铝胁迫下水稻幼苗根尖表面pH和有机酸的动态变化

采用添加pH指示剂溴甲酚紫的琼脂糖凝胶平板技术, 检测了铝胁迫下水稻幼苗根尖表面pH和根尖细胞有机酸含量的动态变化。铝胁迫下, 幼苗根尖表面颜色在处理第1 h、3 h、6 h无明显变化; 而对照处理第1 h时水稻幼苗根尖表面颜色已发生明显变化, 呈浅橙色, 处理第3~6 h幼苗根尖表面变为橙红色。表明在正常条件(pH 4.4)下水稻幼苗根尖表面pH有碱化趋势, 铝胁迫条件下(pH 4.4)水稻幼苗根尖表面pH碱化的趋势被抑制。在测定的铝胁迫水稻幼苗根尖细胞细胞质10种有机酸中, 发现3种有机酸含量的变化趋势不同。草酸含量无明显变化; 柠檬酸含量在铝处理0~3 h内变化不明显, 处理3 h后迅速提高, 处理12 h达最大值后转而下降, 铝胁迫24 h时柠檬酸含量比胁迫12 h时降低16.27%, 差异达显著水平, 胁迫24 h后的柠檬酸含量变化不大但仍高于胁迫6 h的柠檬酸含量; 铝处理3 h后苹果酸含量较胁迫前下降幅度不大, 差异不显著(P>0.05), 3 h后显著下降, 6 h后下降趋势不明显。     

铝胁迫下磷对水稻苗期生长的影响及水稻耐铝性与磷效率的关系

选用两个耐铝性差异较大的水稻品种武运粳7号(耐铝品种)和扬稻6号(铝敏感品种)作为实验材料,利用水培铝-磷交替处理试验研究了磷对水稻铝胁迫下苗期生长的影响及水稻耐铝性与磷效率之间的关系。结果表明,从水稻铝-磷交替处理下的生物量和根系形态等指标来看,P缓解了Al对两个水稻品种的毒害作用,且对敏感品种扬稻6号的缓解作用更加明显。铝-磷交替处理下,武运粳7号的体内磷含量显著高于扬稻6号的,而根部铝含量显著低于扬稻6号,因此武运粳7号体内的P/Al显著高于扬稻6号;同时,虽然两个品种间根表及根自由空间中Al浓度没有差别,而武运粳7号根表及根自由空间中P浓度显著高于扬稻6号,表现出耐铝品种更强的质外体解铝毒能力,这可能与武运粳7号较强的磷吸收效率有关。此外,与耐铝品种武运粳7号相比,铝敏感品种扬稻6号虽然磷吸收效率低,但利用效率高,即两个水稻品种的耐铝性与水稻的磷吸收效率和利用效率不一致,这为酸性土壤水稻育种提供了理论基础,即选育适应酸性土壤的水稻基因型不仅要关注其耐铝性还要关注其磷利用效率。     

铝胁迫下外源抗坏血酸对水稻幼苗抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨外源抗坏血酸(AsA)对铝胁迫下水稻抗氧化损伤的效应,以滇优35号(杂交稻,粳稻)为试验材料,采用溶液培养法研究外源AsA对不同铝浓度(0、50、100、200、400μmol·L^-1)胁迫下水稻根尖H₂O₂含量及抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,水稻根尖氧化损伤程度随铝浓度的递增而加剧,与对照相比,400μmol·L^-1铝胁迫可导致水稻根尖H₂O₂和MDA含量增加1.53和3.16倍,脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性分别增加1.73、1.39、1.42、1.76和1.56倍,内源AsA含量减少0.53倍;而施用外源AsA处理的根尖H₂O₂和MDA含量只增加1.04和2.69倍,内源AsA含量减少0.46倍,脯氨酸含量增加1.96倍,SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性分别增加1.48、1.63、1.90和1.89倍。综上所述,外源AsA可通过增强渗透调节物质含量来维护质膜结构的完整性...     

土壤中铝的胁迫与水稻生长

根盒微观试验表明,土壤植稻后,根际活性铝与土体有明显差异,而差异的大小与土壤热化度有关;土壤中活性铝的分布随距根面的远近而出现空间变异,从而导致水稻吸收养分和生长上的差异。盆栽试验所得结果与根盒试验结果相一致。溶液培养则揭示了铝胁迫下水稻响应的可能生理机制。     

铝胁迫对甘蔗初生根生长及酶活性的效应

本研究探讨了几个品种的甘蔗的耐铝性及铝对甘蔗初生根的胁迫效应。结果表明，新台糖24(TT24)和桂糖15(GTl5)分别是较耐铝和较敏感的品种。20μmol／L铝处理24h后，GTl5初生根的伸长即明显受到抑制，抑制率达49．3％。铝胁迫导致根尖过氧化物酶(POD)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高。     

