The first specific detection of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in Ivory Coast

The Virology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory of Animal Diseases in Ivory Coast at Bingerville received samples of wild and domestic avian species between February and December 2006. An RT-PCR technique was used to test for avian influenza (AI) and highly pathogenic AI subtype viruses. Among 2125 samples, 16 were type A positive; of which, 12 were later confirmed to be H5N1. Fifteen of these 16 type A positive samples were inoculated into the chorioallantoic cavity of 11-day-old embryonated hens' eggs for virus isolation. Eight produced virus with hemagglutination titres from 1/64 to 1/512. The 4/16 M-RT-PCR positive samples, which were H5N1 negative, were shown to be H7 subtype negative. The diagnostic efficiency of the laboratory for the surveillance of H5N1 in Ivory Coast was demonstrated. The positive cases of H5N1 were from a sparrowhawk (Accipter nisus); live market poultry and in free-range poultry, where the mortality rate was approximately 20% (2/10) and 96.7% (29/30) respectively. Currently, investigations into intensive poultry farms have proved negative for H5N1. No human cases have been reported this time.     

表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组新城疫病毒的拯救

对现地分离的4株H9亚型禽流感病毒HA基因进行序列测定,选取其中1株在新城疫病毒 La Sota弱毒疫苗株反向遗传操作系统的基础上,构建了表达H9亚型禽流感病毒野生型HA基因的重组新城疫病毒基因组cDNA克隆,经间接免疫荧光和RT-PCR鉴定,结果表明:拯救重组病毒为rL-H9HA;重组病毒MDT≥168 h,ICPI和IVPI均为0,与亲本疫苗株La Sota具有相似的生长特性;重组病毒保持了La Sota弱毒疫苗亲本毒株对鸡胚良好的高滴度生长适应和低致病特性,具有作为同时预防H9亚型禽流感和新城疫的双价苗的应用前景.     

鸡新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+HP株)的灭活试验

为了研究鸡新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+HP株)中两种病毒的最佳甲醛灭活浓度和灭活时间,试验选取四种甲醛最终浓度0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%,分别对两种抗原进行灭活,在灭活10 h、12 h、14 h、16 h、18 h、24 h、30 h、36h、42 h分别取样,对每个样品进行灭活检验和血凝价测定。从试验结果得出,新城疫病毒(La Sota株)最适合的甲醛浓度为0.1%,灭活时间为16 h;禽流感病毒(H9亚型HP株)最适合甲醛浓度为0.1%,灭活时间为18 h。     

不同禽流感病毒含量的新-流二联灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡后抗体水平的监测

将未浓缩的新城疫抗原分别与未浓缩的、浓缩3倍、浓缩6倍的禽流感抗原混合,并制备成三组鸡新城疫、禽流感（H9N2 HP株）二联灭活疫苗（简称新-流二联灭活疫苗）,分别免疫21日龄SPF鸡,每羽0.3 mL,同时设置未免疫的空白对照组,免疫组与对照组均在免疫前及免疫后7、14、21、28、35 d进行采血,检测新城疫和禽流感抗体。结果发现,各免疫组在免后不同日龄的新城疫抗体基本一致,禽流感病毒抗原浓缩倍数越高（即禽流感病毒含量越高）的新-流二联灭活疫苗,免后14、21 d的抗体也越高;从免后21 d开始,各免疫组的禽流感抗体水平差异逐渐减小,免疫后禽流感抗体水平的高低可以反映该疫苗的免疫效果。试验结果表明,该疫苗可以通过浓缩提高抗原病毒含量的方法来提高免后早期抗体水平,取得良好的早期免疫效果。     

我国部分地区新城疫病毒的流行现状分析

从近年来由我国不同地区、不同宿主分离到的新城疫病毒(NDV)野外分离株中,选取其中具有代表性的16株,用RT PCR技术扩增其F基因重要的功能区片段,进一步进行克隆和序列测定.参照国内外已发表的部分毒株的F基因序列,构建了59株NDV的遗传进化树,分析其毒株间的遗传进化关系.序列分析表明,所扩增的目的片段长度为535bp,所分离的毒株在分裂位点的氨基酸顺序为112R-R-Q/R-K/R-R-F117,均相当于NDV的强毒株.通过遗传进化树分析表明,16株分离株中有13株为基因Ⅶ型NDV,说明目前基因Ⅶ型NDV所引起的新城疫在国内呈流行趋势.     

