氢氧化钙与2%尿素复合处理提高小麦秸营养价值的研究

通过化学成分分析、活体外消化率测定和绵羊饲养试验,研究了2%尿素与氢氧化钙复合处理对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明:氢氧化钙大于6%时,氮保留率可达到98%;氢氧化钙为6%时,提高营养价值效果与4%NaOH处理相当;氢氧化钙为4%时,效果与单纯6%尿素处理相当。羊的饲养试验结果显示,2%尿素和6%氢氧化钙复合处理小麦秸效果最好。     

氢氧化钙与尿素复合处理对小麦秸营养品质的影响

通过化学成分分析、活体外消化率测定和绵羊饲养试验，研究了2％尿素与氢氧化钙复合处理对小麦秸营养价值的影响。结果表明，秸秆中氮保留率直接受氢氧化钙的影响（P〈0．01），氢氧化钙大于6％时，氮保留率可达到98％。2％尿素和氢氧化钙复合处理，氢氧化钙为4％时，提高营养价值效果与单纯6％尿素处理相当；氢氧化钙为6％时，效果与4％NaOH处理相当。羊的饲养试验表明，2％尿素和6％氢氧化钙复合处理小麦秸效果最好。     

玉米秸秆的复合处理

试验旨在探讨玉米秸秆的氨化-碱化-盐化复合处理对其营养价值的影响。试验采用3因素2水平完全交叉实验设计,即尿素的添加量分别为2%和4%,氢氧化钙的添加量为2%和4%,泌乳奶牛生长所必需的7种微量元素添加与不添加。结果表明:与未添加任何物质的对照组相比,复合处理玉米秸秆的NDF和ADF分别下降9～18和8～14个百分点,粗蛋白含量平均提高了一倍,钙、磷含量也有升高的趋势;微量元素对秸秆营养价值无明显影响,但添加微量元素有防止霉变的作用。     

用尿素和氢氧化钙处理稻草提高其营养价值对肉牛瘤胃生态、微生物蛋白质合成的影响

四头瘤胃瘘管牛被随机分配到根据4×4拉丁方设计的4个处理中,研究尿素和氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)₂)处理稻草的影响以提高其营养价值。4种日粮处理如下:未经处理的稻草、50 g/kg尿素处理稻草、20 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg氢氧化钙处理的稻草和30 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg氢氧化钙处理稻草。所有的试验动物都是单栏饲养,饲喂0.5 g/kg体重(DM)的浓缩料,自由采食稻草。试验进行了4期,每期持续21 d。前14 d,对干物质采食量进行了测定,而后7 d,所有的瘘管牛都移动至代谢箱中进行总粪便的收集。结果显示,20 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg氢氧化钙处理提高了稻草的营养价值、干物质采食量、消化率、瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸、细菌和真菌种群数量、氮贮留和微生物蛋白合成。研究结果表明,使用尿素和氢氧化钙是提高稻草营养价值、瘤胃生态环境和发酵从而降低处理成本的一种替代方法。     

复合化学处理对玉米秸干物质和瘤胃降解率的影响

为了研究复合化学处理对玉米秸干物质和纤维瘤胃降解率的影响,试验将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸风干质量的2%、3%和4%分别添加,对玉米秸进行复合化学处理,9个试验组,1个对照组为原玉米秸,通过短期人工瘤胃技术测定不同处理玉米秸干物质和纤维瘤胃72 h降解率。结果表明:干物质瘤胃72 h降解率,9组(4%尿素+4%氢氧化钙)极显著高于对照组和其他试验组,比对照组提高21.4%;中性洗涤纤维瘤胃72 h降解率,9组除与4组(3%尿素+2%氢氧化钙)无显著差异外,均极显著或显著高于对照组和其余试验组,比对照组提高16.36%;酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃72 h降解率,9组高于7组(4%尿素+2%氢氧化钙),差异显著,极显著高于对照组和其余试验组,比对照组提高20.6%。结果说明:在试验设计条件下,以9组,即用占秸秆风干质量4%的尿素+4%的氢氧化钙共同处理是最适宜的玉米秸复合化学处理法。     

