环境物质磁性对重金属污染的指示作用研究进展

重金属污染并通过食物链对人体健康的危害已成为环境科学研究的重点,通过对土壤、沉积物及大气颗粒物的磁性测量,以监测环境中重金属污染的程度、来源和范围是国内外新近发展的新技术。本文着重阐述了环境物质磁测的基本原理和磁性参数,土壤、沉积物和大气颗粒物的磁性特征及其对重金属污染的指示作用,并对应用环境物质磁性监测重金属污染的前景进行了讨论。     

安徽凤阳石英岩发育土壤的磁学性质及环境磁学意义

通过对安徽凤阳石英岩发育土壤典型剖面的磁学参数测量,结果表明,A层和B层中的磁性矿物含量明显高于C层,且A层和B层中磁性矿物的粒度明显比C层细.C层的磁学性质由磁铁矿主导,A层和B层的磁学性质由磁赤铁矿主导.磁赤铁矿是石英岩在成土过程中形成的次生矿物.土壤中磁赤铁矿的出现及含量的变化指示成土作用的强弱.石英岩的磁性对土壤的磁性影响甚小,而成土作用和生物作用对土壤磁性增强起到了主要作用.     

棕壤微生物和几种酶活性的磁致效应研究

试验通过室内模拟方法,研究了不同磁场强度处理棕壤后对土壤微生物数量和几种酶活性的影响。结果表明磁场对微生物数量有影响,但因磁场强度和微生物种类的不同而异。100、500mT场强对细菌表现为抑制作用,但对放线菌、真菌表现为激活作用;300mT场强对各类群土壤微生物均表现为正效应。经磁场处理后的棕壤,过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和三种磷酸酶活性均有不同程度的提高;随着培养时间的延长,磁致效应也发生动态变化。在磁场处理后的1～7d,其细菌、放线菌、真菌的磁致效应均显著,并出现最大值,而后随培养时间的延长逐渐变小,直至培养结束,磁场对其已无显著影响。而土壤中几种酶的磁致效应持续时间较长。     

粉煤灰作土壤侵蚀的磁示踪剂研究初报

自1954年召开的第五次国际土壤学会代表大会上介绍了土壤磁性研究工作，磁化率在环境科学研究中得到了广泛应用。一些学者讨论了沉积物磁性与物源之间的关系，并将其用于河流底移质泥沙运动和沉积物来源的示踪。该方法的优点是简便易行，省时省力、廉价，对大、小土壤团聚体、泥沙均适用，近来此法用于监测和评估山坡地的土壤侵蚀和沉积也有成功的先例。本文选择粉煤灰施人土壤中作为磁示踪剂，研究坡面土壤侵蚀，取得了初步成果。     

杭州附近几种红壤中磁性矿物的分离与鉴定

对杭州附近由第四纪红土、泥岩、石灰岩和花岗岩发育的红壤中磁性矿物进行了研究 .由X -衍射和矿物磁测技术证明四种红壤中的磁性矿物是磁赤铁矿 (γ -Fe2 O3) ,它是红壤磁性的主要贡献者 ,且磁赤铁矿以稳定单畴和超顺磁性颗粒态存在     

农药污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

植物修复是土壤农药污染修复的有效途径之一。植物主要通过直接吸收和代谢、根际土壤植物酶促降解和根际微生物对污染物的降解等三种机制去除土壤中残留的农药。本文简述了植物修复的含义和优点,系统地综述了植物修复农药污染土壤的机理,阐述了利用植物对农药污染土壤进行修复的研究成果和应用,并展望了今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

福建沙县东溪流域土地退化特征初步研究

综合运用^137Cs,土壤磁测等新技术手段,结合土壤结构水稳性,CEC等部分土壤理化指标,对闽西沙县东溪流献殷勤 地不同部位的土地退化特征进行初步的定量研究,结果表明：（1）土壤中^137Cs含量与坡度呈很强的对数关系（R＝－0．83）,表明土地退化随坡度的增加而加剧,（2）土壤表层磁化率富集系数与坡度呈较强的对数关系（R＝－0．63）,表明土地退化随坡度的增加而加剧;（3）不同地貌部位以及不同的土地利用类型之间,其土壤部分理化指标,在不同的显性水平上,呈现一定的退化特征。     

