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1.
Sadanobu Katoh Tohru Furukawa Akinori Mizuguchi Takeshi Furuno 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(5):466-469
Variations in the compositions of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes in needle samples from 99 sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and 100 kuromatsu (Pinus thunbergii) trees were investigated using a headspace technique. Considerable variations in the proportions of monoterpenes were revealed
in both species. In sugi, the proportions of sabinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 8.8% to 73.3% and from 14.5% to 73.3%, respectively, showed enormous variations
among nine monoterpenes. The proportions of 3-carene and limonene, ranging from 0.1% to 29.5% and from 0.2% to 20.4%, respectively,
also showed very specific variations. In kuromatsu, the proportions of β-pinene and α-pinene in the total LBP monoterpenes, ranging from 26.5% to 66.3% and from 18.7% to 46.9%, respectively, showed considerable
variations among ten monoterpenes. The proportions of myrcene and 1,8-cineole, ranging from 0.9% to 18.5% and from 0.8% to
12.3%, respectively, also showed specific variations.
Part of this article was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April, 2000, and
the 13th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Okayama, September 2001 相似文献
2.
Antonio D. del Campo Rafael M. Navarro Cerrillo Javier Hermoso Antonio J. Ibáñez 《Annals of Forest Science》2007,64(7):719-731
The influence of site and stock quality factors in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) plantation establishment has been studied. Five stocklots with a contrasting seedling quality were planted on six different sites showing different ecologic conditions in a same regional context. This reciprocal study indicated that site factors (climate, meteorology and soil) explained most of the variability found over stock quality factors (material and performance attributes) in the overall performance results (F values for final survival were 64.2 and 14.1 for site and stocklot, respectively). There were significant interactions between both factors in survival (F = 2.03 for final survival) and first growth, indicating that the seedling quality attributes associated with a better performance depended on site conditions, with physiological attributes being more dependent on the site than morphological attributes. The lower the site quality (poor performance), the higher the importance of stock quality, especially that related with seedling size and macronutrient content, which showed positive correlations (p < 0.05) with survival, yielding differences of over 30% between stocklots. In general, a milder climate and a shallow site meant a higher mortality. The meteorology during the two years after planting confirmed this trend as survival was preferably correlated with temperature variables instead of with precipitation. In the first year, climate factors affected seedling performance more than the soil texture, whereas, in the second, growth was correlated (p < 0.01) with clay and silt percentages, confirming a predominant effect of site over time. Soil depth is discussed as a basic variable possessing a determinant influence on the overall results. 相似文献
3.
This study defined the field performance potential for 34 genotypes that composed a somatic seedlot of interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm.) crosses, white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) crosses, or a mixture. Each genotype was measured for morphological attributes: height, diameter, shoot dry
weight, root dry weight, shoot-to-root ratio, height-to-diameter ratio at time of lifting. Each genotype was also measured
for physiological attributes of cuticular transpiration (TFDcut), osmotic potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp) and freezing tolerance (index of injury at −6°C and −4°C; II@−6 & II@−4) during inactive and active shoot growth phases. Shoot growth potential (SGP = length of new leader elongation) and root
growth potential (RGP) were conducted under four environmental regimes: nutrient-rich/well-watered, nutrient-poor/well-watered,
low root temperature, and planting stress conditions. The somatic seedlot met target height, diameter and RGP standards for
a plantable seedling crop in British Columbia, Canada, though genotypes differed in morphology at time of lifting. These genotypes
also differed in their measured physiological attributes (TFDcut, Ψtlp, II@−6 and II@−4) at time of lifting and during active shoot growth. Genotypic differences were also found for SGP and RGP under different
testing environments. A stock quality assessment program describing elite genotypes within a seedlot can aid foresters in
applying benefits of clonal forestry.
Raymund S. Folk is now self employed. 相似文献
4.
5.
Key message
We conducted spatiotemporal analyses of urban vegetation structural attributes using multitemporal Landsat TM data and field measurements. We showed that multitemporal TM data has the potential of rapidly estimating urban vegetation structural attributes including LAI, CC , and BA at an urban landscape level.Context
Urban vegetation structural properties/attributes are closely linked to their ecological functions and thus directly affect urban ecosystem process such as energy, water, and gas exchange. Understanding spatiotemporal dynamics of urban vegetation structures is important for sustaining urban ecosystem service and improving the urban environment.Aims
The purposes of this study were to evaluate the potential of estimating urban vegetation structural attributes from multitemporal Landsat TM imagery and to analyze spatiotemporal changes of the urban structural attributes.Methods
We first collected three scenes of TM images acquired in 1997, 2004, and 2010 and conducted a field survey to collect urban vegetation structural data (including crown closure (CC), tree height (H), leaf area index (LAI), basal area (BA), stem density (SD), diameter at breast height (DBH), etc.). We then calculated and normalized NDVI maps from the multitemporal TM images. Finally, spatiotemporal urban vegetation structural maps were created using NDVI-based urban vegetation structure predictive models.Results
The results show that NDVI can be used as a predictor for some selected urban vegetation structural attributes (i.e., CC, LAI, and BA), but not for the other attributes (i.e., H, SD, and DBH) that are well predicted by NDVI in natural vegetation. The results also indicate that urban vegetation structural attributes (i.e., CC, LAI, and BA) in the study area decreased sharply from 1997 to 2004 but increased slightly from 2004 to 2010. The CC, LAI, and BA class distributions were all skewed toward low values in 1997 and 2004. Moreover, LAI, CC, and BA of urban vegetation all present a decreasing trend from suburban areas to urban central areas.Conclusion
The experimental results demonstrate that Landsat TM imagery could provide a fast and cost-effective method to obtain a spatiotemporal 30-m resolution urban vegetation structural dataset (including CC, LAI, and BA).6.
