxygen extraction (P less than .10). Approximately 26 and 30% of the casein N infused abomasally appeared in the portal blood as AAN for 150C and 300C, respectively. The sum of net PDV ammonia and AAN fluxes accounted for 47 and 88% of the N infused for 150C and 300C, respectively. These data emphasize the importance of intestinal and liver tissues in regulating the flux of nitrogenous compounds absorbed from the diet.     

Splanchnic metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and urinary nitrogen excretion in steers fed alfalfa under conditions of increased absorption of ammonia and L-arginine supply across the portal-drained viscera

Effects of increased ammonia and/or arginine absorption across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) on net splanchnic (PDV and liver) metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and urinary N excretion were investigated in six catheterized Hereford x Angus steers (501 +/- 1 kg BW) fed a 75% alfalfa:25% (as-fed basis) corn-soybean meal diet (0.523 MJ of ME/[kg BW(0.75).d]) every 2 h without (27.0 g of N/kg of dietary DM) and with 20 g of urea/kg of dietary DM (35.7 g of N/kg of dietary DM) in a split-plot design. Net splanchnic flux measurements were obtained immediately before beginning and ending a 72-h mesenteric vein infusion of L-arginine (15 mmol/h). For 3 d before and during arginine infusion, daily urine voided was measured and analyzed for N composition. Feeding urea increased PDV absorption (P < 0.01) and hepatic removal (P < 0.01) of ammonia N, accounting for 80% of increased hepatic urea N output (P < 0.01). Numerical increases in net hepatic removal of AA N could account for the remaining portion of increased hepatic urea N output. Arginine infusion increased hepatic arginine removal (P < 0.01) and hepatic urea N output (P < 0.03) and switched hepatic ornithine flux from net uptake to net output (P < 0.01), but numerical changes in net hepatic removal of ammonia and AA N could not account fully for the increase in hepatic urea N output. Increases in urine N excretion equaled quantities of N fed as urea or infused as arginine. Estimated salivary urea N excretion was not changed by either treatment. Urea cycle regulation occurs via a complex interaction of mechanisms and requires N sources other than ammonia, but the effect of increased ammonia absorption on hepatic catabolism of individual AA in the present study was not significant.     

Level of nutrition and splanchnic metabolite flux in young lambs

Splanchnic metabolite flux was measured in young lambs given access to a high-concentrate diet either ad libitum (ADLIB) or at a maintenance level (MAINT) for 21 d. Net fluxes of urea N (UN), ammonia N (NH3 N), alpha-amino N (AAN), amino acids, glucose (G), and lactate (L) across the liver and portal-drained viscera (PDV) were measured in 11 crossbred ram lambs (35 kg) surgically fitted with indwelling catheters in the portal, hepatic, and mesenteric veins and mesenteric artery. During the 21-d period, daily N and ME intakes were 24.6 and 10.7 g N/d and 3.02 and 1.28 Mcal/d, respectively, for ADLIB and MAINT lambs. Intakes, thus, were 42% lower for MAINT than for ADLIB lambs. Net portal fluxes of UN, NH3 N, AAN, and L in MAINT lambs were 46%, 84%, 50%, and 74%, respectively, of that in ADLIB lambs. Expressed as a percentage of N intake, the proportion of AAN absorbed by the PDV was higher in MAINT lambs (P less than .05) than in ADLIB lambs. There was no net portal glucose absorption in either group of lambs; however, net hepatic glucose production in MAINT lambs was 48% of that in ADLIB lambs. There was net utilization of glutamine by the PDV; net glutamine flux in MAINT lambs was 49% of that in ADLIB lambs. The liver utilized AAN and NH3 N and produced UN. Splanchnic tissues modulate metabolite flux following changes in feed intake in young ruminants.