HGMS技术与NaOH溶液浓缩土壤铁锰氧化物的效果比较

以我国中南地区几种土壤和土壤锰结核为材料，比较了高梯度磁分选仪与５ｍｏｌ．ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液对土壤铁锰氧化物的浓缩效果。结果表明：（１）以１：１型高岭石为主的土样，经５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液处理后，其氧化铁浓缩倍数高于ＨＧＭＳ处理后的样品，以２：１型层状酸盐矿物为主的土壤浓缩倍数则相反。（２）ＨＧＭＳ处理浓缩土样锰结核中的锰氧化物，其浓缩倍数比５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液处理的低；但前者     

磁吸式精密播种器磁力排种空间的磁场特性分析

磁吸式精密播种器的关键部件是电磁铁吸头,为了提高播种效率,播种器电磁铁成排布置,从而组成了一平面多极开放磁系。为此,该文应用有关磁学理论,建立了磁力排种空间的磁场强度、磁场力计算模型,分析了平面多极磁系在磁力排种空间的总体磁场特性。对所选的圆头磁极、平头磁极以及锥头磁极3种不同磁系结构,通过磁场测试和回归分析,得出了3种磁极磁系在不同气隙高度的磁场强度和磁场力。研究表明磁力排种空间的磁场力主要集中在磁极面附近,3种磁极中锥头磁极的磁场力最大,磁力性能最优。     

影响土壤中镉的植物有效性的因素及镉污染土壤的植物修复

阐述了镉的来源及其对人类的危害,并对影响土壤中镉的植物有效性的土壤因素中的pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、有机物质、营养物质浓度对镉的植物有效性的作用作了详细的阐述。此外对其它如EDTA、淤泥等对土壤中镉的植物有效性的影响和镉污染土壤的植物修复等方面也进行了综述,并对镉污染土壤的修复治理与趋势进行了展望。     

不同稻田生态系统周丛生物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

周丛生物广泛分布于稻田生态系统淹水环境中,直接影响稻田养分的迁移转化过程及其生物有效性,但其是否影响水稻的生长、发育却鲜有报道。通过室内控制试验,利用延边（YB）、鹰潭（YT）和镇江（ZJ）的水稻土培养周丛生物,并研究了三种周丛生物对水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,不同类型土壤培养的周丛生物主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）组成;三种周丛生物的多样性存在显著差异,其中延边周丛生物（YBP）的物种数和Chao1指数显著高于其他两组处理（P <0.05）。皮尔森（Pearson）相关性分析结果表明,周丛生物群落物种组成和多样性与土壤pH、全磷、总有机碳和全锰含量呈显著正相关（P <0.01）。此外,三种周丛生物的碳代谢活性存在显著差异（P <0.05）。其中,延边周丛生物（YBP）在整个检测期内的碳代谢活性最高,鹰潭周丛生物（YTP）的碳代谢活性最低。种子萌发试验结果显示周丛生物的存在显著提高了水稻种子的萌发率（最高18%）和α-淀粉酶活性（P <0.05）,同时提高...     

Crude extract of Astragalus mongholicus root inhibits crop seed germination and soil nitrifying activity

Astragalus mongholicus has been of medicinal use within the traditional Chinese system for centuries. However, little information is available on its allelopathic effects on other crop plants and soil biochemical properties. Field experiment showed that the extracted residues of A. mongholicus root inhibited seed germination of wheat. Inhibition of seed germination was further confirmed in laboratory using the same crude extract. When the crude extract was applied to soil at various rates and incubated for 30 days, soil urease activity and denitrifying enzyme activity were significantly increased while soil nitrification rate was significantly decreased at 10% amendment rate as compared to the control. Soil respiration rate was significantly increased by the crude extract when measured at the start of incubation but returned to basal levels after 30 days of incubation. The crude extract supplemented to NB medium significantly decreased the colony numbers of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, Paraccocus denitrificans and soil bacteria. The stimulating effects of crude extract observed in the amended soil was attributed to the easily-available carbohydrates in the extract, which might served as external energy sources for heterotrophic microbial activities. It was concluded that A. mongholicus contained some compounds that inhibited seed germination, soil nitrification and bacterial growth in general. Possible links between allelochemicals responsible for the inhibitory effects observed in the present study and the medically bioactive compounds are discussed based on information reported in other fields. Further work is needed to specify and verify the allelochemicals produced by this herbal plant.     

