氨氮与拥挤胁迫对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标的联合影响

采用中心复合试验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(response surface methodology,RSM),探讨了氨氮(0.02 ～ 2.00 mg/L)和养殖密度(1～5尾/10 L)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏抗氧化指标的联合影响.结果表明,本试验条件下,氨氮和养殖密度的一次与二次效应对特定生长率有显著影响(P＜0.05),随着氨氮或养殖密度的上升,特定生长率呈先上升后下降的变化.氨氮与养殖密度之间存在互作效应(P＜0.05),氨氮浓度为0.02 ～0.20 mg/L,养殖密度在1～2尾/10 L时,幼鱼特定生长率较高;而氨氮浓度高于0.20 mg/L,养殖密度在3尾/10 L左右时,生长速度较快.肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量随氨氮浓度和养殖密度的上升而上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力呈先上升后下降的变化.氨氮与养殖密度的一次效应对MDA含量和两种酶活力均有显著影响(P＜0.05),二次效应对两种酶活力的表达有极显著影响(P＜0.01);氨氮与养殖密度对CAT活力有互作效应,高浓度氨氮与高养殖密度环境会抑制SOD和CAT活力的表达.因子与响应值间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.972 4、0.913 2、0.938 9和0.969 2(P＜0.01),可用于预测;氨氮效应对生长和抗氧化酶活力的影响较养殖密度明显.建议在罗非鱼的养殖过程中合理安排好养殖密度,保持溶氧充足,降低氨氮胁迫,提高罗非鱼的生长与抗病力.     

温度和盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼受精率和孵化率的联合影响

采用中心复合设计和响应曲面方法研究了温度(T,℃)和盐度(S)对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼人工受精率(FR,％)和孵化率(HR,％)的综合影响.设定的温度范围为20～34,盐度范围为0～18.建立了温度、盐度与受精和孵化之间关系的定量模型,并通过分析明确了温度与盐度的最优组合.结果表明,吉富罗非鱼在温度与盐度较高或较低范围内受精率与孵化率都处于较低水平.温度和盐度的一次与二次效应对受精与孵化均有极显著的影响(P＜0.01).温度与盐度二者间协同效应不显著(P＞0.05).建立了吉富罗非鱼受精率与孵化率的多项式方程,复相关系数分别达到了0.957 8和0.960 1 (P＜0.01),可以用于预测吉富罗非鱼的受精率和孵化率.利用统计优化技术明确,在温度27.14℃,盐度8.95时,罗非鱼最佳的受精率为80.8％,孵化率为77.63％.本研究旨在考察温度与盐度同时变化对吉富罗非鱼受精率与孵化率的影响,探讨最佳温度－盐度组合以增加吉富罗非鱼苗种产量.     

不同盐度对尼罗罗非鱼存活和生长性能的影响

为评估选育耐盐尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)在高盐度水体中的生长性能,在塑料盒(80cm×60cm×60cm)中设置盐度21‰、24‰、27‰和29‰共四个盐度梯度处理进行耐盐鱼苗的生长性能比较研究。养殖40d的生长结果表明,随着盐度的逐步增加,选育尼罗罗非鱼苗存活率呈明显下降的趋势,且日增重、增重率以及特定生长率等指标也均呈下降趋势。耐盐选育尼罗罗非鱼可以在29‰的盐度下正常生长,且存活率可达80%以上,本试验为尼罗罗非鱼在半咸水地区养殖提供基础数据。     

温度与盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼能量代谢的联合效应

在实验室条件下采用中心复合设计和响应曲面法,以影响能量代谢的2个重要环境因子(温度和盐度)为自变量,以耗氧率、排氨率与CO2排泄率为响应值,研究并探讨了温度(13~36℃)与盐度(0~20)对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼能量代谢的联合影响。结果表明,温度与盐度的一次效应、盐度的二次效应及其互作效应对耗氧率、排氨率与CO2排泄率均有显著影响(P>0.05);温度的二次效应对耗氧率和CO2排泄率没有显著影响(P>0.05);所考察因子与耗氧率、排氨率与CO2排泄率间二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.958 1、0.977 8和0.979 5(P<0.01),可用于预测。温度效应较盐度明显,盐度较低时,能量消耗对温度变化较为敏感;在等渗点附近,耗氧率、排氨率和CO2排泄率较高;盐度超过等渗点时,低温和高盐环境对幼鱼的能量代谢有抑制作用。氧氮比(O∶N)随盐度变化而变化,温度对其没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当温度与盐度分别为13~36℃与0~10时,罗非鱼幼鱼主要依靠蛋白质和脂肪氧化供能;盐度为20时,脂肪成为主要供能物质;本实验条件下呼吸商的均值为0.752。本研究有助于更好地解释温度与盐度对罗非鱼新陈代谢的影响,同时可以为研究环境因子对能量的时空分配模式的改变提供生物能量学依据。     

