模拟酸雨对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以中性溶液（pH=7.0）为对照,研究了pH值为1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0和6.0模拟酸雨对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标随着pH值的降低而降低,弱酸（pH5.0～6.0）条件下小麦种子能够正常萌发和生长,种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标与对照没有显著差异（P > 0.05）;在pH低于5.0时,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长严重受阻,种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标均显著低于对照（P < 0.05）;pH为1.0时,小麦种子则完全失去活性;不同pH值模拟酸雨胁迫对小麦幼苗生理指标影响较大,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、保护酶（SOD,POD,CAT）和非保护酶（PPO,PAL）活性随酸性的增强呈降低趋势,而相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量呈上升趋势。综合分析认为,小麦幼苗生长比种子萌发对模拟酸雨的响应更为敏感。     

模拟酸雨对亚热带阔叶树苗土壤呼吸的影响

通过利用pH2.5、4.0和5.6的模拟酸雨喷淋乐东拟单性木兰(Paramecia latungensis)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)3种浙江典型地带性阔叶植物幼苗-土壤系统(编号分别为PL、CG和EG),研究了模拟酸雨短期胁迫对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:(1)不同生长季,重度酸雨(pH2.5)对PL和CG植物下土壤呼吸E值影响显著,PL均低于对照(pH5.6),CG冬季低于对照而春夏较对照高,EG仅冬季变化显著。中度酸雨(pH4.0)对PL的E值作用显著,除2007年8月较对照高25.3%外,均低于对照。CG的E值于2006年12月和2007年8月分别受中度酸雨的显著影响,12月低于对照,而8月升高至1.96μmol m-2s-1。中度酸雨仅在2007年11月使EG的E值显著降低了18.0%。(2)在生长周期内,PL和EG的土壤呼吸对模拟酸雨无显著响应,CG虽分别升高了87.8%(重度酸雨组)和11.1%(中度酸雨组),但是仅重度酸雨作用显著。(3)影响PL及CG土壤呼吸的主要因素是土壤温度和模拟酸雨,EG以土壤温度为主因子。模拟酸雨对CG土壤呼吸的作用强于PL,CG土壤呼吸E值与酸雨pH负相关。     

铜铁铅单一及复合污染对铜草幼苗生长的影响

采用种子萌发实验方法，研究了不同浓度铜、铁、铅单一及复合污染对铜草幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，铜铁铅3种金属对铜草种子萌发率的影响不同，铜草种子对铜的耐性最高。铜草幼苗对铜和铁的耐性较高，能较好地适应在受铜铁污染的土壤中生长。在铜铁浓度一定的情况下，铅的加入能极大的影响铜草幼苗的生长。     

小麦对模拟酸雨的反应

小麦三个品种 Arthur71,Abc 和 OAsis 的幼苗用硫酸和硝酸调制的模拟酸雨(pH 分别为5.6、4.3、4.0、3.3、3.0和2.3)处理。测定的项目有:叶重,分蘖数和每盆中枯斑超过叶片面积10%的叶片数。结果表明,相当于自然降雨平均酸度(pH4.3或4.0)的模拟酸雨使 Arthur71和 Abc 这两个品种的生长缓慢,对 Oasis 品种的生长没有影响。当模拟酸雨的酸度超过自然降雨的酸度时(pH2.3),三个品种的生长都受到促进,Abc 品种的分蘖数却相对     

小麦与油菜种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的反应研究

用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨处理小麦和油菜种子试验结果表明,pH2.0时小麦和油菜种子不发芽,pH2.5时只有小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时小麦和油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均与pH值显著正相关,小麦异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低。小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;小麦和油菜的根、芽长抑制指数均与pH值显著负相关,且小麦抗酸雨胁迫能力强于油菜。     