低场核磁共振分析聚乙二醇对萌发期水稻种子水分吸收的影响

为研究聚乙二醇(PEG,polyethylene glycol)处理下水稻种子萌发过程中内部水分分布和变化规律,进而揭示水稻耐旱性在水分吸收规律上的重要特征。应用低场核磁共振的T2弛豫谱和质子密度加权成像分析了PEG处理下水稻种子萌发过程中的水分变化,研究了利用蒸馏水(对照)和质量分数分别为10%、20%PEG6000处理对两个水稻品种旱9710、辽星1发芽指标的影响,以及对两个水稻品种萌发0、6、22、48、72 h吸水量的影响,确定单位质量核磁信号幅值与水稻种子湿基含水率的回归函数关系。发芽指标检测结果显示:旱9710耐旱性高于辽星1。质子密度加权成像结果显示:在水分吸收初期,水分子直接通过种子表面裂缝进入种子体内,胚乳中的淀粉粒等物质开始吸水膨胀,种子体积增大。24 h后,种子内营养物质向种胚流动。PEG处理下,水稻种子吸水量明显减少,发芽速度明显降低,且PEG质量分数越高,发芽速度越慢。基于核磁共振理论及T2弛豫谱的多组分特征,当反演频率为10 000时,水稻种子萌发过程中的水分分为束缚水与自由水两部分。T2弛豫谱结果表明:在蒸馏水和质量分数分别为10%、20%PEG处理下,种子湿基含水率和核磁信号幅值均逐渐增长。PEG处理下,核磁信号幅值增长相比对照处理显著降低(P0.05)。PEG处理抑制了两个水稻品种种子对水分的吸收,PEG质量分数越高,抑制作用越强。PEG处理24 h后,耐旱性强的水稻品种吸水率相比对照处理的降低幅度小于耐旱性弱的品种。回归分析表明,3种处理下,核磁信号幅值和湿基含水率具有一致的线性关系(R2=0.983),由回归方程可以求得水稻种子萌发过程中各状态水分的含量。试验为研究水稻种子萌发过程对干旱胁迫的反应机制,开发种子水分微观活体无损检测技术等方面的研究提供理论支持和数据参考。     

不同封育年限宁夏荒漠草原土壤种子库研究

针对宁夏天然草原实施禁牧封育的现状,采用种子萌发法对不同封育年限的荒漠草原土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明:种子萌发主要集中在0-5 cm土层中,6-10 cm土层种子萌发较少,0-5 cm土层中,随封育年限的增加,一年生草本植物逐渐减少,多年生草本植物增加,半灌木或灌木逐渐增加;在垂直分布上,随土层深度的增加单位面积的种子数量减少;土壤种子库的密度随封育时间的增加而增加;在0-5 cm土层中,封育使土壤种子库的物种多样性和丰富度明显增加;在0-5 cm土层和6-10 cm土层中,土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性都较低,在0-5 cm土层,随封育年限的增加土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性程度逐渐增加。     

Zinc‐biofortified seeds improved seedling growth under zinc deficiency and drought stress in durum wheat