新城疫病毒和禽流感病毒复合型胶体金免疫层析试纸条的制备

为了建立一种简便、快速而且能同时检测新城疫病毒(NDV)和禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,本试验采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,分别标记NDV单克隆抗体6C4和AIV单克隆抗体制备免疫检测探针。在硝酸纤维素膜上,用微定量喷头喷好2条病毒检测线(T线)和1条羊抗鼠抗体质控线(C线),制备复合型免疫层析检测试纸条。结果在10 min内,可同时检测出两种病毒。试纸条检测NDV的灵敏度比HA试验结果提高8倍;AIV重组抗原的检测灵敏度为1.7μg/mL。两种病毒互相测试,未出现交叉反应。用缓冲液对照测试结果为阴性。在密封、干燥、低温的条件下,试纸条的灵敏性与特异性没有明显变化。说明本研究建立的NDV和AIV免疫层析检测法具有特异、灵敏、稳定、操作简单等特点,符合现场快速检测的要求。     

鸡SIgA重链单克隆抗体的制备及新城疫病毒和禽流感病毒特异黏膜SIgA检测方法的建立

为建立快速检测禽类黏膜组织中SIgA含量的方法,本研究原核重组表达鸡SIgA重链片段蛋白,纯化后免疫BALB/c鼠.以鸡胆汁中分离纯化的SIgA作为检测抗原,常规单克隆技术筛选出1株能够稳定分泌抗鸡SIgA单克隆抗体(MAb)的IgG2a、κ型MAb.经ELISA和western blot分析,所获得的1株MAb亲和力高、特异性强;采用生物素标记纯化MAb腹水IgG为检测二抗,以禽流感-新城疫重组二联活载体疫苗免疫SPF鸡为模型,初步建立了新城疫病毒和H5亚型禽流感病毒特异的黏膜SIgA间接ELISA检测方法.本研究为开展特异性家禽黏膜免疫机制的研究提供了重要技术手段.     

用改良的RT-PCR技术快速检测传染性法氏囊病病毒

本研究将最新的病毒核酸纯化技术和单管ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术相结合,应用于ＩＢＤＶ的诊断研究,对４０余个病毒样品进行扩增反应,均取得令人满意的效果。该技术灵敏快速,从核酸纯化到电脉检测ＰＣＲ产物只需５～６ｈ,反应灵敏度比传统方法至少提高１００倍。所设计的引物对毒株的适用范围较广,对１２个ＩＢＤＶ毒株和１２个病变法氏囊样品均得到分子量一致并与设计相符的扩增产物     

RT-PCR检测猪瘟病毒方法的建立与应用

建立RT PCR检测猪瘟病毒的方法。根据已发表的猪瘟病毒E2基因 (囊膜糖蛋白gP55基因 )序列 ,设计合成了一对特异性引物 ,扩增片段的大小为 50 7bp ,用RT PCR技术对石门系标准株和 1 0株分离株进行检测。结果这对引物对标准株和 1 0株分离株均能扩增出与预期大小相符 50 7bpRT PCR产物 ,而对其他 6种猪病病原核酸的扩增结果为阴性。该RT PCR可检出 1 0 0pg的猪瘟病毒RNA模板 ,对人工感染猪不同组织样品进行检测 ,结果对白细胞抽提的核酸样品检出率最高为 1 0 0 % (2 4 / 2 4 ) ,其次为扁桃体、脾、肾 ,检出率为 83 3 % (2 0 / 2 4 ) ,再者为淋巴结 ,检出率为66 7% (1 6/ 2 4 )。对送检的 1 9份疑似猪瘟的病死猪病料组织进行RT PCR检测 ,结果有 1 6份样品为猪瘟病毒阳性。兔体交叉反应试验结果RT PCR阳性的 1 6份病料中 ,有 1 4份样品被判为含有猪瘟病毒 ,其他病料兔体交叉反应试验结果全为阴性     