盐度对鲻鱼前期仔鱼生长与存活的影响

本文研究了鲻鱼前期仔鱼在不同海水盐度条件下的生长和存活情况。结果表明：鲻鱼前期仔鱼生长与存活的适宜盐度范围为20－32‰，盐度低于20‰，随盐度下降，前期仔鱼存活率降低，生长速度趋慢；反之，盐度高于32‰，随盐度升高，前期仔鱼存活率降低，生长速度趋缓。     

氯化胆碱对尼罗罗非鱼生长影响的对比试验

<正> 胆碱(choline)是动物营养的必要成份,作为甲基的供体产生乙酰胆碱,在生理上起着各种重要的作用.1985年我们分别在室内外进行氯化胆碱对尼罗罗非鱼生长影响的对比试验。试验是以生长比速、饲料系数、脂肪蓄积率及蛋白质利用率为评定指标。三次试验结果表明,对照组比胆碱组稍好,但两者差异不显著(p>0.05)。可以认为在本试验条件下,饲料中胆碱含量已满足尼罗罗非鱼生理上的需要,没有添加氯化胆碱的必要。     

温度变化对斑点鳟鲑仔鱼存活与生长的影响

本文研究了温度变化对斑点鳟鲑仔鱼存活与生长的影响。结果表明,温度变化对斑点鳟鲑20日龄仔鱼存活与生长有明显的影响,20日龄仔鱼在水温10～26℃范围内均能存活、生长。最适水温为14～22℃,在适温范围内幼鱼具有较高的存活率和生长率,温度过高或过低均对其生长发育有抑制作用,在(18±0.5)℃时生长率达到峰值,为0.93mm/d。     

延迟投饵对匙吻鲟仔鱼存活与生长的影响

在（22&#177;0.5）℃水温条件下,通过饥饿试验,研究了延迟投饵对匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathula）仔鱼存活与生长的影响。结果表明：延迟1~2 d投饵对仔鱼存活的影响不显著;延迟3 d以上投饵,仔鱼成活率显著下降;完全饥饿条件下,仔鱼半致死时间为11日龄,全部死亡时间为17日龄;延迟1 d投饵对仔鱼生长的影响不显著,延迟2 d以上投饵对仔鱼生长的影响显著。匙吻鲟仔鱼开口摄食期没有混合营养期,从初次开口摄食到饥饿半致死之间的间隔仅4 d。因此,匙吻鲟仔鱼初次投喂的最适时间建议在开口摄食后的2 d之内。     

延迟投饵对奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼摄食、生长和存活的影响

在盐度为5‰,水温(28±0.5)℃的条件下,对延迟投饵0~7d的奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)仔鱼摄食、生长与存活进行了研究,并确定了仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点(PNR)。试验于仔鱼开口的当天开始试验。结果显示:仔鱼于3日龄开口;延迟投饵0~7 d组,投饵2 h后仔鱼摄食发生率分别为20%、100%、83.3%、36.7%、13.3%、6.7%、3.3%和0%,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05);延迟投饵在2 d以内,10日龄仔鱼体长和体重与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),延迟投饵超过2 d,体长和体重显著低于对照组(P<0.05);奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼存活率随延迟投饵天数增加而降低,延迟0~2 d的10日龄仔鱼的存活率相差不大,介于78.6%~79.3%,各组差异不显著(P>0.05),延迟投饵超过2 d的仔鱼存活率较低,介于0%~33.3%;奥尼罗非鱼仔鱼的不可逆点出现在仔鱼开口后第4 d,开始投喂的最佳时间在仔鱼开口后的3 d之内。     

Combined effect of temperature,salinity and density on the growth and feed utilization of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus)

Based on Box–Behnken experimental design and response surface method, the joint effect of temperature (16–36°C), salinity (0–22 ppt) and rearing density (200–1000 fish.m^?3) on the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion rate (FCR) of Nile tilapia juveniles were studied under laboratory conditions. The entire experiment lasted for 1 month (30 days). Results showed that the linear and quadratic effects of temperature, salinity on both growth and feed utilization were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). The linear and quadratic effect of rearing density on the growth was highly significant (P < 0.01); the linear effect of rearing density on feed utilization was significant (P < 0.05), but the quadratic effect nonsignificant (P > 0.05). Interactions between temperature and salinity, and between salinity and rearing density on the growth statistically differed from zero (P < 0.05). Interactions between temperature and salinity, between temperature and density on feed utilization was significant (P < 0.05). Model equations of the growth and feed utilization on temperature, salinity and density were established, with the coefficient of determination being 98.34% for growth and 98.11% for feed utilization, and could be applied to projection. The optimal temperature/salinity/density combination was obtained utilizing statistical optimization approach: 29°C/6 ppt/500 fish.m^?3, at which the maximal specific growth and feed utilization reached 4.228%.d^?1 and 0.520 respectively, with the desirability being 0.989.     