外源抗坏血酸对酸雨胁迫油菜幼苗的缓解效应

为探讨抗坏血酸（AsA）对酸雨胁迫油菜毒害效应的缓解效果,以苏油1号为供试材料,采用盆栽土培的方法研究了不同浓度的外源AsA处理对pH2.5酸雨胁迫下油菜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,pH2.5酸雨显著抑制了油菜幼苗的生长,喷施外源AsA后,一定浓度范围的AsA可明显缓解油菜的酸雨胁迫,生物量、叶片色素含量、抗氧化酶活性等显著高于酸雨胁迫的油菜,丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率显著低于酸雨处理油菜。但随着AsA喷施浓度的增加,缓解效应下降,生物量、叶绿素含量等下降,而MDA和电导率上升。可见适宜浓度的外源AsA对酸雨胁迫下的油菜幼苗具有一定的缓解效应,但浓度过高则产生促氧化作用,在试验中以4.0 mmol.L-1的效果最佳。     

模拟酸雨对盆栽马尾松叶片光合特性的影响

采用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪,对缙云山马尾松在不同强度酸雨(pH 5.6,pH 5.0,pH 4.0,pH3.5,pH 3.0,pH 2.5和pH 2.0)下的光合特性进行测定。结果表明:pH 3.5～5.6的酸雨处理条件下,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度受酸雨影响不明显,从pH 3.0或pH 2.5开始出现明显的降低趋势,且pH2.0出现不同于前几种处理的日变化趋势;从水分利用效率分析,酸雨胁迫对其影响不明显;pH 4.0～5.6的酸雨处理条件下,最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点变化不明显,从pH 3.5开始出现显著降低的趋势,且在pH 2.0时受酸雨影响已经非常明显,无法模拟出最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点;总体分析,酸雨对马尾松叶片光合特性的影响临界范围为pH 3.5～4.0,酸雨对马尾松幼苗致命的影响临界范围为pH 2.0～2.5。     

盐胁迫对苏丹草幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

研究不同浓度的NaCl溶液对苏丹草幼苗的株高、叶片宽度、钾离子、钠离子、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:苏丹草是一种耐盐作物,中浓度的盐胁迫处理(NaCl溶液浓度为100～200 mmol·L-1)对苏丹草幼苗生长具有促进作用,其株高和叶面宽度较空白对照处理均有显著提高;细胞膜透性受影响显著,但通过其自身渗透物质调节可以回归平稳,植株能正常生长,说明苏丹草是一种耐盐作物。     

模拟酸雨下氯化镧处理对小麦发芽及幼苗生长的影响

模拟酸雨下采用不同浓度的氯化镧浸泡小麦种子,测定其对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在模拟酸雨下,1~100mg/L浓度的氯化镧可以促进小麦发芽、增加幼苗干重、促进根系生长、提高根系活力及叶绿素含量,并能抑制丙二醛和脯氨酸增多,增强了小麦对酸雨逆境的抵抗能力。从不同浓度的氯化镧对小麦的发芽、营养生长及生理指标的影响进行综合判断可知,以10mg/L的氯化镧处理效果最好。     

杂交苏丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)修复DDT污染土壤效果研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了杂交苏丹草吸收和富集DDT的规律及其对DDT污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:①土壤中添加高浓度的DDT,对杂交苏丹草的生物量没有显著影响,说明杂交苏丹草对DDT有耐受能力;②杂交苏丹草对DDT及其主要降解产物都有吸收,在旺盛生长期,植株中DDT的累积速率也较快;③杂交苏丹草根系中DDT及其主要降解产物的浓度是茎叶中相应组分浓度的4.81~10.32倍,质量比在0.57~1.55倍之间;④杂交苏丹草从土壤中吸收DDT占添加量的11.3%,而在其生长期间,土壤中DDT消失量为56.0%。     