High zinc (Zn) concentration of seeds has beneficial effects both on seed vigor and human nutrition. This study investigated the effect of Zn biofortification on growth of young durum wheat (Triticum durum cv. Yelken) seedlings under varied Zn and water supply. The seeds differing in Zn concentrations were obtained by spraying ZnSO₄ to durum wheat plants at different rates under field conditions. Three groups of seeds were obtained with the following Zn concentrations: 9, 20, and 50 mg Zn kg^?1. The seeds differing in Zn were tested for germination rate, seedling height, shoot dry matter production, and shoot Zn concentration under limited and well irrigated conditions in a Zn‐deficient soil with and without Zn application. In an additional experiment carried out in solution culture, root and shoot growth and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) of seedlings were studied under low and adequate Zn supply. Low seed Zn concentration resulted in significant decreases in seedling height both in Zn‐deficient and sufficient soil, but more clearly under water‐limited soil condition. Decrease in seed germination due to low seed Zn was also more evident under limited water supply. Increasing seed Zn concentration significantly restored impairments in seedling development. Drought‐induced decrease in seedling growth at a given seed Zn concentration was much higher when soil was Zn‐deficient. Increasing seed Zn concentration also significantly improved SOD activity in seedlings grown under low Zn supply, but not under adequate Zn supply. The results suggest that using Zn‐biofortified seeds assures better seed vigor and seedling growth, particularly when Zn and water are limited in the growth medium. The role of a higher antioxidative potential (i.e., higher SOD activity) is discussed as a possible major factor in better germination and development of seedlings resulting from Zn‐biofortified seeds.     

微白黄链霉菌对谷子萌发及拔节期生长的作用及机制

为探究外源放线菌对谷子种子萌发、拔节期植株生长的影响,本研究以一株微白黄链霉菌（Streptomyces albidoflavus）T4为供试菌株,以无菌水为对照,通过培养皿试验分析T4发酵液原液、10、100、1 000倍稀释液对谷子种子萌发的影响;以无菌剂添加处理作为对照,通过盆栽试验探究T4活菌制剂包衣和拌土对拔节期谷子植株生长及根际微生物的作用。结果表明,T4发酵液处理提高了谷子种子的萌发率,尤其以培养前期的提高幅度较大。T4发酵液的原液、10和100倍稀释液处理使谷子培养24 h后的萌发率与无菌水对照相比分别增加了5.8、6.7和9.2个百分点,100倍稀释液使谷子的发芽势、发芽指数和胚根长较对照分别提高了9.2个百分点、23.1%和13.4%。盆栽试验中,与无菌剂对照相比,包衣施加T4菌剂处理拔节期谷子地上植株生物量和根系生物量分别提高了22.5%和32.7%;根尖数和根分叉数分别增加了90.9%和66.9%;根际细菌（B）数量和微生物总数分别增加了95.1%和49.5%;真菌（F）数量减少了52.1%;放线菌（A）与真菌的数量比值（A/F）、细菌与真菌的数量比值（B/F）...     

Rhamnolipids Increase the Phytotoxicity of Diesel Oil Towards Four Common Plant Species in a Terrestrial Environment

The study focused on assessing the influence of rhamnolipids on the phytotoxicity of diesel oil-contaminated soil samples. Tests evaluating the seed germination and growth inhibition of four terrestrial plant species (alfalfa, sorghum, mustard and cuckooflower) were carried out at different rhamnolipid concentrations (ranging from 0 to 1.200?mg/kg of wet soil). The experiments were performed in soil samples with a different diesel oil content (ranging from 0 to 25?ml/kg of wet soil). It was observed that the sole presence of rhamnolipids may be phytotoxic at various levels, which is especially notable for sorghum (the germination index decreased to 41?%). The addition of rhamnolipids to diesel oil-contaminated soil samples contributed to a significant increase of their phytotoxicity. The most toxic effect was observed after a rhamnolipid-supplemented diesel oil biodegradation, carried out with the use of a hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria consortium. The supplemention of rhamnolipids (600?mg/kg of wet soil) resulted in a decrease of seed germination of all studied plant species and an inhibition of microbial activity, which was measured by the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride tests. These findings indicate that the presence of rhamnolipids may considerably increase the phytotoxicity of diesel oil. Therefore, their use at high concentrations, during in situ bioremediation processes, should be avoided in a terrestrial environment.     

