空间环境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以"实践八号"育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分(11S/7S球蛋白)、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂(SKTI)等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417%和1.667%,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株(01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2)和中黄29的5株(02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8)变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

空间坏境对大豆主要农艺性状及蛋白品质的诱变效应

以“实践八号”育种卫星搭载的3个大豆品种中黄28、中黄29、中黄31为材料,调查了空间诱变后代SP1、SP2代的主要农艺性状分析检测SP2、SP3种子的蛋白质组分（11S/7S球蛋白）、Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂（SKTI）等品质性状分析检测,以为利用空间诱变技术改良大豆品质提供理论依据。结果表明,3个大豆品种对空间环境的反应敏感性不同,中黄28和中黄29的SP1代分别获得3株和12株变异株,变异率分别为0.417 %和1.667 %,而中黄31的SP1代没有发现变异植株,且中黄28的2株（01-SP2-1、01-SP2-2）和中黄29的5株（02-SP2-2、02-SP2-5、02-SP2-6、02-SP2-7、02-SP2-8）变异株在SP2代发生性状分离;空间环境使大豆11S 蛋白亚基发生变异,SKTI基因发生突变。空间诱变既可改良农艺性状,也可改良品质性状。     

实践八号育种卫星搭载籼稻的诱变效应研究

利用卫星搭载4个籼稻品种(系)的干种子,对SP1代种子活力和农艺性状、SP2代农艺性状、稻米直链淀粉含量和白叶枯病抗性进行诱变效应分析,结果表明:空间环境对籼稻种子损伤较小,SP1代的发芽率、芽长、株高以及结实率的生理损伤变幅为0～26.9%;对空间环境的敏感性由强到弱依次为桂99、航恢7号、R998、金航138。SP1代表型不发生分离;SP2代在株高、分蘖、谷粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量和白叶枯病抗性等性状出现分离,突变性状在SP3代能够遗传。空间诱变不仅能使水稻农艺性状发生变异,而且能使稻米品质和抗病性产生变异。     

冬小麦品种航天诱变后代性状分析

8个品种冬小麦的种子搭载实践8号育种卫星后经过连续多年种植选择,对其SP2、SP3代农艺性状及品质性状进行诱变效应分析。结果表明,小麦种子经航天诱变后能引起后代表现型的广泛变异,但不同品种、不同性状对空间环境的敏感性、诱变效果不同,SP2代新麦8、郑麦366的表现型突变频率分别达13.2%、12.5%。SP3代株高、穗...     

甘蓝型油菜品种航天诱变后代性状分析

通过对搭载实践8号育种卫星的6个甘蓝型油菜品种(系)种子及其后代连续多年种植选择,对其SP3农艺性状及品质性状进行诱变效应分析,对SP4产量和农艺性状等进行鉴定与结果分析。结果表明,6个搭载品种的植株性状、生育期和抗逆性在SP1与对照相比均没有明显变化。对SP2进行田间观测,发现有多个主花序、主茎萎缩和小花瓣等变异株。对SP3室内考种和品质测试,发现了矮杆、大粒等有利变异株,还有一些芥酸、硫苷和含油率发生改变的变异群体。对SP4田间产量鉴定,得到了1份高产材料TK407,产量为3 048.35 kg·hm-2,产量构成三要素合理,分别为单株有效角果数365角、每角粒数23.43粒、千粒重4.61g。研究表明,航天诱变后代能产生变异植株,通过育种目标性状多代选择,能选育出高产、优质的新品种。     

实践八号育种卫星搭载高丹草种子发掘有益突变体

利用卫星搭载高丹草种子,对SP1代种子活力和农艺性状进行诱变效应分析,结果表明：空间条件对高丹草种子损伤较小,SP1代的发芽率、发芽势略有降低,物候期、株高、茎粗、叶片大小等性状变异不明显,分蘖性和叶片数发生较大改变。在SP1代发现丰叶和多蘖2种有益突变类型;进一步研究表明：丰叶型突变为不可遗传的生理变异,多蘖型突变为...     