施钙对甘薯铝胁迫的缓解效应

采用土培试验方法,以铝敏感型甘薯品种商薯19号为研究材料,设置不同的钙处理水平(0、0.8、1.6、2.4 g/kg),研究了钙对甘薯铝胁迫(1 g/kg)的缓解效应。结果表明:施钙可以显著促进甘薯根系的生长发育,提高叶片叶绿素含量和PSⅡ(PhotosystemⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性,降低叶片中丙二醛的积累量。施钙可以有效提高甘薯对铝胁迫的抗逆性,有效缓解铝对甘薯的胁迫。     

苜蓿初生根的铝胁迫与钙对铝胁迫的缓解作用

研究了铝对苜蓿初生根伸长的影响,结果表明:苜蓿初生根对铝高度敏感,在铝胁迫下表现为根尖弯曲、肿胀、褐化及根尖黏液分泌减少,在pH 4.5条件下,3μm o l/L A lC l3处理8 h对苜蓿初生根伸长的抑制率超过50%;铝可以抑制苜蓿初生根根尖胞壁的自分解反应;提高钙浓度不仅能有效缓解铝对苜蓿初生根伸长的胁迫,还可完全消除铝对根尖胞壁自分解反应的抑制作用。     

钙、硅对铝胁迫下荞麦光合生理的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了钙、硅对荞麦根长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明,15 d时0.5 mmol/L和5 mmol/L Al3 处理降低了荞麦根长、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ci),对叶绿素荧光Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo的影响不大,30 d后以上伤害均加重。配施钙或硅的处理,能促进根的伸长和提高叶绿素含量,并使叶片的Pn、Ci保持在较高的水平,施硅能明显提高荞麦叶片的叶绿素荧光Fv/Fm、Fv/F,而钙的影响不大。硅对铝胁迫的缓解效果好于钙。     

水稻同化物转运及其对逆境胁迫响应的机理

产量形成是“源库流”协调统一的过程,但由于极端天气频发,使得水稻生长环境恶化,源库关系严重失调,对产量的形成造成不利影响。例如水稻开花结实期遭遇极端高温将严重抑制物质转运,导致籽粒充实度下降,产量降低,品质变劣。近年来,有关水稻同化物转运和分配机理及其对逆境胁迫的响应机制方面的研究,主要形成了以下主要观点：（1）同化物在叶片主要通过质外体与共质体途径装载,然后利用“源”端和“库”端压力梯度,通过叶、茎、穗轴、枝梗和小穗轴等维管系统向颖果输送,于籽粒背部维管束卸载,形成籽粒。（2）同化物装载、运输及卸载中任意一个环节遇到高温、低温、干旱及氮素缺乏等逆境均可能导致同化物转运受阻,造成“流”的不畅,阻碍光合产物及其它营养物质进入籽粒,影响稻米产量及品质。（3）但由于研究手段及技术所限,目前有关逆境胁迫对同化物在韧皮部的装载、运输及卸载影响的研究相对较少,新技术的开发应用可为该研究领域提供新的发展机遇。     

水稻品种间铝耐性差异的探究

铝毒是酸性土壤中限制植物生长的主要因子之一,探讨植物耐铝特性与机理对提高酸性土壤植物生产力具有重要意义。通过一系列生理和分子生物学试验,主要探究了Nipponbare和Kasalath两个水稻品种的铝耐性差异。结果发现,与Kasalath相比,Nipponbare在铝胁迫下不仅拥有较长的根伸长,且根尖铝含量较少,表明Nipponbare是水稻铝耐性品种,而Kasalath为铝敏感品种。进一步研究发现,水稻根尖控制铝吸收的NRAT1基因在Kasalath中表达量更高,表明,NRAT1基因的高表达量可能是导致铝敏感品种Kasalath根尖铝含量较高的主要原因。此外,铝胁迫下,Nipponbare根系柠檬酸的分泌量显著高于Kasalath。而且,水稻中控制柠檬酸分泌的OsFRDL4基因在铝耐性品种Nipponbare中的表达量显著高于Kasalath,由此证明,柠檬酸在这两个品种水稻耐铝途径中可能起着重要的作用,并且,该品种水稻可以通过调控OsFRDL4基因的表达量来控制柠檬酸的分泌量。本研究中还分析了其他4个与铝胁迫相关的基因,但并未发现明显的相关性,值得进一步的探究。     

Mechanism of manganese toxicity and tolerance of plants VI. Effect of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity of barley

Effect of Si on alleviation of Mn toxicity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was investigated with special reference to the effect on Mn microdistribution and peroxidase activity. Manganese treatment was conducted by growing the seedlings in nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Mn. Silicon treatment was conducted by growing the seedlings in the solutions with or without Si supply. Silicon supply alleviated the necrotic browning in the leaves but did not affect the chlorosis caused by Mn toxicity. Silicon treatment did not appreciably alter the uptake of Mn by the plants. Electron probe X‐ray microanalysis revealed that Mn accumulated in high concentration around the necrotic brown spots and that Si supply prevented the uneven distribution of Mn in the tissues. Increase in the level of Mn supply caused an increase in peroxidase activity in the tissues, and Si supply prvented the increase in peroxidase activity.     

