Lactoferrin Concentration in Milk of Bovine Clinical Mastitis

The lactoferrin (LF) concentration in the milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis was determined to evaluate the relationship between the LF concentration (LFC) in milk and the non-specific defensive capability of the udder. The mean LFC in 368 milk samples from 319 cows with clinical mastitis was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of normal cows. The mean LFC in milk from quarters infected with Mycoplasma bovis or Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). In Escherichia coli mastitis, the level of LFC in milk from cows with peracute mastitis was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that from cows with acute mastitis. In cases of mastitis due to E. coli, the mean LFC in milk from cows that needed more than 10 days to recover from the mastitis or were not cured was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that for cows which took less than 10 days to be cured. The mean LFC in milk from cows with peracute E. coli mastitis was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that for cows with mastitis associated with environmental streptococci or CNS, although these low LF levels were somewhat increased after 46 h from the occurrence of mastitis. These results suggest that the decreased levels of LF in peracute E. coli mastitis may be associated with the progress of inflammation in the early phase of mastitis.     

公英翘芦散治疗亚临床型奶牛乳房炎的效果研究

本研究旨在初步考察公英翘芦散对亚临床奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗效果。试验选取78头发病牛,其中38头牛为散发,用公英翘芦散治疗;40头牛集中对比治疗,随机分成2组,每组20头,分别用公英翘芦散和公英散进行治疗。用加州乳房炎检验（California mastitis trial,CMT）法检测公英翘芦散治疗后乳区患病状态并判定其治疗效果;用体细胞计数（somatic cell count,SCC）法检测公英翘芦散和公英散治疗后牛奶体细胞数并判定其治疗效果。结果显示,公英翘芦散给药7 d后,患病乳区由75个减少到28个,治疗效果非常显著,治愈率达到62.67%,有效率达到90.67%。与治疗前相比,公英翘芦散和公英散用药1 d后体细胞数均极显著降低（P<0.01）,且公英翘芦散组SCC下降幅度明显超过公英散组。公英翘芦散组在给药2 d后体细胞数显著低于公英散组（P<0.05）,给药3 d之后均极显著低于公英散组（P<0.01）。用药7 d后,公英翘芦散组治愈率可达68.29%,而公英散组治愈率只达到20.00%,差异极显著（P<0.01）;公英翘芦散组有效率可达97.56%,而公英散组有效率为67.50%,差异极显著（P<0.01）,说明公英翘芦散的治疗效果极显著优于公英散（P<0.01）。以上结果说明,公英翘芦散可以作为治疗亚临床奶牛乳房炎的有效药物,为奶牛乳房炎药物的开发提供参考。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的调查分析

采用体细胞计数(SCC)法对杨凌某奶牛场中60头不同胎次和泌乳时间奶牛隐性乳房炎进行检测,对引起乳房炎的可能诱因进行调查分析,研究该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病规律,为本病的防控提供参考。结果表明,受检奶牛隐性乳房炎的检出率为43.3%。1胎～2胎奶牛隐性乳房炎检出率为40.0%,3胎～4胎为46.7%,隐性乳房炎的检出率有随胎次增加而升高的趋势;泌乳时间少于200 d的泌乳牛隐性乳房炎检出率为27.6%,200 d～300 d的为36.4%,300 d～400 d的为41.7%,超过400 d的为50.0%,提示奶牛隐性乳房炎有随泌乳期升高的趋势。本调查显示,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生与胎次和泌乳时间有显著的相关性,饲养管理和卫生条件是乳房炎发生的重要诱因。     

微生态活菌制剂防治奶牛隐性乳房炎的效果试验

进行了微生态活菌制剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎防治效果的观察试验。试验结果为：微生态活菌制剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎有较好的预防作用;治疗试验中灌注组效果要优于饲喂组,但灌注组操作不当会引发二次感染。试验结果表明,自制的微生态活菌制剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎有一定的防治作用。     