氢氧化钙与食盐结合处理稻草效果更好

我们于2000年6～10月在中国农业科学院畜牧所进行了试验,分别用0%(A)、4%氢氧化钙(B)、4%氢氧化钙加1%食盐(C)、4%氢氧化钙加2%食盐(D)处理稻草,水分调至45%,填紧压实,密封保存于贮罐内1个月,然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明,复合处理效果优于单独用氢氧化钙处理稻草的效果,有效降解率随着食盐添加量的提高而提高,表明食盐对提高稻草营养价值有重要作用。4%的氢氧化钙是处理秸秆比较理想的浓度,所以本试验未设碱化处理梯度。提高干物质有效降解率36.80%,提高中性洗涤纤维降解率7.54%。氢氧化钙与食…     

复合化学处理麦秸对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为了研究复合化学处理麦秸对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响,试验采用2因素3水平完全交叉试验设计,将尿素和氢氧化钙均按麦秸干物质质量2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共9个试验组,1个对照组(原麦秸),通过短期人工瘤胃技术研究不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理麦秸对瘤胃液pH、氨氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)质量浓度的影响。结果表明:不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理麦秸对瘤胃液pH影响不显著;对NH3-N质量浓度影响显著或极显著,但均在正常范围内;在MCP产量方面,8、9和10组极显著高于对照组及2、3、4、5、6和7组,分别比对照组高33.73%、34.94%和31.33%,8、9和10组3个组间无显著差异;在乙酸、丙酸和丁酸3种VFA总质量浓度上8、9和10组极显著高于对照组和其余6个试验组,比对照组分别高73.55%、76.50%和64.24%,8组和9组显著高于10组,且无显著差异。在试验设计条件下,尿素和氢氧化钙复合处理麦秸时最适宜的添加水平分别为其干物质质量的4%和2%。     

不同发酵剂对花生秸秆微贮品质的影响研究

研究旨在分析不同微贮处理对花生秸秆微贮品质的影响。试验设计采用单因素方差,设对照组及微贮处理组分别添加乳酸菌、乳酸菌+纤维素酶、乳酸菌+纤维素酶+尿素、复合菌、复合菌+纤维素酶、复合菌+纤维素酶+尿素、EM及秸秆青贮剂(商业化)对花生秸秆进行30d微贮。结果显示,微贮处理后秸秆pH值处于3.6～4.5,添加纤维素酶提高秸秆粗蛋白2%,添加纤维素+尿素提高秸秆粗蛋白含量25%;微贮秸秆中性洗涤纤维降低16.09%,酸性洗涤纤维降低10.23%。试验表明微贮可以提高花生秸秆的饲料营养价值,且采用乳酸菌+纤维素酶+尿素处理的效果与商业化微贮剂效果相当。     

氢氧化钙尿素食盐复合调制稻草的效果研究

用氢氧化钙、尿素、食盐组成的复合处理剂调制稻草 ,共设 8个处理组 ,稻草水分调至 4 5 % ,填紧压实 ,密封保存于贮罐内 1个月 ,然后用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定稻草有效降解率 ,分析相关营养指标。试验结果表明 :①复合处理剂可提高稻草中CP、Ash、Ca含量 ,降低 (P <0 .0 1)NDF、ADF含量。复合处理剂可极显著地提高 (P <0 .0 1)稻草中DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 ,其中以H组 ,即 4 %Ca(OH) 2 +4% (NH2 ) 2 CO +2 %NaCl处理组效果最佳 ,与对照、A组比较 ,分别提高DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 4 4 .0 4 %、4 3.0 5 %、31.85 % ,其效果优于Ca(OH) 2 +尿素处理稻草或单独用尿素处理稻草的效果 ,差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1)。生产实践中应用时 ,要考虑反刍动物的消化生理特点和秸秆加工成本 ,可适当降低尿素和食盐添加量。②复合处理剂中添加食盐、尿素有利于提高 (P <0 .0 1)稻草中DM、OM、NDF有效降解率 ,2 %食盐添加量优于 1%食盐添加量 ,4 %尿素添加量优于 2 %尿素添加量     

