饲粮铜添加水平对育成蛋鸡免疫功能和抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文旨在探讨饲粮铜水平对育成蛋鸡免疫功能和抗氧化酶活性的影响.试验选用9周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡216只,随机分为6组(Ⅰ～Ⅵ组),每组3个重复,每个重复12只鸡.Ⅰ组试验鸡饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ～Ⅵ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加6.5、30.0、60.0、125.0和250.0 mg/kg铜(CuSO4·5H2O)的试验饲粮.预试期7...     

铜对育成期乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加铜对育成期雄性乌苏里貉生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮、铜代谢及血清生化指标的影响。随机选取(60±5)日龄健康的雄性乌苏里貉105只,体重2.83 kg±0.37 kg,随机分为7组,每组15只貉,1只为1个重复。分别饲喂含蛋氨酸铜为0(对照组)、20(Ⅰ组)、30(Ⅱ组)、40(Ⅲ组)、50(Ⅳ组)、60(Ⅴ组)和200 mg/kg(Ⅵ组)的试验日粮,预试期7 d,正试期55 d。试验期间,每组随机选取8只乌苏里貉采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的末重显著高于对照组(P0.05),其余各组与对照组相比体重差异不显著。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组平均日增重(ADG)均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。Ⅴ组的脂肪消化率显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P0.05)。对照组和Ⅵ组的铜消化率显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P0.05)。Ⅳ组的氮沉积显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P0.05)。各组间铜摄入量存在显著差异(P0.05),粪铜含量随着铜添加水平的升高而显著升高(P0.05)。Ⅴ、Ⅵ组尿铜显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和对照组(P0.05)。各铜添加组与对照组铜沉积差异显著(P0.05)。Ⅵ组血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组(P0.05)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。Ⅳ组血清尿素含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。在本试验中,育成期乌苏里貉日粮中铜添加量在30～50 mg/kg时可获得较好的生长性能。考虑到铜排放量、饲养成本、环境污染等因素,推荐育成期乌苏里貉铜添加量为30 mg/kg。     

不同锌源与锌水平日粮对生长期雌性水貂营养物质消化率及氮代谢的研究

本试验主要研究了不同锌源及锌水平对生长期雌性水貂营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。本试验采用单因子试验设计,每组12个重复,每个重复1只,Ⅰ-Ⅵ组水貂基础日粮中蛋氨酸螯合锌添加量(以锌元素计)分别为0(Ⅰ组)、15(Ⅱ组)、30(Ⅲ组)、45(Ⅳ组)、60(Ⅴ组)、75 mg/kg(Ⅵ组)、Ⅶ组水貂基础日粮中硫酸锌添加量(以锌元素计)为60 mg/kg。结果表明,冬毛生长期雌性水貂对添加蛋氨酸螯合锌水平为45 mg/kg的日粮的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的消化率最高;不同锌源及锌水平日粮对生长期雌性水貂氮代谢的影响无显著差异。     

枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜大鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜大鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验分为模型期和干预试验期。模型期选取怀孕10 d的SD大鼠72只,平均分为模型组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只。模型组大鼠孕期饲喂缺铜饲粮(铜含量为0.33 mg/kg),对照组大鼠孕期饲喂正常饲粮(在缺铜饲粮基础上添加6.0 mg/kg五水硫酸铜),持续到哺乳期结束,验证建模是否成功。干预试验期选择24日建模成功的缺铜幼龄大鼠108只,随机分成6个试验组,Ⅰ～Ⅲ组为硫酸铜组(缺铜饲粮基础上分别添加3.0、6.0和9.0 mg/kg五水硫酸铜),Ⅳ～Ⅵ组为枯草芽孢杆菌铜组(缺铜饲粮基础上分别添加3.0、6.0和9.0 mg/kg枯草芽孢杆菌铜),每个组3个重复,每个重复6只。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)在铜添加量相同条件下,Ⅳ组体重和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅳ组血清谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶(AST/ALT)显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。Ⅴ组血清铜蓝蛋白(CP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著或极显高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅴ组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅵ组血清AKP活性和肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。2)在硫酸铜组中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组体重、体长显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组血清CP活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅲ组血清AKP活性显著高于Ⅱ组(P <0.05),Ⅲ组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、GSH-Px和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性及肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅲ组血清M DA含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P <0.01)。在枯草芽孢杆菌铜组中,Ⅵ组体重、体长,血清AST、GSH-Px和CuZn-SOD活性,心脏、肝脏、肾脏中铜沉积量显著或极显著高于Ⅳ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),Ⅵ组血清CP和AKP活性显著或极显著高于Ⅳ、Ⅴ组(P <0.05或P <0.01)。由此可见,枯草芽孢杆菌铜能提高先天性缺铜大鼠体重,血清CP、AKP、ALT活性,提高机体抗氧化能力,增加肝脏、肾脏中铜沉积量,效果优于硫酸铜,且降低了饲粮中铜添加量。     

