过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)产量、产奶性能及氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、胎次、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期[(90±15)d]相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为4组,每组10头,对照组和试验1组、2组、3组分别添加0、15、25和35 g/(d·头)RPMet。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)各试验组瘤胃MCP的产量均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组提高了13.10%、20.45%、16.23%。2)试验组产奶量显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组提高了8.12%、13.32%、10.32%;RPMet能显著或极显著提高乳脂率和乳蛋白率(P0.05或P0.01),显著或极显著降低了乳体细胞数(P0.05或P0.01),以试验2组最低。3)在氮总排出量方面,各试验组均极显著低于对照组(P0.01),试验1组、2组、3组分别比对照组降低了8.55%、17.49%、13.25%。由此可知,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加RPMet可以显著提高奶牛瘤胃MCP产量,减少氮排泄,提高奶牛生产性能。综合各项试验指标,RPMet的最适添加量为25 g/(d·头)。     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸与过瘤胃赖氨酸不同组合对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)与过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)不同组合对奶牛微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、胎次、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为10个组,每组4头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组添加不同水平的RPMet和RPLys。RPMet设置3个梯度,添加水平分别为22.5(L)、25.0(M)、27.5g/(d·头)(H);RPLys设置3个梯度,添加水平分别为27.5(L)、30.0(M)、32.5g/(d·头)(H),共组成9个不同组合,分别为LL、ML、HL、LM、MM、HM、LH、MH、HH组(第1个字母为RPMet添加水平,第2个字母为RPLys添加水平)。预试期15d,正试期60d。结果表明:1)在瘤胃微生物蛋白产量方面,各试验组与对照组相比均有所提高,其中MM、HM组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。2)在产奶量方面,各试验组均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),其中以MM组最高,提高幅度达18.61%。3)在乳成分方面,各试验组乳脂率与对照组相比均有所提高,LM、HM、MM组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各试验组乳蛋白率与对照组相比均有所提高,MM、HL、LM、ML、HH、HM、LH组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各试验组乳体细胞数与对照组相比均有所降低,MH、MM、HL、LH、LM组极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。4)在氮总排泄量方面,各试验组均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),其中以MM组最低,降低幅度达11.00%。MM组粪氮、尿氮极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),MM、MH、HL组氮表观消化率、氮沉积极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。综合各项试验指标,以25.0g/(d·头)RPMet+30.0g/(d·头)RPLys为最佳组合。     

甲醛处理对豆饼干物质和蛋白质瘤胃降解率及胃蛋白酶消化率的影响

豆饼用２ｇ／ｋｇＤＭ甲醛处理后,１０ｈ瘤胃干物质（ＤＭ）降解率从８７．１９％下降到豆饼含水量为１４％和６０．９３％和含水量１８％时的５６．２９％,粗蛋白降解率从８７．６９％分别下降到４８．３６％和４３．４３％,随着甲醛用量的增加,干物质的粗蛋白的降解率进一步下降,但下降幅度减少。在甲醛用量低于２ｇ／ｋｇＤＭ的情况下,甲醛用量对ＰＨ为４．５时的胃蛋白酶４ｈ和８ｈ干物质和粗蛋白消化率没有明显影响,但     

过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃代谢影响的研究

研究3种过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃代谢的影响。选择4只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊(平均体质量42kg),采用4×4拉丁方试验设计方法,以基础日粮组为对照组,在试验组日粮中分别添加40g脂肪酸钙、植物脂肪粉和硬脂肪粉,采集瘤胃液测定氨态氮、pH和挥发性脂肪酸。结果表明:1)饲喂3种过瘤胃脂肪对绵羊瘤胃氨态氮浓度没有显著影响。2)饲喂后pH呈现先下降后上升的总体趋势,对照组pH比试验组高,但各处理对绵羊瘤胃液pH的影响不显著,以添加脂肪酸钙和植物脂肪粉效果较好。3)各组试验羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸的浓度及乙酸/丙酸的变化规律基本相同;对瘤胃乙酸浓度没有显著影响;添加植物脂肪粉组丙酸浓度最高,与硬脂肪粉组差异显著;硬脂肪粉组丁酸浓度比对照组和脂肪酸钙组高,差异显著;硬脂肪粉组乙酸/丙酸值显著高于其他各组。绵羊日粮中添加40g过瘤胃脂肪对瘤胃氨态氮浓度、pH和乙酸浓度没有显著影响,对丙酸浓度、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值有显著影响。     

