除草剂药害的预防和消减措施研究

化学除草剂的不合理使用会造成除草剂药害频繁发生,影响作物生长,降低产量,威胁食品安全,破坏生态平衡。本文综述了近年来预防和消减除草剂药害的几种有效措施,评述了各种措施的研究进展和局限性,展望了未来智能除草的发展方向。除草剂复混使用可以扩大杀草谱,减少长效残留除草剂的使用剂量,但有时也会产生拮抗作用。添加生物炭可以有效吸附土壤中残留的除草剂,但是否会对土壤和生态环境造成危害仍不确定。添加腐植酸可以有效减少除草剂残留和提高除草剂药效。施加安全剂等助剂可以保护作物种子、增强作物抗性和减少作物药害。生物除草剂能在消灭杂草的同时减少抗性杂草的出现,但研发应用任重道远。微生物降解残留除草剂受微生物种类和环境因素影响较大。抗性品种培育可以减少除草剂使用,但基因手段的安全性问题仍然备受争议。智能除草方式可以定时、定量、定位消灭杂草,提高作物安全性,减少除草剂污染。     

安全高效使用长效性除草剂五建议

长残留性除草剂是指某些除草剂被使用后,残留在土壤中的效用长达1年以上,易使敏感性后茬作物遭受不同程度药害的除草剂.如今,一方面除草剂的除草活性越来越强,用量下降;另一方面,作物对它们的敏感性越来越强.     

土层置换犁消除豆田残留除草剂药害的效果

为探索消除豆田残留除草剂对后作药害的新途径,本研究采用生物鉴定的方法,以甜菜为指示植物查明了豆田残留除草剂主要分布在0～10cm土层中,向下层逐渐减少,20cm以下土层为安全土层。自主设计的土层置换犁实现了将0～20cm土层和20～40cm土层位置转换,即所谓的土层置换。应用该犁在有残留除草剂污染的豆茬上实施土层置换改土作业后,连续2年调查作物产量结果显示,土层置换区比对照区甜菜、马铃薯等作物长势好、杂草数量少;改土后种植甜菜,第1年、第2年分别比未改土的对照增产468.9%和805.7%;种植马铃薯分别增产177.1%和31.0%;种植玉米(第2年)增产2.0%。种植连作大豆(第2年)增产6.5%。同时在未受到残留除草剂污染的土壤上实施土层置换作业后,第1年种植马铃薯和甜菜分别比对照减产3.1%和5.6%、第2年种植马铃薯和玉米,分别增产27.0%和5.2%。研究结果可为修复残留除草剂污染土壤、消除作物连作障碍和促进种植业结构提供技术支撑。     

信息动态

本文概述了第46届食品法典农药残留委员会农药残留限量标准制修订情况,按照农药类别对标准进行了归类,制修订杀虫剂/杀螨剂标准75项,杀菌剂标准184项,除草剂标准132项,植物生长调节剂标准20项,涉及38种农药168种食品,简要分析了本届年会标准制修订的几个主要特点.     

中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策

随着农药长期大量的施用,农药残留及其污染问题日益严重。因此,针对我国农业生产中涉及的三类主要农药除草剂、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的施用情况及其农田土壤中残留特征进行了阐述,对农田土壤因农药残留造成的作物抗性危害、生态环境风险以及人类健康潜在风险等进行了分析,并对农药污染农田土壤的微生物修复、植物修复以及菌根修复的研究状况进行了介绍,在此基础上提出了农田土壤农药污染综合治理的防控对策。     

抗除草剂转基因作物面临的机遇与挑战及其发展策略

2008年全球抗除草剂转基因作物已占转基因作物总种植面积的80%以上,抗除草剂成为最主要的转基因应用的性状.该技术的成功应用极大地降低了杂草防除成本、增加了安全性和减少了除草剂的残留药害.但是,抗除草剂转基因作物的大规模产业化将导致除草剂市场单一化,从而冲击除草剂产业,还会产生杂草抗药性和基因逃逸等环境安全问题,因此抗除草剂转基因作物面临着挑战.在我国转基因抗除草剂作物还没有实际的商业化,不过由于市场巨大、政策支持等面临良好发展机遇.此外,从抗除草剂基因利用、转基因抗除草剂作物的研究与开发策略等方面进行综述,以期为我国转基因抗除草剂作物的研究与开发提供可能有益的信息.     