不同铜源对育成期雌性银狐生长性能、营养物质消化率及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同铜源对育成期雌性银狐生长性能、营养物质消化率以及血液生化指标的影响,以寻求育成期雌性银狐饲粮中适宜铜源。试验选取40只平均体重为(3 315±11)g的健康雌性银狐,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。各组银狐分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铜(Ⅰ组)、蛋氨酸螯合铜(Ⅱ组)、硫酸铜(Ⅲ组)、柠檬酸铜(Ⅳ组)的试验饲粮,各试验饲粮中铜源的添加水平以铜计均为30 mg/kg。基础饲粮中铜含量为5.47 mg/kg。预试期7 d,正试期45 d。结果表明:不同铜源对育成期雌性银狐的末重、平均日增重和料重比均有显著影响(P<0.05),对平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05)。Ⅳ组的末重和平均日增重显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅳ组的料重比显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。不同铜源对育成期雌性银狐的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的消化率无显著影响(P>0.05)。血清总蛋白、尿素氮、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白M、铜蓝蛋白含量及碱性磷酸酶活性各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但Ⅳ组尿素氮含量和碱性磷酸酶活性均略高于其他组。不同铜源对育成期雌性银狐的血清白蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),对血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性有极显著影响(P<0.01)。Ⅳ组血清白蛋白含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ和Ⅲ组血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性极显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。本试验条件下,综合考虑生长性能、营养物质消化率及血液生化指标,得出育成期雌性银狐饲粮适宜铜源为柠檬酸铜。     

高铜对雏鸭抗氧化酶活性的影响

360只1日龄天府肉鸭随机分为6组,分别喂以对照日粮(Cu 8 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Ⅰ组Cu 100 mg/kg;Ⅱ组Cu 200 mg/kg;Ⅲ组Cu 400 mg/kg;Ⅳ组Cu 600 mg/kg;Ⅴ组Cu 800 mg/kg),试验期6周.与对照组比较,高铜Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组血清铜锌SOD、CP活性、肝脏铜锌SOD、GSH-Px活性降低(P<0.01);高铜Ⅲ组、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶、单胺氧化酶含量显著升高(P<0.01);高铜Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清铜锌SOD、CP活性、肝脏铜锌SOD、GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.01).结果表明,日粮铜水平达400 mg/kg及以上时可引起血清和肝脏抗氧化酶活性降低,使机体抗氧化功能受损.     

枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜仔鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜仔鼠生长发育、器官指数、铜沉积量、血清生化和抗氧化指标的影响。试验选择108只自然交配5 d的清洁级SD大鼠,随机分为6个组,每组18个重复,每个重复1只大鼠。Ⅰ～Ⅲ组为硫酸铜组,饲粮总铜含量分别为1.5、3.0、6.0 mg/kg;Ⅳ～Ⅵ为枯草芽孢杆菌铜组,饲粮总铜含量分别为1. 5、3. 0、6. 0 mg/kg。试验期为35 d。结果表明:1)Ⅲ组体重显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅵ组体重、体长显著高于Ⅳ组(P 0.05),其他各组体重、体长、存活率差异不显著(P0.05)。2)各组之间心脏指数、肝脏指数、脾脏指数、肾脏指数、肺脏指数差异均不显著(P0.05)。3)Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大脑中铜沉积量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组肝脏中铜沉积量显著高于Ⅰ组(P 0.05)。Ⅵ组大脑中铜沉积量显著高于Ⅴ组(P 0.05),Ⅵ组肝脏中铜沉积量显著高于Ⅳ组(P 0.05)。Ⅳ组大脑中铜沉积量显著高于Ⅰ组(P 0.05)。4)Ⅲ组血清铜蓝蛋白(CP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P 0.05或P0.01),Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清CP活性显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅳ、Ⅴ组血清CP活性分别显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P0.05)。Ⅲ组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅵ组血清ALT活性显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组血清ALT活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。5)Ⅲ组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P 0.05),Ⅲ组血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅵ组血清CuZn-SOD活性显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05)。由此可见,适量枯草芽孢杆菌铜对先天性缺铜仔鼠生长发育和抗氧化能力具有快速修复作用,其作用效果优于硫酸铜。     