Combined effects of temperature and salinity on yolk utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The combined effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk utilization of sac fry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated using central composite experimental design and response surface approach. Based on the preliminary trials, temperature was determined to range from 22 to 34°C, and salinity ranging from 2 ppt to 10 ppt. The utilization was mensurated in terms of yolk sac volume. Results showed that the linear effects of temperature and salinity on the yolk utilization was significant (P < 0.01); the quadratic effects of and the interaction between the two factors were significant (P < 0.05); temperature was more important than salinity in influencing the yolk utilization. The model equation of yolk sac volume towards temperature and salinity was established. From those high R² values, the model had excellent goodness of fit to experimental data and could be applied for predictive purpose. What with the production cost, it is suggested that the temperature/salinity combination, i.e. 28–30°C/4–6 ppt, be employed during the period of sac fry rearing, in which the yolk utilization was on average 98.6%.     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料中锌的需要量

为考察吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)对饲料中锌的需要量,以蛋氨酸锌为锌源,配制锌添加水平分别为0,10,20,40,80,160 mg/kg的6组等氮等脂饲料(实测值分别为9.98,21.47,33.75,56.03,88.16,172.54 mg/kg),饲喂初始体质量为(84.44±3.04)g的吉富罗非鱼,试验鱼分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼,养殖周期为10周。结果显示,随着饲料中锌含量的增加,吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率先显著升高,在锌含量达到33.75 mg/kg后趋于稳定,添加锌显著降低了饲料系数,提高了成活率。饲料锌含量对全鱼水分、粗蛋白及灰分含量无显著影响,显著降低了全鱼粗脂肪含量。饲料中添加锌对血清总胆固醇含量无影响,显著提高了血清碱性磷酸酶的活性,碱性磷酸酶活性在锌含量达到33.75 mg/kg后趋于稳定,血清甘油三酯含量,乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性则呈下降趋势。饲料锌含量显著影响脊椎骨、全鱼和肝脏锌的含量,脊椎骨和全鱼锌含量先线性上升,在锌含量达到56.03 mg/kg后趋于稳定,各组的肌肉锌含量无显著差异。以增重率、骨骼锌和全鱼锌含量为评价指标,根据折线回归分析得出,以蛋氨酸锌为添加锌源,吉富罗非鱼对饲料中锌的需要量分别为32.37、55.67和56.13 mg/kg。     

吉富罗非鱼成鱼胆碱的最适需要量

选用初始体质量为(220.00±8.34) g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)360尾, 随机分成6组,每组3重复(每重复20尾), 于1 m×1 m×1.5 m池塘网箱中饲养。分别饲喂胆碱含量为97.80(对照组)、375.04、565.74、974.27、      1 409.81、1 824.35 mg/kg的半纯化饲料10周, 研究胆碱对吉富罗非鱼成鱼生长、饲料利用、鱼体营养组成、胆碱蓄积量及部分血液生化指标的影响。结果显示, 经过10周的饲喂, 饲料中添加胆碱可显著提高鱼体增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率(P<0.05); 降低肝脂肪含量(P<0.05), 提高肌肉脂肪含量(P<0.05); 显著升高肝胆碱蓄积量(P<0.05); 胆碱添加组血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(T-CHO)显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 并随饲料胆碱含量增加呈现升高的趋势; 肝甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(T-CHO)随着胆碱含量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05); 血清谷草转氨酶(ALT)、谷丙转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)均随着饲料胆碱含量的增大而显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明, 饲料中添加适量的胆碱可以改善吉富罗非鱼成鱼的生长性能, 提高饲料利用效率, 降低肝脂肪含量, 促进肝脂肪转运; 对特定生长率进行回归分析, 得出吉富罗非鱼成鱼对饲料中胆碱的最低需要量为506.43 mg/kg, 而对肝胆碱蓄积量回归分析得出的需要量为981.38 mg/kg。

