日本金龟子幼虫寄生蜂春黑小土蜂人工繁殖技术研究

以日本金龟子幼虫为繁殖寄主，对春黑小土蜂的人工繁殖技术进行了研究。试验结果表明：土蜂幼虫的发育历期，寄生三龄蛴螬的比二龄蛴螬的平均短3．76d；成茧率高1．87倍。二龄蛴螬繁殖的土蜂80％以上是雄性，三龄蛴螬繁殖的雌性蜂占60％以上。5％蜂蜜水和蔗糖水是成蜂较为理想的营养补充饲料。寄生作用率随接蜂数量的增加而减少。在土蜂产卵高峰期，种内干扰系数最高。单雌平均获卵量和获茧数随更换寄主频次的增加而增加，以每8h更换一次寄主最为适合。     

种植模式对蛴螬种群发生的影响与药剂防治试验

为探究种植模式对蛴螬种群的影响,对甘肃临洮小麦、玉米、马铃薯田蛴螬的发生情况进行了研究。结果表明,蛴螬混合种群在不同种植模式作物田均为聚集分布;种植模式对蛴螬混合种群的数量有显著影响,轮作田中的蛴螬种群数量低于连作田,翻耕田蛴螬数量低于免耕田。免耕苜蓿连作田蛴螬种群数量最多,平均虫口密度10.59头/m2,玉米与小麦轮作田蛴螬种群数量最低,平均虫口密度1.26头/m2。田间药效试验表明,5%毒死蜱颗粒剂、48%毒死蜱乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油、3%辛硫磷颗粒剂、3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂防效较好,对蛴螬的相对防效在62%以上,且马铃薯的增产率达25%以上。     

弧丽钩土蜂的生物学习性及其对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫寄生效果的评价

弧丽钩土蜂是山东半岛地下害虫暗黑鳃金龟的优势寄生性天敌,通过连续7年对弧丽钩土蜂生物学习性观察及其对暗黑鳃金龟田间寄生效果的调查,总结了弧丽钩土蜂的生物学习性,证实了其对寄主的跟随效应,评价了田间控制效果。弧丽钩土蜂属外寄生性天敌,单寄生,对寄主有一定的专化性,雌蜂产卵于寄主体外,自然寄生率为36.4%~48.3%,其子代亦在寄主体外完成发育。越冬代羽化出土时间为每年7月中下旬至8月下旬,出土高峰期为7月下旬至8月上旬,恰与暗黑鳃金龟幼虫孵化高峰期吻合,体现了显著的跟随效应。通过连年种植红麻、助迁土蜂、保护土蜂的措施,弧丽钩土蜂已成为当地土蜂类天敌的优势种。山东省日照地区花生田内,暗黑鳃金龟的虫口密度已显著降低,从最高年份的14.37头/m2下降到目前的0.21头/m2,显示了保护助迁天敌昆虫的良好治虫效果。     

土壤杀虫剂的合理使用与蛴螬天敌--土蜂的保护利用

土壤杀虫剂对地下害虫蛴螬和其专性寄生天敌土蜂都有杀灭作用,但不同杀虫剂对两者的杀伤强度和持效期是有差异的。利用这种差异,结合蛴螬和土蜂的生物学特性,就可以有效地控制蛴螬而保护土蜂。     

毛黄鳃金龟天敌普通钩土蜂生物学的研究

经多年观察研究结果表明,普通钩土蜂(Tiphia communis A.& J.)是毛黄鳃金龟(Holoerichia trichophora Fairmaire)幼虫专性寄生天敌,室内测定和田间调查,未发现其它蛴螬寄主。成蜂无补充营养习性,雌蜂活动性弱,产卵于蛴螬中胸节背面,卵端指向背中线,平均每雌蜂产卵31粒,卵期5～7天。幼虫有3龄,历期12～14天,然后食尽寄主组织,只留头壳,做茧以老龄幼虫越冬。人工采集或挖茧助迁扩散,可以明显提高对蛴螬的寄生率。     