国际食品法典农药残留限量标准制修订进展研究

本文概述了第46届食品法典农药残留委员会农药残留限量标准制修订情况,按照农药类别对标准进行了归类,制修订杀虫剂/杀螨剂标准75项,杀菌剂标准184项,除草剂标准132项,植物生长调节剂标准20项,涉及38种农药168种食品,简要分析了本届年会标准制修订的几个主要特点。     

东北黑土地农田除草剂污染过程与消减技术研究进展与展望

除草剂是保障黑土粮仓粮食供给的重要生产资料。东北黑土区除草剂的高频高强度施用,可能导致其在土壤中残留累积,从而影响后茬作物生长,成为轮作换茬、种植结构调整的瓶颈。因此,开展黑土地除草剂污染过程与消减关键技术研究,对保障黑土地农业绿色可持续发展具有重要的科学意义。系统分析了黑土地农田除草剂污染过程与消减技术研究进展与发展趋势,指出了目前该研究领域存在的科学与技术问题,提出了我国黑土地农田除草剂污染过程与消减技术的研究思路与重点方向,以推动我国黑土地农田除草剂污染修复理论与技术的发展。     

不同耕作制度下除草剂流失量的测定和模拟

黏土或坡地土壤由于渗透率低,残留的除草剂很容易以径流的方式流失。2005年美国农业专家Gh idey等人在密苏里州北部墨西哥黏性土壤上进行了3种耕作制度下玉米田间除草剂流失量的测定与模拟,分别在1997年和1999年喷施除草剂,施入后不与土壤混合。目的是评价玉米地除草剂的施用方法、施用量和施用频率对表层水质的影响;建立以除草剂施用量、径流体积、施用天数和施用地点为函数的方程,计算表层径流中除草剂的质量浓度。此项研究对我国有关营养流失的研究有一定的借鉴作用。     

土壤中除草剂的动力学

土壤中除草剂的持久性从除草剂活性物质的持久性与土壤中平均残留的比较中可以看出,许多活性物质的降解类型特征是明显的。“持久性”这一概念常与除草剂在土壤中的降解或消失有关,它意味着一种化学物质存在于土壤中时间的长短。适当的表示方法是它的半衰期(t_1/2)或减少到初始浓度     

同位素溯源技术在食品安全中的应用

疯牛病、口蹄疫、禽流感疫病等对食品安全管理带来新的压力,对人类健康构成了极大的威胁,给疫病发生国造成了严重的经济损失,并带来社会恐慌。同位素溯源技术是国际上目前用于追溯不同来源食品和实施产地保护的有效工具之一,在食品安全污染物溯源领域有着广阔的应用前景,一些发达国家纷纷开展此领域的研究。本文阐述了同位素溯源技术的基本原理,比较了同位素溯源技术与其他溯源技术的区别与联系,综述了国内外研究进展,提出了我国在同位素溯源技术方面应开展的研究工作,旨在推动我国食品安全追溯制度的建立与完善,保障食品安全,保证消费者身体健康。     

大气CH_4中碳稳定同位素组成的PreCon-GC/C-IRMS系统测定

利用预浓缩装置-气相色谱,燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪(PreCon-GC/C-IRMS)联用系统,建立了就采样、浓缩和在线质谱分析大气CH_4中稳定碳同位素组成的测定方法.通过多组试验对比,分析并讨论了利用PreCon-GC/C-IRMS联用技术测定大气CH_4中碳稳定同位素比值的试验条件、系统线性、稳定性及准确度和精密度等.结果表明,在本研究方法条件下,当离子流强度在1.0～20 V时,系统线性良好(斜率S=0.04%./V),在4.0～15 V内其线性(斜率S=0.03%./V)优于总体线性;系统测量稳定性可靠,δ~(13)C值的测定结果的S.D<0.3‰,最大偏差<0.5‰,回收率达99.99%,准确度和精度均符合分析与研究要求.利用该系统对室内和室外草坪地空气中CH_4的碳稳定同位素组成做初步测试,其碳同位素的平均值分别为-31.358‰和-33.085%.,且相同地点区域空气中CH_4的δ~(13)C值,在1d内和不同日期间的变化均在0.5‰以内,重现性良好.     