氮素对NaCl胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长与生理的影响

为了研究NaCl胁迫下氮肥对甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长和生理特性的影响,探索提高甜高粱耐盐能力的措施,室内设置不同盐分浓度、不同氮源及浓度条件下甜高粱萌芽试验。结果表明:NaCl胁迫和不同氮源对甜高粱发芽和芽苗生长的影响各有不同。NaCl浓度对甜高粱种子萌发有显著影响,在甜高粱芽苗生长阶段,通过提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质而增强耐盐伤害能力是有限的。100 mmol.L 1NaCl胁迫下,根系POD活性最低,而叶片MDA积累量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最高,受盐害程度最大。没有盐胁迫情况下增加不同氮源及氮量对甜高粱根叶生理特性的影响差异显著,当氮浓度在20 mmol.L 1时,细胞受伤害程度最低,生长最好。不同形态氮源对甜高粱发芽和幼苗生长的影响差异明显,NH4Cl的促进效果优于KNO3。在100mmol.L 1的NaCl胁迫下,施加铵态氮或硝态氮源均可以增强甜高粱芽苗期的POD活性,减少MDA积累,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。研究表明采取适当的氮肥调控措施可以提高甜高粱的耐盐能力。     

Effects of phenolic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in soil

Summary It is commonly assumed that the adverse effect of plant residues on crop yields is largely or partly due to phytotoxic compounds leached from these residues or produced by their decomposition. There has been substantial support for the hypothesis that the phytotoxic compounds responsible for reduced crop yields are phenolic acids such as p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and ferulic acid. To test the validity of this hypothesis, we studied the effects of nine phenolic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, and vanillic acid) on (1) seed germination of corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on germination paper and soil, (2) seedling growth of alfalfa, oats, sorghum, and wheat on germination paper and soil, and (3) early plant growth of corn, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, and wheat in soil. The results showed that although the phenolic acids tested affected germination and seedling growth on germination paper, they had no effect on seed germination, seedling growth, or early plant growth in soil even when the amounts applied were much greater than the amounts detected in soil. We conclude that the adverse effect of plant residues on crop yields is not due to phenolic acids derived from these residues.     

外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探究外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以国能4号甜高粱为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0.05、0.1和0.2 mmol·L^-1)硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理1.6%NaCl胁迫下的种子和幼苗,统计种子发芽数,测定幼苗叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了甜高粱种子的萌发,种子发芽指标(种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)显著降低,1.6%NaCl是甜高粱种子萌发的敏感盐浓度;喷施不同浓度SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜高粱种子的发芽率及幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低叶片MDA含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,其中0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理效果最佳。0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理下,与单独盐浓度处理相比,甜高粱种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别增加了29.51%、39.21%和38.91%;幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高了230.00%、184.38%、214.13%、17.00%、8.78%和40.63%;MDA含量降低了34.01%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别增强了33.38%、55.75%、23.17%和116.46%。综上,盐胁迫下适宜浓度的SNP处理,可提高甜高粱幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除体内活性氧,从而促进幼苗生长,增强植株抗盐性。本研究结果为提高甜高粱耐盐性及揭示其耐盐机制提供了理论依据。     

Effect of Solution pH and Calcium Concentration on Germination and Early Growth of Groundnut

Abstract

Most investigations on the effect of acid soil on legumes have focused on growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and mineral nutrient uptake. Very little attention has been given to the effects of H⁺ toxicity per se and calcium (Ca) deficiency per se on germination and seedling survival of legumes, particularly groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). This paper reports the effects of solution pH and external Ca on seed germination, seedling survival, and growth of groundnut cv. Falcon in sand culture. The treatments consisted of solution pH values ranging from 3.0 to 6.0 in Experiments 1 and 2, and a factorial combination of pH (3.5, 4.5, and 5.5) and Ca (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM) in Experiments 3 and 4. The percentage of groundnut kernels that germinated was little affected by solution pH, and ranged from 86% at pH 3.0 to 92% at pH 6.0. By contrast, seedling survival was more sensitive to pH, with only 51% surviving at pH 3.0 compared with 85% and 92% at pH 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. Increasing the solution Ca concentration diminished the adverse effects of low pH on germination and seedling survival. Total root length increased 425‐fold as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 6.0. Increasing the Ca concentration from 0 to 2.0 mM Ca increased root length by 140% and total root surface area by 95%. Lateral root formation was retarded by the combination of low Ca and low pH. Shoot and root dry mass increased with increasing solution pH and Ca concentration. Results of this study indicate that low pH per se did not impact on germination of groundnut, but significantly reduced seedling survival and early growth. The adverse effects of low pH on seedling growth of groundnut were alleviated by high solution Ca concentrations.     