     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料中苯丙氨酸的需要量

分别用含6种水平(质量比分别为0.78%、0.95%、1.09%、1.34%、1.51%和1.72%)苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine,Phe)的等氮等能(粗蛋白30.10%,总能17.73 MJ/kg)饲料,在池塘网箱中(实验期间水温为24~32℃)饲喂初始体重为(52.70±1.80)g的吉富罗非鱼60 d,考察饲料Phe对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、饲料系数、体成分、部分血清生化指标及前肠消化酶活性的影响,以期获得吉富罗非鱼对饲料苯丙氨酸的需要量。结果表明,随着饲料中Phe水平的升高,吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率、肥满度、肝体比和脏体比均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,饲料系数呈现先下降后上升的趋势;全鱼粗脂肪和全鱼灰分含量显著上升(P0.05),肌肉灰分含量显著下降(P0.05)。饲料中Phe对全鱼水分和粗蛋白质、肌肉水分、肌肉粗蛋白质和肌肉粗脂肪含量无显著性影响(P0.05);各实验组的肌肉氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。饲料中Phe显著影响血清中谷丙转氨酶活性,甘油三酯、总胆固醇和葡萄糖的含量(P0.05),对谷草转氨酶活性无显著性影响(P0.05);Phe显著影响肠蛋白酶、肠脂肪酶和肠Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性(P0.05),而对肠淀粉酶活性影响不显著(P0.05)。以增重率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率为评价指标,通过二次回归分析可知,吉富罗非鱼对饲料中Phe需要量为1.17%~1.21%,占饲料蛋白质的3.89%~4.02%。本研究结果为合理配制吉富罗非鱼配合饲料提供了理论依据。     

Effects of pretreatment with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study was to assess effects of the pretreatment in all‐plant based diets with microbial phytase on phosphorous utilization and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Pretreatment trials were conducted using phytase at graded doses to determine the optimal dose of phytase. Available phosphorus (P) levels increased significantly with the increased doses of phytase and the dose of 1000 U kg^?1 was most efficient. Based on the pretreatment trials, plant based diets for Nile tilapia were formulated by pretreating with phytase at 1000 U kg^?1. Experimental diets were supplemented with graded levels of mono calcium phosphate (MCP) at 25, 18.75, 12.5, 6.25 and 0 g kg ^?1 diet. In addition, there were three controls: one phytase control, one inorganic P control and one pretreatment control. The results showed that diets pretreated with phytase gave better growth performance, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of Nile tilapia compared with the phytase control diet and pretreatment control diet (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in growth performance of Nile tilapia between the inorganic control diet and phytase pretreated diets supplemented with MCP at 25, 18.75 and 12.5 g kg^?1 (P > 0.05), which resulted in significantly better performance than those at 6.25 and 0 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05). Dietary interaction effects of phytase were observed for phosphorus retention efficiency and phosphorus load. Apparent digestibility coefficient of P (ADCp) was improved significantly by phytase pretreatment (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected on ADC of crude protein among all experimental diets (P > 0.05).     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) revealed by DNA microsatellites

To assess the genetic diversity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, a total of 250 fish from five Egyptian populations were genotyped using six microsatellite markers. Heterozygosity and Wright's F‐statistics (F_IS, F_ST, and F_IT) were calculated to determine the genetic variation within and between these populations. Observed heterozygosities were in the range of 0.4 (Burullus) to 0.96 (Qena), with F_IS values ranging from 0.082 to 0.282. The mean F_ST showed that approximately 96.5% of the genetic variation was within‐population and 3.5% was among populations. Standard genetic distances were used to classify the five populations into two major groups. The deeper lotic river Nile populations of Assuit and Cairo formed one group and the shallow less lotic Delta lakes populations of Manzalla and Burullus formed the second group, with the upstream Nile Qena population being an outgroup. The findings from the current study help understanding of the broad‐scale population structuring of the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) allowing the population groupings identified to act as potential sources of genetic variation. These populations could be included in future Marker‐Assisted‐Selection programs for economically desired production traits.     

Effect of dietary betaine levels on growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of GIFT strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus reared in freshwater

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine levels on the growth performance and hepatic intermediary metabolism of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (mean initial body weight: 78.3 ± 1.3 g, means ± SD). Six practical diets were formulated with the incorporation of betaine at the levels of 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g kg⁻¹. Survival showed no significant differences among the treatments (P > 0.05). The highest and lowest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed for fish fed the diets containing 5 and 0 g kg⁻¹ (control) betaine, respectively. Feed intake showed similar trend with WG and SGR. In contrast, feed conversion ratio was the lowest when dietary betaine level was 5 g kg⁻¹. In general, dietary betaine supplementation showed no significant effect on hepatic composition of tilapia. Condition factor and viscerosomatic index tended to increase with increasing dietary betaine levels from 0 to 5 g kg⁻¹ and then decline when dietary betaine levels further increased from 5 to 25 g kg⁻¹. In contrast, hepatosomatic index declined with increasing dietary betaine levels (P < 0.05). Dietary betaine levels significantly influenced several hepatic enzymatic activities, including succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase, suggesting that dietary betaine addition had significant effects on nutrient metabolism in the liver. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG, 12.5 g kg⁻¹ of dietary betaine level seemed optimal for genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of O. niloticus.