不同水平尿素、氢氧化钙对玉米秸纤维含量的影响

为探讨不同水平尿素、氢氧化钙对玉米秸纤维含量的影响,本试验将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸风干重0%、2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共16组,其中原玉米秸组为对照组,通过测定各组玉米秸的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量来确定尿素和氢氧化钙最适宜的添加水平。结果表明,试验组在中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量上均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),大部分试验组间也存在极显著或显著的差异(P<0.01或P<0.05)。在本试验设计条件下,尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸时最适宜的添加水平分别为玉米秸风干重的4%和2%。     

Improving the quality of rice straw by urea and calcium hydroxide on rumen ecology,microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle

Four rumen‐fistulated beef cattle were randomly assigned to four treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to study the influence of urea and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] treatment of rice straw to improve the nutritive value of rice straw. Four dietary treatments were as follows: untreated rice straw, 50 g/kg urea‐treated rice straw, 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw and 30 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw. All animals were kept in individual pens and fed with concentrate at 0.5 g/kg of BW (DM), rice straw was fed ad libitum. The experiment was conducted for four periods, and each period lasted for 21 days. During the first 14 days, DM feed intake measurements were made while during the last 7 days, all cattle were moved to metabolism crates for total faeces and urine collections. The results revealed that 20 g/kg urea + 20 g/kg calcium hydroxide‐treated rice straw improved the nutritive value of rice straw, in terms of dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acids, population of bacteria and fungi, nitrogen retention and microbial protein synthesis. Based on this study, it could be concluded that using urea plus calcium hydroxide was one alternative method to improve the nutritive value of rice straw, rumen ecology and fermentation and thus a reduction of treatment cost.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

Performance of sheep offered ammonia, or urea-calcium hydroxide treated rice straw as an only feed

The effect of ammonia (AS) and urea‐calcium hydroxide (US) treated rice straw as a sole diet on the voluntary intake, digestibility of feed components, nitrogen retention, rumen parameters and microbial nitrogen yield of Suffolk ewes, were compared in a double 2 × 2 latin square design. The digestibility of feed components was not differed in sheep offered either AS or US. Dry matter intake was higher in AS (28 g/kg BW^0.75) than US (22 g/kg BW^0.75). Although there was high nitrogen intake in sheep given AS diet, this did not result in higher nitrogen retention compared with US diet. No difference was observed in purine derivatives or microbial nitrogen supply between the two groups. The rumen ammonia‐N of sheep offered AS or US exhibited a similar trend in diurnal change with the peak at 1.5–2.5 h after feeding and decline gradually thereafter. However, volatile fatty acid production peaked at approximately 8 h after evening feed and then steadily declined. AS and US diets led sheep to lose weight. In conclusion, urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw can be used for sheep as an alternative to ammonia treated straw. Without supplementation, ammonia or urea‐calcium hydroxide treated straw was not sufficient even for the maintenance of sheep.     

葡萄渣和尿素处理稻草对牛瘤胃体外发酵及消化率的影响

本研究采用体外培养技术,研究了葡萄渣添加水平和水稻秸秆对牛瘤胃发酵气体动力学、消化率和发酵特性的影响。采用完全随机试验设计,试验因素为2×4阶乘,即两种类型的水稻秸秆(3%尿素处理和未处理),4种(0、2、4、6%)葡萄渣添加水平。结果表明,在底物中添加2%、4%和6%的葡萄渣显著影响气体动力学(P<0.05),但显著降低了累积气体产量(P<0.05)。在体外,尿素处理秸秆添加2%葡萄渣有较高的消化率(P<0.05),同时尿素处理组添加葡萄渣较其他组显著提高微生物含量(P<0.05)。添加葡萄渣可显著增加挥发性脂肪酸总浓度,尤其是丙酸(P<0.05),而甲烷产量显著降低(P<0.05)。添加葡萄渣后细菌数量增加,原生动物数量减少(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,用3%尿素处理水稻秸秆,再添加2%葡萄渣可以改善体外气体动力学、消化率、丙酸、挥发性脂肪酸总量浓度和细菌数量,同时降低乙酸与丙酸的比例、原生动物数量和甲烷产量,结果揭示了葡萄渣可以提高瘤胃发酵的潜力,并有可能提高反刍动物的生产效率。     