半胱胺对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响

本试验旨在研究半胱胺(cysteamine,CS)对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、产奶量及泌乳期[(135±15)d]相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,分为4组,对照组和试验1组、2组、3组分别补饲0、15、20和25 g/(d·头)CS。预试期14 d,正试期56 d。结果表明:1)试验组的瘤胃微生物蛋白产量显著或极显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01),试验1组、2组和3组分别比对照组提高27.27%、66.56%、55.42%。2)试验组产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.05),分别比对照组提高18.97%、19.58%、11.25%。3)CS能显著或极显著提高乳脂率和乳蛋白率(P0.05或P0.01),显著降低乳体细胞数(P0.05),以试验2组最低。4)在氮总排泄量上,试验组极显著低于对照组(P0.01),试验1组、2组和3组分别降低16.24%、22.66%、9.92%。由此可见,本试验条件下,综合考虑瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶量、乳成分含量及氮排泄指标,CS添加量以20 g/(d·头)最有利。     

牛至油和过瘤胃蛋氨酸组合添加对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量与养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究牛至油(Oo)与过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)的不同添加组合对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白(MCP)产量与养分消化率的影响。选取年龄、体重、胎次、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期(90±15)d的荷斯坦奶牛40头,分为10个组,每组4头。对照(C)组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂不同添加水平的Oo和RPMet,Oo设置3个梯度,添加量分别为11.5(L)、13(M)、14.5(H)g/(d·头);RPMet设置3个梯度,添加量分别为22.5(L)、25(M)、27.5(H)g/(d·头),共组成9个不同的添加量组合,分别为LL、ML、HL、LM、MM、HM、LH、MH、HH(第1个字母为Oo添加水平,第2个字母为RPMet添加水平)。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:各试验组奶牛的微生物蛋白(MCP)产量均有提高,其中MH、ML、LH、LM、HM组的MCP产量显著提高;试验组奶牛的养分表观消化率有提高趋势,其中MH、HM组粗蛋白质消化率极显著提高;HH、MH组中性洗涤纤维消化率显著提高,酸性洗涤纤维消化率极显著提高;MH组干物质消化率显著提高。在本试验条件下,综合考虑瘤胃MCP产量以及各主要养分的表观消化率,以Oo 13 g/(d·头)、RPMet 27.5 g/(d·头)组合(MH组)效果最好。     

灌注人工唾液对绵羊瘤胃微生物成分的影响

试验用4只去势,体重接近的成年萨福克绵羊,平均体重为40kg,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,每只羊每天定量饲喂1kg配合日粮,分成相等两份,分别在8:00和16:00时饲喂,自由饮水。每kg配合日粮包括干草500g、压扁大麦300g、糖蜜100g、鱼粉91g、食盐3g,矿物质及维生素混合添加剂1g和磷酸二氢钙5g。每kg风干配合料含有干物质820g,氮92g,每kg干物质中     

瘤胃能氮同步释放对奶牛微生物蛋白合成和瘤胃发酵的影响

本研究通过体外产气试验,研究瘤胃能氮同步释放对微生物蛋白合成和瘤胃发酵的影响。试验选用4头健康、泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体动物,采用单因子试验设计,设置3种不同能氮同步化指数的等能、等氮日粮(日粮A,SI=0.74;日粮B,SI=0.83;日粮C,SI=0.91)。结果表明,随着日粮SI值增加,微生物蛋白合成量显著增加(P<0.05)、氨氮浓度在8和12 h极显著下降(P<0.01);A组与B组相比,在8 h时,产气量、pH达到了显著或极显著差异(P<0.05;P<0.01),12 h时,挥发性脂肪酸含量达到了极显著差异(P<0.01)。结果显示,日粮能氮同步释放可显著影响瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成量和氨氮浓度。     

