Comparative Performance of Containerised and Bare-root Sitka Spruce and Lodgepole Pine Seedlings in Upland Britain

Seedlings of Sitka spruce and Lodgepole pine were grown in fivedifferent container types; Ontario tubes, Kopparfors multipots,Finn peat pots, Japanese paperpots and Spencer-Lemaire root-trainers.They were planted in forest experiments in 1972/3 when 8-14weeks old and their subsequent performance compared with 2 years-oldbare-rooted transplants. After 2–3 years' growth, tubed seedlings proved consistentlypoorer than all other treatments for both height and survival.Finn peat pots were marginally the best of the other containerstested. Containerised plants generally showed poorer survivaland substantially less height growth than transplants, withdifferences being greater for Sitka spruce than for Lodgepolepine. For both species well-handled transplants appear the mostappropriate plant type for use in upland Britain. Implications for the future role of containerised seedlingsin upland forestry in Britain are considered. The benefits ofcontainer systems may be greatest in the production of seedlingsof ‘sensitive’ species or of high genetic quality.     

The Mode of Infection of Lodgepole Pine by Crumenula sororia Karst. and the Susceptibility of Different Provenances to Attack

Experimental inoculations of C. sororia on un-wounded Lodgepolepine produced successful infections after 9 months in 25 percent of cases, compared with 40–60 per cent where woundswere inoculated. After 16 months, however, these differencesdisappeared. The virulence of different isolates of C. sororiadiffered. Current year's shoots were more resistant to infectionthan 1-year-old shoots. Resistance was generally not a functionof broad geographical origin, save in the southern coastal types.Some provenances were highly significantly more susceptiblethan other closely adjacent ones: Burns Lake and Salmon Armwere highly susceptible, whereas Fort St. James and Mount Idaprovenances were respectively resistant. These observationsagree closely with field survey data, thus validating the useof young plants to indicate resistance of older crops to infection.     

Survival and Early Development of Lodgepole Pine

The effect of site fertility, spacing and mode of regeneration on the survival and stand development of lodgepole pine, Scots pine and Norway spruce was studied in a series of experiments comprising 22 study areas in Finland. After 13-14 yrs, lodgepole pine had a mean survival of 68% in planted and 61% in seeded plots, while Norway spruce had the highest (92%) and Scots pine the second highest survival (82%). The survival of planted lodgepole pine was better the wider the spacing. Best survival was achieved on subdry and dry sites, both with planting and with direct seeding. Dominant height was not affected by spacing, but both basal area and volume at the age of 13-14 yrs were significantly higher the denser the spacing. The average difference in the value of the estimated site index H ⁵⁰ was slightly under 3 m for the superiority of lodgepole compared with Scots pine. Seeding resulted in site indices almost as high as those of lodgepole planting.     

A Comparison of Wood Properties of Coastal and Interior Provenances of Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud

At the Millbuie Lodgepole pine intensive provenance plots incrementborings were extracted at similar fractional heights in treesof a central Interior and a southern Coastal provenance andthe properties of the same five growth-rings were compared.Scanning microphotometry was used to measure ring width, percent earlywood, and earlywood density. Tracheid length and width,nominal density, and latewood density were also determined.For each of these wood properties significant differences werefound between the average values for the two provenances. Inthe Coastal provenance nominal density was about 20 per centhigher than in the Interior provenance, the incidence of compressionwood was much higher, but tracheid length was about 20 per centshorter. The probable effects of these results on the propertiesof sawn timber and pulp are discussed. Average tree heightsand diameters were similar, and the earlier growth of the treeswas analysed. The relation between nominal density and ringwidth (vigour) was investigated, and a low correlation (r² of0·054 and 0·17) was found between the two quantities.Furthermore the regression lines show density decreasing slowlywith increased ring width. Both these results are in contrastwith published results for Sitka spruce.     