饲粮维生素A添加水平对育成期雄性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮维生素A添加水平对育成期雄性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选择90只健康雄性蓝狐,随机分成6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮以干物质基础的维生素A添加水平分别为0(Ⅰ组)、5 000(Ⅱ组)、10 000(Ⅲ组)、15 000(Ⅳ组)、20 000(Ⅴ组)和25 000 IU/kg(Ⅵ组)。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐干物质采食量、干物质排出量、干物质消化率和蛋白质消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅲ组脂肪消化率显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P0.05)。3)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐食入氮、粪氮、尿氮、氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅴ组血清尿素氮含量显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ组(P0.05)。4)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐血清维生素D含量和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅵ组血清维生素A含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),Ⅱ组血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清低密度脂蛋白含量显著低于Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清高密度脂蛋白含量显著高于Ⅵ组(P0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05),显著低于Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P0.05);Ⅰ组血清总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅵ组(P0.05),显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,饲粮添加5 000 IU/kg以上的维生素A对育成期蓝狐生长性能无显著影响,饲粮添加10 000 IU/kg维生素A显著提高了脂肪消化率。饲粮维生素A添加水平对育成期蓝狐血清生化指标有一定的影响。     

锰对1~4周龄五龙鹅血清脂类代谢、抗氧化指标及器官组织中锰沉积量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同锰水平对1~4周龄五龙鹅血清脂类代谢、抗氧化指标及器官组织中锰沉积量的影响,以确定鹅饲粮中锰适宜添加水平。试验选用1日龄体重相近的五龙鹅360只,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅(公母各占1/2)。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮(锰含量为20 mg/kg),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加30(Ⅱ组)、60(Ⅲ组)、90(Ⅳ组)、120(Ⅴ组)和150 mg/kg锰的试验饲粮(Ⅵ组)。试验期4周。结果表明:1)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。各组血清碱性磷酸酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。2)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅴ组血清丙二醛含量极显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.01),Ⅳ、Ⅵ组显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.05)。3)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清、心脏、肝脏和胰脏中锰沉积量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清、心脏和肝脏中锰沉积量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加锰能提高五龙鹅血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量,增强机体抗氧化能力,增加器官组织中锰沉积量。建议鹅饲粮中锰适宜添加水平为90~120 mg/kg。     

日粮有机螯合锰添加水平对妊娠期水貂营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮有机螯合锰添加水平对妊娠期水貂营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,选取150只健康成年雌性水貂,根据随机区组法分成5组,每组设30个重复,每个重复1只水貂。基础日粮中各组锰添加水平分别为0(Ⅰ组)、15(Ⅱ组)、50(Ⅲ组)、100(Ⅳ组)和500 mg/kg(Ⅴ组),锰以有机螯合锰形式添加。结果表明,妊娠期水貂的基础日粮中添加有机螯合锰水平为50 mg/kg时干物质表观消化率、蛋白质表观消化率最高,添加100 mg/kg时脂肪表观消化率达到最高;日粮有机螯合锰添加水平在100 mg/kg时对妊娠期水貂氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值均最高,与0、500 mg/kg组相比差异显著(P＜0.05)。因此,在妊娠期水貂基础日粮中添加有机螯合锰的适宜范围为50~100 mg/kg。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.