Implications of Calcium Nutrition on the Response of Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) to Soil Salinity

Effects of Ca (Ca²⁺) level on the response of germination and seedling growth of Salvadora persica Linn. (Salvadoraceae) to sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity in soil were investigated. Salinity significantly retarded the seed germination and seedling growth, but the injurious effects of NaCl on seed germination were ameliorated and seedling growth was restored with Ca supply at the critical level to salinized soil. Calcium supply above the critical level further retarded the seed germination and seedling growth because of the increased soil salinity. Salt stress reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and Ca content in plant tissues, but these nutrients were restored by addition of Ca at the critical level to saline soil. The opposite was true for sodium (Na⁺). The results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of Ca for plant growth under saline conditions.     

Sensitivity Studies of the Common Bean (Vigna unguiculata) and Maize (Zea mays) to Different Soil Types from the Crude Oil Drilling Site at Kutchalli, Nigeria (7 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   The economic growth that Nigeria has enjoyed as a result of oil revenue has its drawback through exposure of people in the oil producing areas to environmental contamination, due largely to the increase in the movement of oil. Activities associated with oil well drilling on agricultural lands have led to serious economic losses on the communities affected. The local people in most of these communities are peasants who do not know how to react to drilling wastes or polluted fields where they have their crops. A case under study is the Kutchalli oil drilling area. Methods   Waste pit soil from drilling waste dumps in Kutchalli oil drilling area was tested whole and in combinations with 'clean' soil for their abilities to support plant growth and development in common bean (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays). Seed germination, plant height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, respiratory activity as well as soil chemical analysis were used to access the ability of waste pit soil to support plant growth and development in the test plants. Results   Discussion and Conclusions. Waste pit soil completely inhibited the germination of bean and maize seeds. Waste pit soil in combinations with different proportions of Kutchalli soil gave growth (germination, height of plants, number of leaves, leaf area, etc.) values that were inferior to the control soil (Kutchalli) and the independent control soil (Monguno). Seeds planted in the test soil combinations containing waste pit soil showed significantly low respiratory activity. Waste pit soil seems to be toxic to plant growth and development. Drilling mud in combination with native Kutchalli soil significantly enhanced plant growth and development. Recommendations and Outlook   The seed germination, growth and development inhibition by waste pit soil suggests its toxicity. We want to suggest the need for strict control and monitoring of waste pit soil in oil drilling sites.     

芥菜浸提液对豇豆连作土壤性质及幼苗生理指标的影响

为探究芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子发芽和连作下豇豆早期幼苗生长影响的生理机制,在盆栽条件下,研究不同浓度(0、10、20、40 g·L^-1)的芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子萌发及5年连作条件下豇豆幼苗生长指标、根系形态指标、叶片保护酶活性和土壤性质的影响。结果表明,高浓度(40 g·L^-1)芥菜浸提液对种子萌发和胚根生长有强烈的抑制作用,其中发芽率、活力指数、胚根长度和数量分别显著降低85.70%、82.66%、36.15%和46.54%;而低浓度(10 g·L^-1)芥菜浸提液对种子胚根生长有显著的促进作用,其中胚根长度和数量分别显著提高44.84%和80.82%。豇豆连作土壤浇灌芥菜水浸提液可不同程度地增加豇豆幼苗株高、茎粗、干质量、鲜质量和壮苗指数,在低浓度处理下豇豆生长指标分别显著增加60.33%、12.24%、85.87%、77.31%和50.82%;此外,豇豆幼苗根长度、根系表面积、根体积、根尖数等根系指标也均有不同程度地增加,其中以低浓度浸提液处理下的豇豆幼苗综合指标最好。芥菜浸提液处理还能促进幼苗叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量升高、以及抗氧化酶活性的提升,其中H₂O₂含量,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性均随着芥菜浸提液浓度的增加而降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则相反,而谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性未表现出明显的规律;芥菜浸提液还可以提高土壤pH值,降低土壤电导率,以及提高土壤酶活性,其中蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随着芥菜浸提液浓度的增加而升高。综上所述,不同浓度芥菜浸提液对豇豆种子萌发起着低促高抑的作用,芥菜与豇豆之间存在明显的化感作用;芥菜浸提液可通过提高豇豆幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和改善豇豆根系环境,促进豇豆幼苗生长,缓解连作障碍对豇豆幼苗的危害,从而提高豇豆幼苗的抗逆能力。本研究结果为缓解豇豆连作障碍提供了新的途径。