新疆克拉玛依地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎检测试剂(Lanzhou mastitis test,LMT)对克拉玛依规模化奶牛场进行了奶牛隐性乳房炎流行病学调查。结果显示,该地区奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率为70.43%(543/771)。对543份阳性牛乳样品进行了病原菌的分离鉴定,结果发现,阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达89.13%(484/543),葡萄球菌、链球菌、肠杆菌和棒状杆菌为主要致病菌,且多为几种致病菌的混合感染。     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的疗效研究

以85头患乳房炎奶牛共104个乳区为研究对象,随机分为4组,每组26个,分别用重组溶葡萄球菌酶粉低（200U／乳区）、中（400U／乳区）、高（800U／乳区）三个剂量,对照组为青霉素G钠（160万IU／乳区）,每天早晚挤奶后乳池灌注给药,共4d,研究不同剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶对奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果。试验结果显示,低、中、高剂量重组溶葡萄球菌酶均能有效清除感染乳区的链球菌、葡萄球菌、化脓隐秘杆菌等G^＋菌,大幅降低牛奶中的白细胞数,提高日产奶量。其中低剂量组对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率略优于青霉素G钠（P〉0．05）;中、高剂量对隐性乳房炎、临床型乳房炎的有效率和治愈率显著优于青霉素G钠（P〈0．05）;中、高剂量的疗效相当（P〉0．05）。重组溶葡萄球菌酶是一种很好的治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎和临床乳房炎备选药物。     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎试验(LMT)对来自西安市某个牛场的76份奶样作隐性乳房炎检验，并对乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，该牛场的隐性乳房炎检出率为33％，阳性乳样中细菌检出率为93．4％。阴性乳样中病原菌检出率为28％，在检出的94株细菌中，共有5种菌22株是与乳房炎有关的病原菌。其中葡萄球菌和链球菌占病原菌总数的90％以上。是引起该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌。     

规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床型乳房炎流行规律调查

目的 本研究旨在摸清兰考县规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床乳房炎流行规律,为该病的防控提供参考。方法 采用加州奶牛亚临床乳房炎试验（CMT）方法对3 家规模化奶牛场的547 头泌乳奶牛进行亚临床乳房炎检测,调查该病与奶牛胎次、泌乳期和乳区的关系。结果 奶牛阳性率为20.11%,乳区阳性率为10.88%;1~2、3~4和≥5胎次的奶牛发病率分别为13.37%、20.53%和29.46%;泌乳前期、泌乳中期和泌乳后期发病率分别为15.11%、22.12%和30.89%;乳区阳性率介于8.59%~13.16%。结论 兰考县规模化奶牛场奶牛亚临床型乳房炎的发病率相对较低,与胎次、泌乳期存在正相关,与乳区无明显关系。     

复方蒲公英喷雾剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎的疗效观察

运用复方蒲公英喷雾剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎进行疗效观察。将CMT法检测呈阳性的奶牛分3组：复方蒲公英喷雾剂组,中药对照组,空白对照组。给药后用CMT诊断液检测治疗情况。结果发现,复方蒲公英喷雾剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎的治愈率达88.9%,有效率97.2%;中药对照组治愈率56.5%,有效率82.6%。表明复方蒲公英喷雾剂对奶牛隐性乳房炎有良好的治疗效果,使用方便,适于临床应用。     

奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定和体细胞数及酶的相关性研究

对330个乳样分别用加州乳腺炎检验(California Mastitis Test,CMT),体细胞计数(Somatic Cell Count,SCC)和细菌的分离培养(Isolation of bacteria)法进行隐性乳腺炎的检测,结果表明3种方法检测的结果差异不显著(P>0.05);对检测患有隐性乳腺炎的241乳区进行了细菌的分离培养,结果表明引起隐性乳腺炎的最主要致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌、其它细菌的检出率差异根显著(P<0.05)。对分离出优势细菌的部分乳样进行了SCC与LDH,NAGase,ALP和ACP几种酶的测定和相关性分析,结果表明:LDH与SCC有显著的相关性(r=0.7936),并且LDH与NA-Gase,ALP,ACP都有明显的相关性;NAGase与ACP,LDH有明显的相关性,但与ALP没有相关性;ALP只与ACP和LDH有显著的相关性外,与SCC,NAGase没有相关性;ACP与SCC,LDH,NAGase,ALP都有极显著的相关性。     

荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患隐性乳房炎次数对各泌乳月SCS的影响

荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患隐性乳房炎(SCM)次数反映了泌乳牛产后乳房的生理健康状况.本研究旨在探究荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对各泌乳月体细胞评分(somatic cell score,SCS)的影响,以期为牧场及时采取相关措施进行隐性乳房炎防控提供科学依据.本研究收集江苏地区12个奶牛场2017-2019年荷斯...     

隐性乳房炎奶牛乳蛋白含量降低的信号转导机制探讨

乳蛋白是决定牛奶营养品质的主要乳成分之一,具有较高的营养价值,含有人体几乎所有的必需氨基酸。乳蛋白含量和组成受多种因素的影响,除品种、胎次、环境、奶牛泌乳阶段、饲粮组成与营养水平外,疾病也是影响乳汁中乳蛋白含量和组成的重要因素。其中,奶牛隐性乳房炎可以引起乳汁中乳蛋白含量的降低。本文主要探讨乳蛋白的合成机理及隐性乳房炎时乳蛋白含量降低的信号转导机制,旨在为研究在奶牛患隐性乳房炎条件下提高乳蛋白含量的方法提供一些思路和参考。     

北京地区奶牛隐性乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解北京地区奶牛隐性乳房炎中金黄色葡萄球菌的感染情况及对常用药物的敏感性,用科玛嘉显色培养基和16SrRNA PCR检测方法对5个奶牛场的100份隐性乳房炎奶样进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定,采用K-B纸片扩增法进行药敏试验。结果表明,显色培养基分离到24株疑似金黄色葡萄球菌,经16SrRNA PCR鉴定,15株为金黄色葡萄球菌;药敏试验结果显示,15株金黄色葡萄球菌均对β-内酰胺类中的氨苄西林产生普遍耐药性,对克林霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率较高,分别为53.33%和40%;对氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的耐药性较低,耐药率为6.67%。说明15株金黄色葡萄球菌分离株对7类9种抗菌药物都有不同程度的耐药性。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生规律及致病菌分离鉴定

作者对四川省彭水县3个奶牛场的泌乳奶牛群进行了隐性乳房炎的检测及其致病菌的分离鉴定,共检测泌乳牛305头次、1131个乳区,隐性乳房炎的个体阳性率为64.92%,乳区阳性率为32.80%,并且其发生率与管理、挤奶卫生及程序、泌乳期、年龄、胎次等有关。致病菌的总检出率为93.48%,其主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌和大肠杆菌,分别占总检出率的37.21%、23.26%和13.95%。     

左旋咪唑对奶牛隐性乳房炎的防治效果

应用左旋咪唑，对西宁奶牛场二分场43头荷斯坦（中国）泌乳奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的防治试验。结果表明奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率由投药前的83．7％，下降为55．8％；乳区阳性率由46．4％下降为31．5％。防治效果明显（P＜0．05）。     

拜益生对奶牛隐性乳房炎、产奶量和乳品质的影响报告

[目的]为了研究拜益生对奶牛隐性乳房炎的预防作用及对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响。[方法]选择100头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成10组,每组10头,其中5组为实验组,5组为对照组。从产前7d开始至产后60d,实验组每天每头牛添加拜益生40g,其余饲养管理与对照组完全一致。每15d测定一次产奶量,每个月测定一次DHI。[结果]表明:实验组日均产奶量与对照组比较,提高1.84～2.28kg/头.d-1,差异显著(P0.05);产后第30d,实验组牛奶的乳脂率和乳蛋白率比对照组分别提高0.4%、0.37%,差异极显著(P0.01);与对照组比,总固体率提高0.83%,体细胞数降低15.64万/mL,差异均显著(P0.05);产后第60d,实验组牛奶的乳脂率提高0.27%,体细胞数降低16.79万/mL,差异显著(P0.05),乳蛋白率和总固体较对照组均有不同程度的提高,但不显著。[结论]拜益生对提高奶牛的产奶量、改善牛奶品质和预防奶牛隐性乳房炎有积极的作用。     