Effect of silicon on alleviation of manganese toxicity in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch cv. Shintosa)

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the mechanism of Siinduced alleviation of Mn toxicity in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch cv. Shintosa) which has been used as a bloom-type stock for grafting cultivation of cucumbers. In the first experiment, the effect of Si on Mn toxicity in the Shintosa cultivar was compared with that in the Super unryu cultivar which is used as a bloomless-type stock. Without Si supply, growth depression occurred in both cultivars at the levels of 100 and 500 µM Mn in the nutrient solution. The alleviative effect of Si on the growth depression was observed more distinctly for the Shintosa cultivar than for the Super unryu cultivar, and the effect became more pronounced with increasing Si levels in the nutrient solution. Regardless of the Mn levels, addition of Si did not decrease the Mn content of the plants. The relative shoot growth was reduced to less than 80% when the molar ratio of Si/Mn in the shoots was lower than 4.5. In the second experiment, Mn and Si in the lower leaves of the Shintosa cultivar treated with different levels of Mn with and without Si supply were extracted with 10 mM Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4). At the levels of 100 and 250 µM Mn, the amounts of Mn in the buffer-insoluble fraction increased in the presence of Si supply and the buffer-soluble Mn accounted for less than 9% of the total Mn in the leaf. In addition, more than 84% of the total Si was found in the buffer-insoluble fraction at each Mn level. Distribution of Mn and Si on the surface of the lowerú leaves of the Shintosa cultivar treated with 250 µM Mn with and without Si supply was examined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis in the third experiment; Both Mn and Si accumulated at high concentrations around the base of the trichomes in the presence of Si supply. Without Si supply, Mn was detected around the necrotic brown lesions in addition to the base of the trichomes. These results suggested that in the Shintosa cultivar, Si alleviated the Mn toxicity through a localized accumulation of Mn with Si in a metabolically inactive form around the base of the trichomes on the leaf surface.     

植物铝毒害机理的研究

本文综述了植物铝毒害机理的研究概况，包括铝毒害症状、铝的吸收、转运和信号传递、铝毒害机理等方面，提出了植物铝毒害机理研究中存在的问题。     

菜心耐Cd性的基因型差异及其机制研究

采用水培试验方法,研究不同品种菜心(31号、四九、石排)耐镉(Cd)能力的差异及其机制。结果表明,镉(1、3、6μg/mL)抑制菜心生长,使植株生物产量显著降低。地上部是镉对菜心毒害的主要部位,镉处理后菜心的根/冠比增加。镉处理使不同品种菜心叶片中的镉含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,但不同品种菜心生长受镉影响的程度、叶片中的镉含量、MDA含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性存在明显的基因型差异。镉(3、6μg/mL)处理后,四九菜心的相对生物量、POD活性和CAT活性最高而叶片中镉含量、MDA含量最低;相反,31号菜心的相对生物量、POD活性和CAT活性最低,而叶片中镉含量、MDA含量最高;石排菜心则介于二者之间。这些结果表明,四九菜心是耐镉品种,而31号菜心是对镉较敏感的品种,菜心耐镉性的差异与叶片对镉的积累量及抗氧化酶活性不同有关。     

硅对大麦铝毒的消除和缓解作用研究

在温室和实验室进行了施硅对消除或缓解大麦酸害铝毒的土培和溶液培养试验。结果表明,施硅后大麦幼苗的地上部茎、叶和地下部根的生物量均比不施硅明显增加。施硅能有效地促使植株吸收的铝在根部积累,抑制铝向地上部分运转;施硅还能调节根吸收的磷向地上部分运移,以减轻因伴随铝毒而产生的缺磷症状。施硅消除或缓解酸害铝毒的可能机理是:铝与硅形成无毒的铝硅酸复合离子(HAS),降低活性铝的浓度,及硅能调节大麦幼苗地上部和根内铝和磷的再分配。     

Effect of silicon on the alleviation of boron toxicity in wheat growth,boron accumulation,photosynthesis activities,and oxidative responses