不同种类粗饲料对梅花鹿瘤胃微生物蛋白产量的影响

选择人工哺乳驯化后9~11月龄健康双阳品种雄性梅花鹿4只,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,饲喂配合精饲料-青贮玉米(日粮I)、配合精饲料-青干草(日粮II)、配合精饲料-玉米秸粉(日粮III)和配合精饲料-黄柞叶(日粮IV)4种日粮进行饲养代谢试验。全收样法收集每个试验期5 d的尿样,测定260 nm处样品的吸光度值,并结合尿酸浓度标准曲线,利用成年梅花鹿小肠微生物氮流量估测方程(Y)=-4.137+1.245X估测小肠微生物氮流量。结果表明:育成梅花鹿采食日粮I时小肠微生物氮流量为25.32~40.60 g/d,显著高于采食日粮II、日粮III和日粮IV(P<0.05);表明青贮玉米在梅花鹿的饲养中效益高于其他的常用日粮,在我国北方梅花鹿生产中可广泛推广应用。     

Effects of heat and alcohol treatments of soybean meal on nitrogen utilization by sheep

Soybean meal (SBM) was treated with aqueous solutions of ethanol or propanol at room temperature or at 80 C to study treatment effects on SBM-N solubility and utilization by sheep. Soybean meal was soaked in an excess of 70% (v/v) ethanol at 80 C (ET-80), 70% ethanol at 23 C (ET-23) or 70% propanol at 80 C (PR-80). Nontreated SBM and nontreated SBM heated at 80 C without alcohol treatment (NT-80) served as controls. Nitrogen solubility in McDougall's buffer was lowest (P less than .05) for PR-80 and ET-80 (2.2 and 4.7% of total N, respectively), intermediate (P less than .05) for ET-23 (9.0%), greater (P less than .05) for nontreated SBM (36.2%) and highest for NT-80 (40.2%). In an situ study using three ruminally cannulated cows and two bags per treatment per animal per removal time, more (P less than .05) N remained in in situ bags after 3, 6, 9 and 12 h incubation for ET-23, ET-80 and PR-80 than for nontreated SBM and NT-80. A lamb metabolism trial, using 15 lambs in each of two periods, compared nontreated SBM, ET-23, ET-80, PR-80 and urea as N supplements. Nitrogen retention was higher (P less than .02) for lambs fed SBM treatments compared with urea. When the same N supplements were fed to wethers in a 5 X 5 Latin square experiment and duodenal N flow was measured, non-ammonia non-bacterial N flow was higher (P less than .07) for wethers fed SBM treatments than for wethers fed urea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Nitrogen utilization and ruminal fermentation in steers fed soybean meal treated with formaldehyde

Four rumen-fistulated steers averaging 400 kg in body weight were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square arrangement with 18-d periods to investigate the effect of treating soybean meal (SBM) with formaldehyde on nitrogen (N) utilization and ruminal fermentation. Experimental diets, on a dry matter basis, consisted of 42% corn silage, 48.5% cracked corn-mineral mixture and 9.5% SBM treated with 0, .3, .6 or .9% formaldehyde by weight. Dry matter and organic matter digestibilities were not affected by treatment. Formaldehyde treatment of SBM resulted in a linear decrease in N digestibility (P less than .005) and urinary N excretion (P less than .01) and a quadratic increase (P less than .05) in N retention. The depression in apparent N digestibility was small when SBM was treated with .3% formaldehyde. This level of formaldehyde treatment also had little effect on in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of SBM. Ruminal ammonia-N concentrations were lower (P less than .05) in steers fed formaldehyde-treated SBM. Ruminal pH was lower (P less than .05) at 6 and 8 h postfeeding while volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher (P less than .05) at 8 and 12 h postfeeding for steers fed untreated SBM. Propionic acid (mol/100 mol) decreased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing level of formaldehyde treatment. Urea-N concentrations in plasma were decreased (P less than .001) and plasma-free essential amino acid concentrations were increased (P less than .10) by formaldehyde treatment. Ruminal disappearance of N from polyester bags containing the SBM supplements was greatly reduced (P less than .005) by formaldehyde treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Induced non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal. III. Digestibility and efficiency of protein utilization by ruminants of soybean meal treated with xylose or glucose