利用空间诱变技术进行早籼稻新品种的改良

利用卫星搭载2个早籼稻品系浙105和浙207干种子,进行空间诱变处理。回收后SP2~SP7逐代选择,以主要农艺经济性状改良为目标,结合稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性筛选,获得一批突变品系;选用72对分布于水稻12条染色体上的SSR引物对5个变异株系与原种对照进行DNA分子检测。结果表明:空间诱变对水稻品种产生了不同程度的生理损伤,SP1表型不分离,SP2出现不同程度的变异,SP3起逐代选择获得农艺经济性状、稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗性变异株,从中选出得到明显改良的新品系;5个变异株系与原种之间均存在着不同程度的SSR多态性差异。     

卫星搭载小麦SP3代高分子麦谷蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析

利用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）技术对返回式卫星搭载小麦两个品种SP3代籽粒的高分子麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）进行了分析,并按照相关评分方法计算了高分子量麦谷蛋白Glu-1位点的品质得分。结果表明,经卫星搭载可产生较高频率的HMW-GS基因变异,陕253和西农1043 两个品种SP3代HMW-GS组成的变异频率分别为27.08%和27.45%。陕253和西农1043 SP3代的小麦品质得分分别为7分和6分,陕253 SP3代变异株为优质小麦。     

航天搭载大豆SP_2农艺性状诱变效应初报

对卫星搭载的大豆合丰25诱变SP2代与合丰50诱变SP2代的一些农艺性状进行研究,结果表明:2份材料的株高、单株结荚、单株粒数、主茎节数变异系数均大于各自地面对照品种,且2份材料航天搭载后的株高、单株结荚、单株粒数、主茎节数等性状均有正向增加的趋势,可以为育种所利用;合丰50诱变SP2的单株结荚数和单株粒数变异幅度较合丰25诱变SP2的变异幅度大;合丰25诱变SP2代株高、主茎节数的变异幅度较合丰50诱变SP2代大。从后代变异规律可以看出,航天可作为大豆育种的一种有效手段。     

水稻不育系培矮64S的空间诱变效应及后代的SSR分析

对经过卫星搭载的培矮64S种子及后代进行了有关性状研究和SSR标记分析,结果表明:培矮64S空间诱变后代SP1代发芽率、存苗率、株高、抽穗期、株叶型的性状与对照相比没有明显变化;但SP2代在株高、粒型和育性等性状上发生了变异;从SP3代中获得柱头比培矮64S明显增大的变异株系,这对于改良培矮64S的异交结实率和提高制种产量具有重要意义。此外,对10个SP3变异株进行SSR分析结果表明,扩增片段数目变化约占55.21%,扩增片段分子量变化约占44.79%,空间诱变引起的变异可能是以DNA缺失-重复为主。SSR座位的变异频率平均为23.33%,变异座位在水稻基因组中是随机分布的。     

辐射外源DNA导入小麦诱变效果的研究——后代品系籽粒贮藏蛋白分析和大麦黄矮病抗性鉴定

通过花粉管通道法将受照射的中 5DNA(小偃麦异源 8倍体 ,抗大麦黄矮病 )导入到受体小麦新克旱 9,在D3～D5 代获得了稳定的 5 4个品系。对其籽粒醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白进行电泳出现 3种变异类型 :第 1种类型为新谱带的出现或原有谱带的丢失 ;第 2种类型为供体谱带的出现 ;第 3种类型为谱带强度 (深或浅 )发生变化。根据农艺性状和籽粒贮藏蛋白电泳结果 ,精选 2 0份进行毒蚜接种 ,鉴定大麦黄矮病抗性 ,其中有 7个品系中抗黄矮病 ;1个品系 (97K1 0 77)高抗黄矮病。可初步认为供体中 5的抗大麦黄矮病基因已转化成功     