硝酸盐及其氮、氧同位素最新分析方法-细菌反硝化法

细菌反硝化法是一种用于测定环境样品硝酸盐及其δ^15 N和δ^18O的新方法,广泛用于NO 3^-来源及其转化过程相关环境生态研究。为了推进相关应用研究,本文系统介绍了细菌反硝化法的原理、特点和一般分析步骤,着重讨论了分析过程中的质量控制环节和试验要点,给出了分析相关计量关系及结果标定和校正公式。     

蒸发与降水入渗过程中不同水体氢氧同位素变化规律

为了研究土壤水蒸发与降水入渗非饱和带过程中不同水体氢氧同位素的变化规律,该文选用2种不同性质的土壤-砂土和黄土,设计了土壤水蒸发和降水入渗室内试验。结果表明:对于砂土,土壤水蒸发过程中剩余水体氢氧同位素分馏遵从瑞利模式;对于黄土,随着蒸发时间的延长,剩余土壤水氢氧同位素值越来越远离瑞利分馏关系线;在降水入渗非饱和带的初期,相对于风干砂土,风干的黄土颗粒对土柱出流水的氢氧同位素值产生了影响,并且出流水的氢氧同位素亦受到土壤原水同位素值的影响,只有入渗的降水达到了一定数量,土柱出流水才能与降水的同位素值相同。该研究可为运用氢氧同位素研究降水能否通过非饱和带补给地下水提供数据分析的依据。     

THERMODYNAMICS OF K–Ca ION EXCHANGE IN SOILS1

Cation exchange characteristics of the K:Ca saturated forms of five soils were measured at 25°C and 50°C. The rates of isotopic exchange of ⁴²K and ⁴⁵Ca were too fast to be measured except that of ⁴²K in the K:Ca Harwell soil at 25°C. The slower isotopic exchange of K in this soil was attributed to the presence of a zeolite, clinoptilolite. The intra-particle diffusion coefficient, D_i, of K in this soil increased with K-saturation to a maximum at about 40 per cent K, probably because of the ‘blocking’ action of the larger hydrated Ca ions at small K-saturations in clinoptilolite. The CEC, measured by isotopic exchange along the K:Ca adsorption isotherm, decreased with increasing temperature probably because some interlayer spaces collapsed. The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes were negative for the reaction Ca-soil+2K⁺? 2K-soil+Ca⁺⁺. These results seem to show that K is more strongly bound than Ca by the soil and that the Ca-preference shown by the isotherm at small external electrolyte concentration is caused by entropy changes in solution. Calculated activity coefficients of the exchangeable ions changed with K-saturation similarly at both temperatures but values at 50°C were smaller than at 25°C.     

Prospects and problems of using the methods of geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes in soil studies

A review of world investigations into the geochemistry of stable isotopes—a new area for soil science—is presented. Studies of the behavior of stable isotopes in soils are being developed in two major directions: reconstruction of the environmental conditions and indication of the soil processes. Investigations into the reconstruction of the environmental conditions are based on the assumption that the isotopic composition of carbon in the soil humus is inherited from and reflects the isotopic composition of carbon in the corresponding vegetation (the source of soil humus). At the same time, studies into the indication of soil processes are based on the effects of fractionation of carbon isotopes in the course of transformation of carbon compounds. In this case, the isotopic composition of carbon in the soil humus should differ from that in the initial plant material. The analysis of available data suggests that the current state of research does not allow assessing the entire diversity of the effects of isotopic fractionation in soils. New data on the isotopic composition of carbon of soil organic matter and carbonates are being actively accumulated at present. However, it is obvious that the effect of isotopic fractionation should be taken into account in the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions.     