Trials were conducted to evaluate effects of non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal (SBM) on efficiency of protein utilization and N digestibility. In trial 1, 48 Suffolk-Finnsheep lambs (22 kg) were fed 80 d to evaluate efficiency of protein utilization for growth when supplemental protein was fed as urea (U), commercial SBM (CS), or commercial SBM (pH 8.5, 83% dry matter) containing xylose (3 mol/mol SBM-lysine) and heated 30 min (XTS-30) or 55 min (XTS-55). Diets containing graded levels of N from CS, XTS-30 and XTS-55 were fed. Response criterion was efficiency of protein utilization, plotted as gains of lambs fed test proteins minus gain of lambs fed U vs supplemental test protein fed. Efficiencies of protein utilization were .62, 1.27 and .91 for CS, XTS-30 and XTS-55, respectively. Protein from XTS-30 was used more efficiently (P less than .05) than that from CS. In trial 2, apparent digestibility of N from CS (97%) was higher (P less than .01) than XTS-30 (77%) and XTS-55 (82%) by Suffolk-Finnsheep lambs (27 kg). In trial 3, 60 mixed-breed steers (218 kg) were fed individually for 105 d to evaluate glucose as a reducing sugar. Glucose-treated SBM (GTS) was prepared by mixing glucose (3 mol/mol SBM lysine) with SBM, adjusting pH and dry matter content to 8.5 and 80%, respectively, and heating at 150 C for 60 min. Supplemental N sources were U, CS, GTS and a 50:50 mixture (protein basis) of corn gluten meal and blood meal (CGM/BM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

甲醛处理豆粕对蛋白质瘤胃降解及活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

通过尼龙袋试验和产气量试验研究甲醛处理大豆粕对瘤胃蛋白质降解率、产气量和活体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响。3个处理分别为对照组、处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ,其中处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ的甲醛添加量分别占大豆粕粗蛋白质(CP)0.6%和1.2%。研究结果表明:与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的干物质及蛋白质的降解率及降解速度显著下降(P<0.001),快速降解组分的比例和有效降解率显著下降,慢速降解组分比例显著提高(P<0.001),但两处理组之间干物质降解速度和蛋白质慢速降解组分比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ的72h产气量和理论最大产气量均显著升高(P<0.001),而产气速度显著降低(P<0.005);甲醛处理对活体外瘤胃72h发酵的pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05),但发酵液中丙酸摩尔比例显著上升(P<0.05),从而导致乙酸/丙酸降低。两个处理组活体外24h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.994μg/mL和0.370μg/mL;而72h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.410μg/mL和0.141μg/mL。本试验结论:甲醛处理能有效降低蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率,并改善活体外发酵参数,其中甲醛添加量以占0.6%CP的处理更为有效。     

Effect of substituting soybean meal with euglena (Euglena gracilis) on methane emission and nitrogen efficiency in sheep

This study evaluated methane (CH₄) emission, intake, digestibility, and nitrogen efficiency in sheep fed diets containing replacement levels (0%, 33%, 50%, and 67% of soybean meal with euglena). In this experiment, four Corriedale wether sheep with an initial body weight of 53.8 ± 4.6 were arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. This experiment lasted 84 days, divided into four experimental periods. Each period lasted 21 days, which consists of 14 days of adaptation to the diets, 5 days to collect samples, and 2 days to collect gas emission from sheep. Methane emission expressed as L/kg DM intake or g/kg DM intake reduced by up to 37% and the energy loss via CH₄ (% of GE intake) reduced by up to 34%. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed in DM and OM intake and whole tract apparent DM digestibility due to substitution of soybean meal with euglena. The total CP loss reduced significantly (linear, p < 0.001) and CP efficiency increased linearly (p = 0.03) with increasing concentration of euglena. As a result, nitrogen balance and average daily weight gain remained unchanged despite higher nitrogen concentration in soybean supplemented group. In conclusion, substitution of soybean meal with euglena reduced methane emission without affecting the performance of animals.     