航天诱变选育高产优质小麦新品系龙辐02-0958

经返回式卫星搭载纯系小麦龙94-4083的风干种子,从第6代(SP6)中选育出了高产优质抗病性强的新品系龙辐02-0958。该品系的主要农艺性状较其亲本有不同程度的改善,在产量鉴定中较对照品种增产18.5%~22.5%,且差异极显著;较原亲本增产6.4%。在品质性状上,龙辐02-0958面粉的沉降值、面团的最大抗延阻力和面积分别较原亲本增加5.4ml、175E.U和34cm2,达到了优质强筋麦的标准。同时,龙辐02-0958的抗病性较其亲本也有不同程度的提高。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基突变体的筛选与鉴定

本研究对小麦品种白硬冬2号航天搭载SP2代单株籽粒的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）组成进行了SDS-PAGE电泳分析,在92株材料中发现了2个突变体mut1和mut2,突变频率为2.17%,并利用醇溶蛋白电泳验证了航天诱变引发HMW-GS变异的真实性。在突变体mut1中发现了4种HMW-GS组成突变类型,突变发生在Glu-1B和 Glu-1D位点。突变亚基是由航天诱变引发相关编码基因突变形成的,它们的电泳迁移率发生了明显变化,为新的亚基类型。本文的研究表明,航天诱变能够诱导产生新的HMW-GS,是丰富HMW-GS基因资源的有效途径。     

Establishment of sesame germplasm core collection in China

A sesame core collection containing 453 accessions was established by assessing genetic diversity of 4251 accessions collected in China. The accessions in the whole collection were grouped based on their origin, varietal and agro-ecological type. A computer program was used to cluster the data of 14 traits from the random small sample. Ward's method was chosen as the desirable method for clustering sesame germplasm resources. A set of technical methods for establishing core collection has been developed through determining the number of selected accessions based on the diversity distribution. The agronomic traits of the pre-selected core collection were investigated and tested in three ecological locations in China for two years. Among six qualitative traits, including plant type and flower color in a total of 5304 accessions, 97.85% was completely the same as the original data, and three quantitative traits, including growth period and plant height, were significantly and positively related with the original data. The representativeness assessment of the final core collection indicated that 35 phenotypes of 10 qualitative traits in the core collection were basically similar to those of the pre-selected core collection. Six feature values such as mean, standard deviation etc. of four quantitative traits including oil content and 1000-seed weight were close to those of the pre-selected core collection. The final core collection possessed a fair representativeness of the pre-selected core collection.     

旱稻(Oryza sativa)×长芒稗(Echinochloa caudata)远缘杂交后代结实率及杂种优势分析

以旱稻基因型旱 65(OryzasativaL .)为母本 ,稗草长芒稗 (Echinochloacaudata)为父本进行远缘杂交 ,获得实粒种子。连续 5年试验结果表明 :( 1 )F0 高度不孕 ,并伴有杂交种发育夭折现象。去雄 82 4朵小花 ,结实率为 1 2 1‰。 ( 2 )F1杂种优势明显 ,育性正常 ,结实率 92 2 6% ,单株产量超母本 80 3 9%。 ( 3 )F2 农艺性状分离严重 ,但育性无分离。群体 40 5株无不育株出现。选育出的优良变异单株“远F2 1” ,超亲优势为 55 64%。 ( 4)对“远F2 1”衍生F3株系 1 60株考种株穗数、株高、穗长、主茎穗一级枝梗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数诸性状 ,平均超亲优势分别为 2 3 2 %、1 5 1 8%、47 2 6%、3 3 84%、2 4 2 6%及 2 1 62 % ,差异显著。 ( 5)F5光合速率测定 ,超母本2 9 72 %。远缘杂交对不同属间引入目的基因 ,非常有效。     

Effects of Prolamins Encoded by Chromosomes 1B and 1D on the Rheological Properties of Dough in Near-Isogenic Lines of Bread Wheat