根际土壤微生物量氮周转率的研究

用15N示踪法研究了不同植物对根际及非根际微生物量氮周转率的影响。结果表明 ,不同植物对微生物量氮周转率的影响不同。栽种豆科植物三叶草由于其根系分泌物中的含氮有机物含量较高 ,所以土壤中微生物量氮的周转率快于栽种黑麦草。两种植物根际土壤的微生物量氮的周转率都快于非根际土壤 ,与土壤蛋白酶活性的研究结果一致     

Lead content and isotopic composition in submound and recent soils of the Volga Upland

Literature data on the historical reconstructions of the atmospheric lead deposition in Europe and the isotopic composition of the ores that are potential sources of the anthropogenic lead in the atmospheric deposition in the lower Volga steppes during different time periods have been compiled. The effect of the increasing anthropogenic lead deposition recorded since the Bronze Age on the level of soil contamination has been investigated. For the first time paleosol buried under a burial mound of the Bronze Age has been used as a reference point to assess of the current contamination level. The contents and isotopic compositions of the mobile and total lead have been determined in submound paleosols of different ages and their recent remote and roadside analogues. An increase in the content and fraction of the mobile lead and a shift of its isotopic composition toward less radiogenic values (typical for lead from the recent anthropogenic sources) has been revealed when going from a Bronze-Age paleosol to a recent soil. In the Bronze-Age soil, the isotopic composition of the mobile lead is inherited from the parent rock to a greater extent than in the modern soils, where the lead is enriched with the less radiogenic component. The effect of the anthropogenic component is traced in the analysis of the mobile lead, but it is barely visible for the total lead. An exception is provided by the recent roadside soils characterized by increased contents and the significantly less radiogenic isotopic composition of the mobile and total lead.     

灌溉农田水汽氢氧同位素组成特征研究初探

灌溉农田生态系统水汽变化能够直接反映其耗水状况。本研究应用基于高频实时气态稳定同位素分析仪的箱式法测定水汽氢氧同位素特征, 结合涡度相关技术所测定的农田水汽通量结果, 探讨不同高度大气水汽在不同时段的稳定同位素组成特征。研究结果表明: 对于不同的时间尺度, 生态系统边界层水汽稳定同位素组成在连续几天内的变化有波动, 日变化比较稳定, 小时尺度波动很小; 水汽稳定同位素的大气背景组成特征表现为日尺度上的组成变化呈稳步富集趋势, 小时尺度上几乎无变化。蒸散水汽重同位素特征随时间推移富集明显, 午夜蒸发和蒸腾水汽同位素组成特征相似, 清晨蒸腾水汽比蒸发水汽轻, 午间蒸腾水汽比蒸发水汽重。对于不同高度的水汽来说, 玻璃箱内蒸散水汽稳定同位素组成要比生态系统边界层2 m 处水汽高。建立了土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾稳定同位素变化特征与蒸散过程的线性关系, 相关系数达到0.87。     

ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE OF FIXED AMMONIUM

The isotope ¹⁵N was used to study the rate of exchange between unlabelled NH₄-hydrobiotite and labelled solution NH₄. Most of the isotopic dilution occurred within 10 minutes of adding the solution to the solid, but even after 13 days less mineral-NH₄ had exchanged with isotope than was removed by several extractions with KC1 solution. NH₄ remaining in the mineral after extraction with KC1, conventionally named ‘fixed ammonium’, contained some isotope which was sorbed without release of unlabelled NH₄; the fixed ammonium was, therefore, not isotopically exchangeable. The sorption was shown to result from incomplete ammonium saturation of hydrobiotite, isotope slowly replacing interlayer cations trapped by lattice collapse. The rate of sorption was initially controlled by a temperature-dependent diffusion process for which the activation energies were between 9 and 13 kcal/ mole. In the later stages of the reaction the rate became progressively slower than predicted by the diffusion equation, and analysis of the kinetics suggested that, ultimately, exchange of cations at the sorption sites was the rate-limiting process.