Little is known about the alleviation of boron (B) toxicity in wheat induced by silicon (Si), especially on the photosynthesis properties and antioxidative responses. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of Si on the toxicity of B in wheat and the related mechanisms. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) at the early seedling stage. Boric acid was added to soil to create three B concentrations. Each B treatment consisted of two Si treatment including control and Si application. Our results show that Si has an alleviative effect on B toxicity in wheat plant. Si showed significant alleviative effect on wheat growth at 150 mg B kg^?1 whereas did not show significant alleviative effect at 300 mg B kg^?1. Under B stress, plant dry weight of wheat was reduced and the reduction was alleviated by Si. However, plant tissue B accumulation was not reduced by the application of Si. Net photosynthetic rates of wheat were not influenced significantly by B or Si. The oxidative damages in wheat that were caused by excess B were not significantly alleviated by Si. These results suggest that the effect of Si on B toxicity in wheat is still controversial and more studies need to be conducted.     

Varietal differences in the growth of rice plants in response to aluminum and silicon

Effects of Al (0–100 μM) and Si (0–2,000 μM) supplied singly or in combination on root growth of different rice varieties were examined under hydroponic conditions. Al addition inhibited root elongation of rice plants, and the inhibition increased with increasing amount of Al in the culture solution. Among 22 indica varieties and among 8 japonica varieties tested, IAC3 and Nakateshinsenbon were relatively tolerant to AI, respectively, whereas IR45 and Norinl were relatively sensitive to AI, respectively. Si exerted a beneficial effect at all levels of Si treatment on indica varieties, whereas Si supply resulted in a slight increase in the root dry weight of japonica varieties only at the highest level (2,000 μM Silo The alleviation of Al inhibition of rice root growth by Si was observed in the combination of Al and Si treatments. Alleviation was more pronounced for all the Si treatments in indica varieties than in japonica varieties, and the alleviation was maximum with 2,000 μM Si in IR45. The alleviation effect by Si was more pronounced in the AI-sensitive varieties than in the AI-tolerant varieties. The application of Si resulted in an increase in the contents of Al and Si in plants, and there was no relationship between the Al content and Al inhibition in plants.     

Effect of water stress on aluminum toxicity in pitch pine seedlings

A decrease in soil water content during droughts may increase aluminum (Al) to concentrations that are toxic to the growth of trees. The effects of water stress (WS) on the response of ectomycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) seedlings to aluminum was determined by growing seedlings in sand irrigated with nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0, 5, or 10 mg L^‐1 Al. Water stress was imposed for 41 days by withholding nutrient solution for five consecutive days each week. At harvest time, seedlings at high WS had 72% of mean gravimetric water contents of seedlings at low WS. Aluminum decreased growth of seedlings at high WS, but had no effect on growth of seedlings at low WS. Aluminum toxicity symptoms in roots (e.g., dark thickened tips) were observed at lower Al levels at high WS than at low WS. Stem dry weight was the only plant part decreased by water stress alone. Across Al levels, Al concentration in roots was higher at low WS than at high WS. Water stress alone reduced root [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca)] and foliar [P, K, and magnesium (Mg)] concentrations of mineral nutrients. Decreases of nutrients in roots with increasing Al was greater at low than at high WS. Calcium was the only foliar nutrient decreased by Al treatment.     

Classification of rice genotypes based on their mechanisms of adaptation to iron toxicity

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a nutritional disorder that affects lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). The occurrence of excessive amounts of reduced Fe(II) in the soil solution, its uptake by the rice roots, and its transpiration‐driven transport result in elevated Fe(II) concentrations in leaf cells that catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. The oxidative stress causes rusty brown spots on leaves (bronzing) and the reduction of biomass and yield. While the use of resistant genotypes is the most promising approach to address the problem, the stress appears to differentially affect rice plants as a function of plant age, climatic conditions, stress intensity and duration, and the prevailing adaptation mechanism. We comparatively assessed 21 contrasting 6‐week‐old rice genotypes regarding their response (symptom score, biomass, Fe concentrations and uptake) to a 6 d iron pulse of 1500 mg L^–1 Fe(II). Eight selected genotypes were further compared at different stress intensities (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L^–1 Fe(II)) and at different developmental stages (4‐, 6‐, and 8‐week‐old plants). Based on Fe‐induced biomass reduction and leaf‐bronzing score, the tested spectrum was grouped in resistant and sensitive genotypes. Linking bronzing scores to leaf iron concentrations allowed further differentiation into includer and excluder types. Iron precipitation on roots and organ‐specific iron partitioning permitted to classify the adaptation strategies into root exclusion, stem and leaf sheath retention, and leaf blade tissue tolerance. The effectiveness of these strategies differed with stress intensity and developmental stage. The reported findings improve the understanding of Fe‐stress response and provide a basis for future genotype selection or breeding for enhancing Fe‐toxicity resistance in rice.