Toxicity of Five Granular Herbicides to Sitka Spruce and Lodgepole Pine

Experimental plots in young plantations of Sitka spruce andlodgepole pine were over-dosed with five granular herbicidesto ascertain the margin of crop safety involved in the use ofpropyzamide, chlorthiamid, dichlobenil, dichlobenil/dalaponmix and atrazine. It is concluded that if the five herbicidesare applied according to the standard rates and dates used inthe experiments, tree damage will be kept to an acceptable minimum.Better shoot growth resulted from herbicide treatment than fromhand weeding particularly where atrazine was used.     

火炬松不同种源纸浆材材性的变异

1983年火炬松31个种源引种栽培在浙江富阳中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所实验林场,研究表明该批种源间10年生树木生长量和纸浆材材性因子如晚材率、管胞形态特征值(管胞长度、宽度、腔径、壁厚、长宽比、腔径比、壁腔比)、管胞S2层微纤丝角和木材基本密度存在着显著差异,木材主要化学成分中纤维素和木素含量种源间存在着显著差异,而戊聚糖和苯醇浸提物含量种源间差异不显著.这些材性特征除了木材化学性状因子外,均受中等以上程度遗传控制.木材纤维素、木素、戊聚糖和苯醇浸提物含量的广义遗传力分别为0.088、0.003、0.340和0.307,其余性状广义遗传力均大于0.50.引种地栽培环境对木材性状有显著影响.种源原产地纬度与树木生长量、管胞宽度、管胞直径和管胞微纤丝角呈负相关,与晚材率、木材密度呈正相关.31个种源树木胸高直径与管胞长宽比、管胞壁腔比、木材密度呈显著负相关,与管胞宽度、管胞直径、管胞腔径比呈正相关.     

马尾松不同种源对环境的反应函数和优良种源的合理布局

利用９个生长较好的马尾松种源区域试验点测定材料,建立２４个种源在不同纬度上９年生树高的Ｇａｕｓｓｉａｎ反应函数,发现３个反应函数参数（模式纬度、内稳定性参数和尺度参数）具有显著的地理变异模式。北部种源大多在其原产地以南３～６个纬度的区域内生长表现最佳,而南部种源的原产地大致也是其生长的最适地。一般来讲,南部种源较北部种源具有较高的内稳定性和遗传可塑性,适宜栽植的区域较广。根据优良种源在不同纬度上的生长优势,并考虑到气候等安全因素,为几个马尾松优良种源确定了适合的推广栽植范围。     

火炬松种源遗传变异分析和适宜种源(区)的确定

对１９８４年在８个试点营建的９～１１年生火世松种要的调查分析,结果表明,主要经济性状存在着显著的种源差异,且具较高融会２力（其中４个试点的材积和干材干质量、树干通直度、木才基本密度达到５％差异显著水平,遗传力为０．４５～０．７８、０．４５～０．７６、０．５５～０．８３、０．４３～０．７７）。各类性状态在种源区间表现出不同的变异趋势。利用其中４个点１９个共同种源的资料分析,表明各类性状的地点效应极显     

马尾松不同种源对环境的反应函数和优良种源的合理布局

利用９个生长较好的马尾松种源区域试验验点测定材料,建立２４个种源在不同纬度上９年生树高的Ｇａｕｓｓｉａｎ反应函数,发现３个反应函数参数具有显著的地理变异模式。北部各源大多在其原产地以南３－６个纬度的区域内生长表现最佳,而南部种源的原产地大致也是共生长的最适的。     

Some Effects of Afforestation with Lodgepole Pine on Rates of Nitrogen Mineralization in Peat

Rates of mineral nitrogen production and carbon dioxide evolutionin incubated samples from the upper 300mm of peat beneath lodgepolepine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) have been compared with those foradjacent unplanted areas at each of six sites in the North ofScotland. Under both aerobic (moist) and anaerobic (water logged)conditions, rates of mineral nitrogen production at 30°Care strongly influenced by peatland type, sampling depth andafforestation. During the early stages of the incubation underaerobic conditions, samples of planted peat showed a more rapidaccumulation of mineral nitrogen than did samples from unplantedareas, the amounts after 17 days being 170ppm and 46ppm mineralN, respectively; after 62 days however, the difference was nolonger significant. The mean rate of CO₂ production averaged446µg CO₂ g^–1 day^–1 in planted as against728µg in unplanted peat. Under anaerobic conditions, amountsof mineral nitrogen accumulated were similar in planted andunplanted sites but a difference in accumulation between the0–150 and 150–300mm horizons in unplanted peat wassignificantly reduced beneath the trees.     