苜蓿草田间作功能植物对苜蓿蓟马及天敌小花蝽种群的影响

本研究将苜蓿Medicago sativa与百脉根Lotus corniculatus、红豆草Onobrychis viciifolia、白三叶Trifolium repens、小冠花Coronilla varia及除虫菊Tanacetum cinerariifolium等不同功能植物以不同比例进行间作,在田间系统监测基础上,研究基于有害生物推拉策略和生物多样性保护的苜蓿蓟马生态调控技术。结果表明,苜蓿刈割前,苜蓿草田内蓟马及天敌小花蝽Orius similis的数量均显著高于对应间作的功能植物区;刈割1周后,与百脉根、红豆草、白三叶和除虫菊间作的苜蓿草田内小花蝽种群密度显著下降,对应的功能植物区内小花蝽数量显著上升,其中,百脉根、红豆草及白三叶3种功能植物区内小花蝽种群密度分别由刈割前的3.67头/10复网、3.00头/10复网、3.67头/10复网增加到了刈割1周后的11.50头/10复网、29.17头/10复网、15.00头/10复网,分别是刈割前的3.13倍、9.73倍和4.09倍,苜蓿草田内蓟马种群密度显著下降,对应不同功能植物区内蓟马种群密度不同,在红豆草和白三叶功能植物区...     

河南部分地区花生田地下害虫发生情况调查

对河南省新乡和驻马店地区的花生田地下害虫进行调查的结果表明,花生田的地下害虫主要包括蛴螬、金针虫、蝼蛄等,以蛴螬为主要地下害虫,7月下旬的平均虫口密度为0.80～18.90头/m2,9月下旬的平均虫口密度为1.00～12.33头/m2。经过分类鉴定暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky)和华北大黑鳃金龟［H. oblita (Faldermann)］为花生田蛴螬优势种。调查还发现,土壤类型、耕作方式、田间周围的植物布局及防治措施均对蛴螬的种群数量有明显影响。     

大量繁殖蛴螬的技术

大量繁殖蛴螬是生产乳状菌的重要环节。对此,我们于1978年春开始探索。 试验在长治市、屯留县进行。先后建池23个,面积达182米~2。3年中曾对九种金龟子进行探索性饲养,并对棕色、铜绿蛴螬进行了较细的研究,当年获得2—3龄棕色蛴螬366—469头/米~2、3龄铜绿蛴螬844—1160头/     

应用长尾斯氏线虫BPS品系防治花生田蛴螬效果评价

为明确中国农业大学昆虫与线虫学实验室分离的长尾斯氏线虫（Steinernema longicaudum）BPS品系的田间侵染力,在河南通许县进行了花生田防治蛴螬效果研究。结果显示：田间施用BPS侵染期线虫6 000条/穴,可将蛴螬控制在0.33头/m2（对照40%甲基异柳磷、三安生物植物保护剂及清水的蛴螬量分别为1.33、1.00、7.67头/m2）,蛴螬减退率达95.7%。线虫处理区花生干果重为34.7 kg/60 m2,为清水对照的2.2倍,为40%甲基异柳磷和三安对照的1.3倍。上述数据表明长尾斯氏线虫 BPS品系具有显著的花生田防虫效果,具有作为生物防治制剂的开发潜力。     

蛴螬土蜂的生物学及其利用的途径

近十几年来,我国旱地作物蛴螬的发生为害出现明显上升发展的趋势,粮、棉、油(花生、大豆)、菜、甘蔗、甜菜、林、果及药材等都遭到蛴螬或金龟子的危害。许多地区和单位在开展蛴螬区系调查、研究不同虫种发生规律和防治措施的同时,开始注重蛴螬天敌资源的调查及其应用技术的探讨。土蜂是蛴螬重要的天敌昆虫,种类多,分布广,北方地区许多蛴螬的优势种都发现有土蜂寄生,局部地区寄生率还很高,对蛴螬种群数量具有明显的自然控制作用,引起了广泛的重视。因此,笔者参阅有关资料,编译成篇,扼要介绍它的生物学特性。并对其在生物防治中的应用问题提出几点意见供参考。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.