羊痘病毒和羊口疮病毒二重PCR鉴别检测方法的建立

针对羊痘病毒（capripoxvirus，CaPV）的A29L基因和羊口疮病毒（orf virus，ORFV）的H3L基因，设计、合成了2对特异性引物以进行二重PCR。结果表明，该方法可以在数小时、在同一反应体系中清晰地区分CaPV和）ORFV，其PCR产物大小分别为413bp和708bp，与预期的片段大小相符，序列分析证实目的基因序列与已发表的序列一致；该检测方法的灵敏度可达1个病毒蚀斑形成单位（PFU）。采用二重PCR对12株CaPV、ORFV和相关病毒、细菌培养物，以及22份田间样品进行检测，与预期结果完全一致，且与相关病毒或健康羊组织样品无交叉反应。结果表明，该方法具有快速、敏感、特异等优点，可作为临床样品中CaPV和ORFV的鉴定和诊断的有效方法。     

应用双重PCR方法检测羊支原体肺炎病原

通过对丝状支原体山羊亚种(M.mycoides subsp.capri,Mmc)特异性引物MmcF/MmcR和绵羊肺炎支原体(M.ovipneumontiae,Mo)特异性引物LmF/LmR退火温度、引物浓度比例等条件的选择,建立了一个可以同时检测Mmc和Mo的双重PCR方法。该方法可同时扩增出Mmc 195 bp和Mo 361 bp目的片段,但对其他病原菌不能扩增出任何条带,具有良好的特异性。敏感性试验表明,该方法能够分别检测出0.1ng的Mmc DNA和0.01 ng的Mo DNA,或同时检测出1ng Mmc和1ng Mo混合的DNA。用该双重PCR方法可对实验室保存的4株绵羊肺炎支原体和2株丝状支原体山羊亚种进行准确鉴定,并可从临床病料中检测出相应支原体,表明建立的双重PCR方法可用于Mmc和Mo的快速鉴定、实验室诊断和病原学调查。     

禽流感病毒和新城疫病毒二联RT-PCR检测方法的建立

参照国内外已发表的禽流感病毒(AIV)和新城疫病毒(NDV)的基因序列及其相关的RT-PCR检测方法,根据禽流感病毒M蛋白基因和新城疫病毒NP基因各设计一套特异性通用引物,扩增目的带分别为600bp和340 bp。通过对相关病毒检测,建立了AIV和NDV通用型二联RT-PCR检测方法。该方法具有快速、敏感、特异等优点,可为AIV和NDV的检测、流行病学调查及疫苗使用等奠定基础。     

H10亚型和N8亚型禽流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据基因库中H10亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)HA基因、N8亚型AIV NA基因和所有亚型AIV M基因序列,分别设计筛选出3对特异性引物,优化引物之间的浓度,建立了H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法。该法对含有H10和N8亚型AIV的模板可特异性扩增出267 bp(H10亚型AIV)、464 bp(N8亚型AIV)和693 bp(AIV)目的条带,对H10亚型AIV扩增出267、693 bp目的条带,对N8亚型AIV扩增出464、693 bp目的条带,对其他亚型AIV仅扩增出693 bp目的条带,对常见禽病病原体均未扩增出任何条带。该法对H10亚型和N8亚型AIV检测下限为10~3拷贝/μL。120份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离鉴定一致。研究建立的H10亚型和N8亚型AIV三重RT-PCR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,为同时快速鉴别检测H10亚型和N8亚型AIV提供一种简便、快速和有效的方法。     

PCR制备地高辛标记的探针检测禽流感病毒核酸

用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术,制备了广东禽流感无致病力分离株A/goose/China/24/96(H7N3）核蛋白基因片段（NPc）的地高辛标记的cDNA探针。建立并优化了检测禽流感病毒核酸的探针杂交法,探针杂交法能鉴别出非免疫鸡胚和SPF鸡胚尿囊液中的病毒,攻毒后第3天的SPF和非免疫鸡泄殖腔拭子中AIV的最大检出率为1/10,对临床样品中的AIV的最大检出率为1/7,而直接HA和HI法及AGP试验检不出临床样品的AIV。该探针具有较好的特异性和敏感性,为从分子水平探讨AIV的发病机理、临床早期快速诊断提供了新的研究手段。     