The Macedonian Pine, (Pinus peuce Grisebach) in the Balkans and Great Britain

Macedonian pine is little known in Britain as a forest tree.Information comes mainly from its native range in the Balkanmountains, and from specimen trees and young forest plots inBritain. Following a visit in 1982 to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria,the author describes the site conditions and ecological relationsof this species to Scots pine, Norway spruce and Silver fir.Early growth is characteristically slow, even on favourablesites, though it improves after 6–10 years and basal areaincrement may later exceed that of other pines. Growth and behaviourin British stands (mainly 20 years old, but a few older ones)is recorded. Stands of P. peuce are typically healthy and haveexcellent form. Insect and fungal damage is minimal. Early timbertests show specific gravity and strength are low, but the woodis very stable in drying and could have a use in joinery. Seedfrom selected stands will now be used for provenance testing.     

Effects of Refertilization on Growth and Nutrition of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) Planted on a Minerotrophic Peatland in Central Newfoundland, Canada

A plantation of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), whichwas established in 1973 on a ditched minerotrophic fen at plantingspacings of 1.2 m, 1.8 m, and 2.4 m, was refertilized in 1985with control, P, PK and NPK treatments consisting of 60 kg ha^–1phosphorus, 100 kg ha^–1 potassium and 200 kg ha^–1nitrogen. Although each seedling had been spot-fertilized in1973 with a mixture of 71 g urea, 99 g ground rock phosphateand 41 g potassium sulphate, height and needle nutrient assessmentsof the plantation in 1984 indicated poor growth, low concentrationsof needle nitrogen (1.26 per cent) and possible deficiency levelsof needle phosphorus (0.10 per cent) and potassium (0.36 percent). Between 1985 and 1991, height and diameter growth increasedsignificantly in all refertilization treatments. Growth responsewas greatest in the PK treatment and least in the P treatment.Needle weights, determined from 1987 to 1991, did not responduniformly to any of the refertilization treatments. Needle concentrationsof phosphorus increased to levels between 0.20 per cent and0.23 per cent following refertilization with P, PK, and NPK,but by 1988 had decreased to about 0.14 per cent. Needle concentrationsof potassium also increased sharply to 0.60 per cent in 1985following refertilization with PK and NPK, but by 1988 had decreasedto levels between 0.35 per cent and 0.45 per cent. Similarly,needle nitrogen concentrations increased to 1.84 per cent in1985 following refertilization with NPK, then decreased to levelsbetween 1.20 per cent and 1.33 per cent in 1986 and remainedat those levels each year thereafter. Although needle nutrientlevels fell sharply following an initial peak after refertilization,height and diameter growth did not decrease significantly, especiallyin the PK treatment, suggesting that nutrient levels remainedadequate for optimum growth.     

Insecticidal Control of the Pine Looper Moth in Great Britain: III. Aerial Spraying with Tetrachlorvinphos

In 1969 the routine annual survey of pupal populations of Bupaluspiniarius L., the Pine looper moth, did not include the forestareas of Wykeham and Langdale where, unnoticed, a build-up ofthe population to epidemic proportions had taken place resultingin the complete defoliation of 150 acres (61 ha). Surveys carriedout in these and the surrounding areas in 1970 revealed extremelyhigh counts, indicating the strong possibility that insecticidalcontrol would be necessary. Alternative insecticides to DDTwere screened and the more promising were field tested resultingin the selection of tetrachlorvinphos. Egg counts were usedto confirm the presence of a damaging population and to defineits boundaries for control spraying which was carried out over1,300 acres (526 ha). Estimates of larval mortality and laterassessments of pupae indicate that the control operation wassuccessful.     