Studies on nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants. 5. Metabolism of intra-cecally infused 15N-urea without and with fermentable material in heifers

Six heifers with a live weight of 215, 227 and 238 kg (experiment 1) and 220, 227 and 233 kg, resp. (experiment 2), were supplied with ileocaecal re-entrance cannulae, jugular venous catheters and bladder catheters. The ration consisted of 4 kg maize silage and 4 kg wheat straw pellets per animal per day. Up to 3.5 kg of the straw pellets, consisting of 73% wheat straw, 10% barley, 12% molasses, NPN salts and a mineral mixture, were consumed per animal per day. In a preliminary period 50% of the digesta flow was collected over 12 h/d on 5 consecutive days and stored in a deep-freeze. During the main trial the re-entrance cannula was disrupted and the flowing digesta were quantitatively collected at the end of the ileum; previously collected digesta were supplemented with 15N urea and every hour over 24 h infused into the caecal part of the re-entrance cannula. Between the 24th and 30th hours the digesta were infused without 15N urea supplement. In trial 2 the digesta were also supplemented with partly hydrolysed straw meal between the 1st and 30th hours (approximately 10% straw meal DM related to digesta DM). There were no differences between trials 1 and 2 with regard to the increase of atom-% 15N excess (15N') in the plasma urea. The 15N labelling decrease of the plasma urea N shows that the half-life is 7.9 h in trial 1 and 7.0 h in trial 2. The NH3 nitrogen in faeces was distinctly higher labelled in trial 2 after the supplement of straw meal than in trial 1. The total N in faeces was also twice as highly labelled as in trial 1. Atom-% 15N' in urine was significantly higher in trial 2 than in trial 1 between the 6th and 16th hours after the beginning of 15N urea supplementation. In the decrease curve of atom-% 15N' (after the 26th hour of trial) the values in trial 1 were generally higher than in trial 2. The higher bacterial protein synthesis in the large intestine in trial 2 (after the supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal) had the effect that 13.6% of the supplemented 15N' was excreted in faeces by the 30th hour of trial, in contrast to this only 4.7% in group 1. Up to the 4th day after the 15N urea infusion these values increased to 16.2 and 6.1%, resp., only.     

提高氨化处理秸秆粗蛋白含量的适宜方法研究

为提高秸秆粗蛋白含量,以氢氧化钠、过氧化氢、生石灰、熟石灰、尿素为处理剂,进行不同浓度和不同组合方式处理小麦秸和莜麦秸的试验.结果表明:尿素与氢氧化钠的组合对提高秸秆粗蛋白含量极为有效,5%以上的生石灰与尿素组合提高效率最高,为单纯5%尿素氨化法的4倍.建议生产中根据需要确定尿素剂量.     

不同厌氧碱化处理方法对鲜麦秸感官指标及营养成分的影响

本试验旨在研究不同厌氧碱化处理对新鲜麦秸感官指标及营养成分的影响,为秸秆饲料化处理提供理论依据。试验将新鲜麦秸分别用2.5%碳酸氢钠、4%尿素以及2.5%碳酸氢钠+4%尿素(复合处理)厌氧处理,时间为10、20、30、40、55、70 d,分析不同处理对麦秸感官指标及营养成分的影响。结果表明:碳酸氢钠组有霉变现象,尿素组及复合处理组感官指标良好;尿素组、复合处理组较碳酸氢钠组极显著提高了粗蛋白(CP)含量(P0.01),复合处理组极显著高于尿素组(P0.01);尿素组和复合处理组较碳酸氢钠组显著降低了中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量(P0.05),极显著降低了半纤维素(HCEL)含量(P0.01),复合处理组的效率优于尿素组;3种处理对酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、纤维素(CEL)影响较小。综上可知,碳酸氢钠-尿素复合处理鲜麦秸可改善秸秆营养品质,提高尿素处理秸秆的效率。