温度和光照对不同预处理野生甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为确定甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳温度和光照条件,利用生化培养箱研究了不同温度和光照条件对浓硫酸预处理、清水预处理的野生乌拉尔甘草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:（1）浓硫酸预处理能够显著提高甘草种子发芽率,且发芽更整齐;（2）甘草种子从10~40℃都可以发芽,但过低或过高的温度会延缓甘草种子的发芽进程且抑制幼苗生长,乌拉尔甘草出芽和幼苗生长最适宜的温度是20~30℃;（3）清水预处理的种子适宜在光照10 h/d条件下萌发,浓硫酸预处理能够降低甘草种子萌发对光的依赖性,全黑暗条件能够促进甘草幼苗胚根和胚轴的生长。野生乌拉尔甘草种子适宜在20~30℃、光照10 h/d条件下萌发,20℃最适宜甘草幼苗胚根生长,30℃最适宜胚轴生长     

腐殖酸对NaCl胁迫下梭梭种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的] 探究腐殖酸对NaCl胁迫下梭梭种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为干旱矿区生态修复提供技术支持。[方法] 设置5个NaCl盐胁迫浓度,5个腐殖酸添加浓度,观测梭梭种子萌发以及幼苗生长指标,分析腐殖酸对梭梭种子萌发及其幼苗生长的耐盐性。[结果] 施用适量腐殖酸能显著提高种子萌发率,缓解梭梭种子萌发过程中的盐胁迫,促进初生根生长,降低盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害。在1.0 mol/L NaCl条件下,腐殖酸为700 mg/kg时缓解效果最好,与对照相比梭梭发芽率、发芽势、根长、幼根鲜质量和幼根干质量分别提高10%,11.12%,1.77 cm,4.84 mg和4.03 mg。[结论] 腐殖酸可作为干旱矿区生态修复中种子萌发和幼苗生长的一种盐渍土调节剂,具有较好的应用潜力。     

Effects of water‐soluble constituents of plant residues on water uptake by seeds

Abstract

There has been strong support for the hypothesis that the adverse effects of plant residues on crop yields are due to phytotoxic compounds derived from these residues. This hypothesis is based largely on studies showing that, when compared with distilled water, aqueous extracts of plant residues have an adverse effect on seed germination and seedling growth. Because seed germination and seedling growth are reduced by a delay in germination resulting from slow uptake of water by seeds, we studied the possibility that the adverse effects of aqueous extracts of plant residues on seed germination and seedling growth might be at least partly due to water uptake by seeds being retarded by water‐soluble constituents of these residues. To test this possibility, we compared the rates of water uptake and germination of seeds of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merrill], and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when these seeds were treated with distilled water and with aqueous extracts of corn, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and wheat residues. We found that the rates of water uptake and germination of seeds treated with aqueous extracts of plant residues were appreciably slower than the corresponding rates for seeds treated with distilled water. This may be due to the water potentials of these extracts (ca. ‐50 kPa) because when seeds of corn, sorghum, and wheat were treated with a solution of polyethylene glycol 8000 having a water potential similar to that of the extracts of plant residues tested, the rates of water uptake and germination were also slower than the corresponding rates for seeds treated with distilled water. These observations suggest that the adverse effects of aqueous extracts of plant residues on seed germination and seedling growth when compared with distilled water may be partly due to constituents of these extracts inducing water potential effects that reduce water uptake by germinating seeds.