Effect of acid and alkali treatment of soybean meal on nitrogen utilization by ruminants

Soybean meal (SBM) was treated with acid or alkali to determine effects on N solubility, in vitro NH3-N accumulation, in situ N degradability, and N digestion and retention in growing lambs. The following SBM treatments resulted in decreased (P less than .05) N solubility and in vitro NH3-N accumulation compared with control SBM: spraying with 2.5 or 5% acetic or propionic acid, soaking in .5 N HCl, .5 N NaOH or .5 N propionic acid followed by air drying, and soaking in H2O, .5 N HCl or .5 N propionic acid followed by drying at 100 C. In situ residual N was determined for SBM subjected to the above treatments. Soybean meal sprayed with 2.5 or 5% acetic or propionic acid had greater (P less than .05) in situ residual N after 4, 8 and 12 h of incubation than control SBM. Soybean meal soaked in .5 N HCl or .5 N NaOH and air-dried, and soaked in H2O, .5 N propionic acid or .5 N HCl and dried at 100 C had greater (P less than .05) in situ residual N after 4, 8, 12 and 24 h of incubation than control SBM. In a lamb N balance trial, SBM treated by spraying with 5% acetic or propionic acid or by soaking in .5 N NaOH did not result in reduced N digestion compared to control SBM. Feeding SBM soaked in .5 N NaOH resulted in a 39% increase (P less than .05) in N retention compared with control SBM (5.21 vs 3.74 g/d, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

微生物发酵处理对豆粕抗营养因子的影响

豆粕的微生物发酵处理,可降低抗营养物质对动物的影响,减少不必要的应激,提高豆粕的营养成分和饲喂价值。本文综述了发酵豆粕的特点及其加工工艺。     

包被硝酸钙替代豆粕对公羊能量分配和氮利用的影响

文章旨在评估包被硝酸钙替代豆粕对山羊能量分配、底物氧化和微生物氮合成方面的影响。试验采用在3×3拉丁方设计,选用24只初始体重为(21.9±3.19)kg的阉割公山羊开展3个为期48d的试验,试验动物随机分为3组,3种日粮分别是豆粕组(对照组),15%包被硝酸钙组和30%包被硝酸钙组,每个阶段包括21d的适应期,5d的代谢试验,15d的间接测热试验。结果结果显示,随着日粮包被硝酸钙添加水平的升高,血液高铁血红蛋白浓度表现为显著线性升高(P<0.05)。日粮添加15%包被硝酸钙组有机物、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和总能摄入量最高(P<0.05)。氮摄入量和沉积量随包被硝酸钙添加水平的升高显著线性降低(P<0.05),肠道甲烷产量表现为显著线性降低(P<0.05)。总能、消化能、代谢能摄入量随包被硝酸钙水平的升高表现为显著二次曲线效应(P<0.05)。随着日粮包被硝酸钙水平的升高,非蛋白呼吸熵显著线性降低(P<0.05)。结论:包被硝酸钙降低了山羊禁食产热,替代豆粕后对肠道微生物蛋白的合成无显著影响。在本试验条件下,日粮添加15%包被硝酸钙可以使山羊干物质、消化能和代谢能的摄入量达到最大化。     

用戊糖处理豆粕对蛋白质保护效果的研究

试验研究戊糖浓度(1%、3%)、加热温度(90、105、120、140℃)及加热时间(20、40、90min)对豆粕蛋白质的保护效果。试验为三因素多水平完全随机试验设计,共24个处理组。采用瘤胃尼龙袋法和三步法分别评定各处理组的瘤胃蛋白降解率和小肠消化率。结果表明:戊糖浓度、加热温度和加热时间都影响豆粕蛋白保护的效果,蛋白瘤胃降解率随着戊糖浓度的增加、加热时间的延长、加热温度的升高而逐渐降低。在处理条件140℃、90min、3%时获得最低的瘤胃蛋白降解率。     

不同赖氨酸蛋白质比例对肥育猪氮利用效率的影响

试验选用5头平均体重为60.5kg的杜长大三元杂交猪,研究日粮中赖氨酸与粗蛋白质的比例对肥育猪氮利用效率的影响。日粮中赖氨酸的含量固定为0.8%,按照赖氨酸与粗蛋白质的比例(即4.6%、5.0%、5.6%、6.1%、6.6%)分为5个处理组,采用5×5拉丁方设计。试验结果表明:①赖氨酸与粗蛋白质的比例对粪氮的含量没有影响(P>0.05);②赖氨酸与粗蛋白质的比例对尿氮的含量影响显著(P<0.05);尿氮的含量随氮的摄入量的增加而增加;③氮的沉积和氮的利用效率在赖氨酸与粗蛋白质的比例为5.0%时最大,氮的存留量随日粮粗蛋白质水平的增加而增加(P<0.05),但是赖氨酸与粗蛋白质的比例对干物质和氮的消化率没有影响。