2019年秋季双鸭山市禽流感和鸡新城疫集中抗体监测与分析

通过血凝和血凝抑制试验方法,对双鸭山市内各区秋季集中免疫禽流感和新城疫的鸡群进行免疫监测,结果显示,禽流感H5亚型抗体监测群体合格率为94.3%,禽流感H7亚型抗体监测群体合格率为95.2%,鸡新城疫抗体监测群体合格率为90.4%。参照农业部相关规定,灭活疫苗家禽免疫21 d后监测群体合格率要求≥70%,结果表明,秋季集中免疫禽流感和鸡新城疫抗体水平较高,具有很好的保护力。     

Pathogenicity and transmission of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in different birds

In this study, we selected three H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (clades 0), A/Duck/Guangdong/E35/2012 (clade 2.3.2.1) and A/Chicken/Henan/B30/2012 (clade 7.2) isolated from different birds in China, to investigate the pathogenicity and transmission of the viruses in terrestrial birds and waterfowl. To observe the replication and shedding of the H5N1 HPAIVs in birds, the chickens were inoculated intranasally with 10⁶ EID₅₀ of GSGD/1/96, 10³ EID₅₀ of DkE35 and CkB30, and the ducks and geese were inoculated intranasally with 10⁶ EID₅₀ of each virus. Meanwhile, the naive contact groups were set up to detect the transmission of the viruses in tested birds. Our results showed that DkE35 was highly pathogenic to chickens and geese, but not fatal to ducks. It could be detected from all the tested organs, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, and could transmit to the naive contact birds. GSGD/1/96 could infect chickens, ducks and geese, but only caused death in chickens. It could transmit to the chickens and ducks, but was not transmittable to geese. CkB30 was highly pathogenic to chickens, low pathogenic to ducks and not pathogenic to geese. It could be transmitted to the naive contact chickens, but not to the ducks or geese. Our findings suggested that H5N1 HPAIVs from different birds show different host ranges and tissue tropisms. Therefore, we should enhance serological and virological surveillance of H5N1 HPAIVs, and pay more attention to the pathogenic and antigenic evolution of these viruses.     

Inactivation of avian influenza viruses by chemical agents and physical conditions: a review

The recent outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) worldwide have highlighted the difficulties in controlling this disease both in developed and in developing countries. Biosecurity is considered the most important tool to prevent and control AI. In certain areas of the world, AI has become endemic and the recent outbreaks in Europe and Africa show that the epidemiological situation is evolving in an unprecedented way. The consequences of this situation are economic losses to the poultry industry, food security issues in developing countries and a serious threat to human health, due to the direct consequences of AI infection in humans, and more alarmingly due to the risk of the generation of a new pandemic virus from the animal reservoir. In this paper, the physical and chemical methods of inactivating AI viruses are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the practicalities of using such methods in the poultry industry.     

The characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in northern Vietnam from 2006 to 2009

Due to concerns that wild birds could possibly spread H5N1 viruses, surveillance was conducted to monitor the types of avian influenza viruses circulating among the wild birds migrating to or inhabiting in northern Vietnam from 2006 to 2009. An H5N2 virus isolated from a Eurasian woodcock had a close phylogenetic relationship to H5 viruses recently isolated in South Korea and Japan, suggesting that H5N2 has been shared between Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan. An H9N2 virus isolated from a Chinese Hwamei was closely related to two H9N2 viruses that were isolated from humans in Hong Kong in 2009, suggesting that an H9N2 strain relevant to the human isolates had been transmitted to and maintained among the wild bird population in Vietnam and South China. The results support the idea that wild bird species play a significant role in the spread and maintenance of avian influenza and that this also occurs in Vietnam.     

二重PCR检测鸭瘟病毒和鹅细小病毒的初步研究

根据鸭瘟病毒(Duck plague virus,DPV)DNA聚合酶基因和鹅细小病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)NS基因序列分别设计2对引物,应用这2对引物对混合样品中鸭瘟病毒和鹅细小病毒进行了二重PCR扩增。PCR产物的琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明2条特异性带为563bp(DPV)和1146bp(GPV),与实验设计相符,且与常规单一PCR结果一致。二重PCR反应检测出的DPV含量相当于20个PFU;检测出的GPV含量相当于0.1个ELD50,对禽痘病毒和减蛋综合征病毒的核酸未能扩增出任何条带,特异性良好。该二重PCR能够在一次扩增反应中检测两种病毒,为两种鹅病的病原检测和诊断提供了一种简便、经济、快速的手段。