红岩草提取物对隐性乳房炎奶牛乳酶的影响、疗效及安全性评价

本试验选用1~3胎次患有隐性乳房炎的体重600 kg泌乳荷斯坦牛36头,随机均分为对照组和试验组,试验组奶牛每天服用200 g的红岩草提取物。乳酶活性测定结果表明,试验7 d组和14 d组的髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乳过氧化物酶(LP)、N-乙酰-B-氨基葡糖糖苷酶(NAG)活性均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);CMT法检测结果表明,试验7 d组和14 d组的治愈率分别为55.56%和77.78%;药物安全性评价结果表明,本试验中的红岩草提取物添加量并未造成试验7 d和14 d组奶牛的肝脏、肾脏功能指标变化,具有较高的安全性,可用于兽医临床。     

Risk Indicators Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Smallholder Dairy Cows in Tanzania

Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania appear to be unaware of the subclinical mastitis situation in their cows. A cross-sectional study was carried out between June and September 2002 on smallholder dairy herds in the Dar es Salaam region. The study objectives were to establish the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and related risk indicators, and to assess their contribution to the occurrence of subclinical mastitis. Three field procedures based on the principles of herd health and production management were followed: clinical, farm and data inspection. The California mastitis test (CMT) was carried out on quarter milk samples to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. A total of 182 lactating cows from 62 herds were investigated. Clinical inspection indicated that 3.8% of the lactating cows had clinical mastitis. Subclinical mastitis was detected in 90.3% of lactating cows screened. Farm inspection revealed that water scarcity, barn size, residual suckling, single udder-towel and dairy labourers as the most substantial (p < 0.05) risk indicators. Although most of the risk indicators studied were not found to be statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, possibly owing to sample size and the presence of confounders, the epidemiological need to address such risk indicators cannot be overemphasized.     

牛TLR4基因的遗传多态性与乳房炎的关联分析

TLR4通过识别病原体而激活免疫细胞，在先天免疫和适应性免疫防御中起着重要作用。以中国荷斯坦奶牛、三河牛和中国西门塔尔牛共397头为研究对象，利用创造酶切位点PCR法扩增243bp的目的片段，通过限制性内切酶HinfⅠ酶切来检测TLR4第3外显子的多态性，结果发现扩增产物的27bp处C到T的突变使得多态位点产生，编码的氨基酸由苏氨酸变为异亮氨酸。A、B2个等位基因在3个群体中均有分布，A等位基因占优势（大于78％），经χ^2适合性检验，三河牛在该位点未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P〈0．05）。运用SAS8．2软件采用最小二乘法拟合线性模型，将该基因座不同基因型与奶牛乳房炎进行了关联分析，结果表明：AA基因型为乳房炎抗性基因型（P〈0．05），A等位基因为乳房炎抗性的有利基因。     

Impact of Mastitis Control Measures on Milk Production and Mastitis Indicators in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Kiambu District,Kenya

Bovine mastitis and mastitis control were investigated on smallholder farms in central Kenya. After an initial observational study, a clinical trial to assess the impact of three different mastitis control strategies – (1) improved udder hygiene, (2) treatment of subclinical cases, and (3) a combination of these – was conducted on 100 randomly selected farms with 332 lactating cows. Before the implementation of control measures, the milk yield was low (mean 6.5 kg/day; median 6 kg/day) and somatic cell counts (SCC) were high, with 80% and 43% of cows having milk with SCC greater than 250×10³ cells/ml and 600×10³ cells/ml, respectively. Infectious pathogens were also commonly isolated, with 63% of cows being positive for pathogenic bacteria. Neither intervention strategy alone had any effect on mastitis indicators or milk yield. In combination, the measures had some impact, lowering the prevalence of contagious pathogens by 18%, but this was not reflected in a significantly increased milk yield, lowered SCC or reduced incidence of clinical mastitis.