红松人工林生物量的测定及其分析

利用平均标准木法测定不同林龄和不同密度红松人工林乔木层生物量及其分布格局。结果表明：15a生红松生物量达到19．19t／hm2,25a达到65．27t／hm2,35a达到135．36t／hm2,平均为73．27t／hm2。在各器官的生物量中,树干生物量最大,约占总生物量的一半左右,并随着林龄的增大,其比值也在增大,平均为54．95％;根占总生物量的比例是相对稳定的,不同林龄阶段均保持在20％左右,平均为22．08％;枝叶占总生物量的比例随林龄的增大而减少,15a时占39．9％,25年时为25．60％,35年时为19．63％。在地上各器官垂直分布中,均以0～2m层生物量最大,从0～2m层（不含0～2m层）向上各层生物量呈缓慢减小趋势,到树梢时又突然减小;枝叶生物量在垂直高度上的分布是两头小中间大的分布,其最大值在15a时出现在第2高度层,25a和30a平均出现在第3高度层。     

The Use of Clear Polythene Cloches to Improve the Growth of One-Year-Old Lodgepole Pine Seedlings

Unsterilised nursery seedbeds, prepared in a conventional mannerand sown with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud,ssp contorta) were covered with clear polythene cloches, withor without the edges buried, from the date of sowing for 0,8, 16 and 21 weeks. Germination rate and numbers of seedlingsgerminating were increased by all the cloche treatments. Deathsof seedlings under cloches with unsealed edges were greaterthan for the cloche treatments with completely buried edges.Due to increases in both stem unit number and stem unit length,the cloche treatments increased height growth in proportionwith duration of cloche cover. Seedlings covered for 16 or 21weeks were over 3 times the height of the controls and almostall were over 10 cm but they were not sufficiently sturdy forforest use. The use of polythene cloches for the productionof seedlings suitable for lining-out or forest planting is discussed.     

火炬松种源建筑材抗弯性质的变异及与树龄、晚材率、木材密度的关系

福建南屿15年生火炬松31个种源间木材抗弯弹性模量(MOE)的群体平均值为6 702.6 MPa,变化范围为5 042.5～8 610.2 MPa;抗弯强度(MOR)群体平均数为99.11MPa,变化幅度为77.32～119.79 MPa.种源间木材抗弯弹性模量(MOE)、抗弯强度(MOR)存在显著差异,二者广义遗传力大于0.441、0.422,方差分析中遗传方差分量在43.07%～60.79%范围内,环境方差分量范围为39.21%～56.93%,说明MOE、MOR除在遗传上受中等程度控制外,还显著受到环境条件影响.种源内MOE、MOR变异系数远大于种源间变异,说明火炬松材质改良在种源选择的基础上进行个体改良效果较好.树龄、晚材率和木材密度与MOE、MOR在0.01水平上呈显著正相关,木材基本密度估测MOE、MOR优于晚材率.火炬松种源木材MOE、MOR值与引种栽培地点有关.南屿靠近海岸线,并且纬度低于所有种源原产地纬度.火炬松种源原产地地理气象因子中,纬度对木材抗弯性能没有影响,经度与MOE、MOR呈较大的负相关,经度对抗弯性能的影响最大,6-9月降水/年降水次之,其他因素影响不显著.     

Effect of Different Forms and Rates of Nitrogen Fertiliser on the Growth of Lodgepole Pine

Application of four forms of nitrogen fertilizer each at threerates produced significant positive responses in shoot growthin a seven-year-old Pinus contorta, Dougl. stand on a deep,infertile peat in south Scotland. The response was shortlived(4 years) and was followed by a period (1–2 years) whenshoot growth fell below the control level. Form of N did notaffect the result but rate of N did and these effects are discussedwith respect to annual shoot growth, foliar N levels and shootgrowth:foliar N correlations.     

加格达奇地区长白落叶松种源生长性状的变异分析

通过对加格达奇地区长白落叶松10个种源树高、胸径的调查,对10个种源的生长性状进行了综合分析,发现树高、胸径、材积在种源间均存在着一定的变异,且不同种源的树高、胸径、材积均差异显著,多重比较后天桥岭和穆棱种源为加格达奇地区长白落叶松生长优良的种源。