Fourteen bread wheat near-isogenic lines (NILs) with different alleles at 1B- and 1D-chromosome loci Glu-1, Glu-3 and Gli-1 coding for high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), low molecular weight-GS, and gliadins, respectively, were grown in replicated plots to investigate the individual and combined effects of glutenin and gliadin components on the rheological properties of dough as determined by the Chopin alveograph. NILs did not reveal significant differences in seed yield, protein content, kernel weight, test weight, flour yield, and starch damage. On the contrary, they had a large variation in alveograph dough tenacity P (55–93 mm), swelling G (17–26 mL) and strength W (140–252 J × 10^-4). The null alleles at the Gli-D1/Glu-D3 loci, and allele Glu-D1d (HMW-GS 5+10) were found to have a strong positive influence on dough tenacity and a remarkable negative influence on dough swelling (extensibility) when compared to alleles Gli-D1/Glu-D3b and Glu-D1a (HMW-GS 2+12), respectively. On the other hand, alleles Glu-B1c (HMW-GS 7+9) and Gli-B1/Glu-B3k gave greater G values than alleles Glu-B1u (HMW-GS 7*+8) and Gli-B1/Glu-B3b. The effects of individual Glu-1, Gli-1, or Glu-3 alleles on P and G values were largely additive. The impact of the null allele at Gli-D1/Glu-D3 on gluten strength was highly positive in NILs possessing HMW-GS 2+12, and negligible or negative in NILs containing HMW-GS 5+10, suggesting that there is scope for improving dough quality by utilizing this allele in combination with HMW-GS 2+12. Gli-D1/Glu-D3-encoded prolamins were shown to play a major role in conferring extensibility to dough, and could account for the superior breadmaking characteristics of bread wheat as compared to durum wheat.     

Evaluation of geographic distribution of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in wild and cultivated Triticum species

Variation of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) in 632 wild and cultivated Triticum accessions was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 11 alleles of HMW-GS in diploid species, 22 in tetraploid species, and 15 in hexaploid species were detected. Diploid species on Glu-1A locus and tetraploid species Glu-1B locus showed the highest diversity, respectively. Tetraploid species had the highest level of diversity on three Glu-1 loci, followed by hexaploid and diploid, based on Shannon’s information index, Nei’s genetic diversity, and percentage of polymorphic loci. Molecular variance analysis confirmed main variance of HMW-GS within species, regions, and locations, respectively. Variance among species and regions was enhanced gradually with the increase of ploidy. Significant non-random distributions between the phylogenic trees of HMW-GS and the locations of accessions were tested by GenGIS software, indicated that geographic factors played an important role along the different orientations in the spread of Triticum species. We found one original diversified center in diploid what located around Elazig, Malatya, Gaziantep, Urfa, and Kiziltepe in Turkey, and three diversified centers in tetraploid wheat, including Turkey–Armenia–Georgia–Iran, Portugal–Spain, and Ethiopia, respectively, and two diversified adjacent areas between Turkey and Switzerland and around Turkey, Georgia, and Armenia. The original center of diploid species located in southeast Turkey, where the unexpressed 1Ay subunit was mainly distributed in T. urartu, could be one of the candidate regions of polyploidization of Triticum L. The regional distribution of HMW-GS and species also provided geographic evidences for the existence of founder effect on the spread of Triticum species. The present study suggests that integrating genetic diversity with geographic characterization in Triticum could very useful for collection, conservation, and utilization, as well as for research microevolution and domestication.     

施氮量对不同小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基表达量及品质影响的研究

采用盆栽试验和SDS-PAGE技术,研究了氮肥对强筋和中筋小麦亚基表达量、品质性状及相关关系的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥提高了优质小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基表达量,对强筋小麦影响较小,而对中筋小麦影响较大。施氮后,强筋小麦的亚基表达量与醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量极显著相关,而中筋小麦的亚基表达量仅与谷蛋白的含量显著相关,说明氮肥对不同亚基组成小麦高分子量谷蛋白表达量及蛋白组分调控有一定差异。施氮后,高分子量谷蛋白亚基表达量与各项加工品质指标呈正相关;强筋小麦的亚基表达量与湿面筋含量、稳定时间、沉降值和评价值相关性达到显著或极显著水平;而中筋小麦的亚基表达量仅与沉降值相关性达到显著水平。