Sven Buchholz Peter Neumann Katharina Merkel H. Randall Hepburn 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(4):251-254
Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida Murray, are parasites and scavengers of honeybee colonies, Apis mellifera L., and have become an invasive species that can cause considerable damage in its new distribution areas. An effective subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (=Bt) would provide an alternative to chemical control of this pest. Therefore, we tested three different Bt strains [B. thuringiensis, var. aizawai (B401®), B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Novodor®) and B. thuringiensis var. San Diego tenebrionis (Jackpot®)] and Perizin® (3.2% coumaphos), each applied on combs with a pollen diet fed to pairs of adult beetles. This evaluates the products for the suppression of successful small hive beetle reproduction. While none of the tested Bt strains showed a significant effect on the number of produced wandering larvae, we could confirm the efficacy of coumaphos for the control of small hive beetles. We further show that it is also efficient when applied with a lower concentration as a liquid on the combs. We suggest the continued search for efficient Bt strains naturally infesting small hive beetles in its endemic and new ranges, which may become a part of the integrated management of this pest. 相似文献
7.
Chen-Wei Chiu Tomonori Kume Hikaru Komatsu Han Tseng Tsong-Huei Wey Kyoichi Otsuki 《Journal of Forest Research》2016,21(4):151-160
Stand transpiration (E) estimated using the sap flux methods is affected by the azimuthal, radial, and tree-to-tree variations of sap flux. Although several studies have examined the relative importance of the three variations in estimating E, the seasonality of the three variations remains unknown. In the current study, we attempted to clarify whether the relative importance of these three variations could show seasonal changes. Using sap flux data measured in a subtropical cloud forest from August 2010 to July 2011, we calculated the differences resulting from omitting the three variations in estimating E. The effects of the three variations in estimating E showed seasonality. The azimuthal and tree-to-tree variations were more pronounced during winter, whereas the radial variation was more pronounced during summer. However, the effect of tree-to-tree variation was consistently much larger than the other two variations throughout the study period. The tree-to-tree variation is more important in estimating E monthly, seasonally and annually than both the azimuthal and radial variations, although all three variations have shown seasonality. In addition, the sensor allocation for summer would be acceptable for the practical estimation of E if aiming at the long time scale. 相似文献
8.
Wei-Xing Zhu 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(3):675-682
Human activities have fundamentally changed global nitrogen (N) cycling, leading to elevated N deposition in most parts of the world. The fate of deposited N, whether being retained to sustain plant growth or causing ecosystem N saturation, is critical to the global carbon (C) cycling and local environment. In a short-term laboratory experiment, we used 15N-labeled NH4+ and NO3− to study the fate of N inputs in forest soils and what regulates N retention. Soils with a wide range of organic matter content and other attributes were collected from a 70-year-old plantation containing monotypic stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies), red pine (Pinus resinosa), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and red oak (Quercus rubra), and separated into 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm layers. Nitrogen added to the soil was either immediately extracted (Time 0: T0) with K2SO4 solution, or incubated for 7 d (T7) and then extracted. Retention of 15N into the non-extractable soil pool at T0 was limited; but after the 7-d incubation, between 20 and 70% of the 15NH4+ was retained. Nitrification transformed on average 50% of the 15NH4+ into 15NO3− during the incubation while retention of 15NO3− at T7 remained low (7.40 ± 1.08%). Retention of 15NH4+ into non-extractable soil at T7 was positively correlated to the percentage of soil organic matter (SOM) (r2 = 0.323, P < 0.001), and was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the high-SOM 0-5 cm layer than in the low-SOM 5-15 cm layer. Conversion of 15NH4+ to 15NO3− during incubation significantly reduced the 15NH4+ retention (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that the variations of SOM and other soil attributes play strong roles in the retention of newly deposited inorganic N and could affect forest ecosystem responses to chronic N deposition. 相似文献
9.
Aaron R. Weiskittel Robert S. Seymour Philip V. Hofmeyer John A. Kershaw Jr. 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
Quantitative models of crown structure have been developed for several conifer species, but these studies have rarely simultaneously fit the models across multiple species. This study used extensive crown structure data for the five primary conifer species in Maine to test for species differences in maximum branch diameter profile, branch density, and relative branch diameter distribution. The species included balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill], northern white-cedar [Thuja occidentalis (L.)], eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.], eastern white pine [Pinus strobus (L.)], and red spruce [Picea rubens (Sarg.)]. After accounting for key covariates, significant species differences were found in all crown structural attributes examined in this study. Profiles for the mean tree indicated that northern white-cedar had the smallest maximum branch diameters throughout the crown and white pine had the largest, except near the base of the crown where the species switched in rank. The density of live branches in a crown had the widest range of variation of the examined crown structural attributes. Red spruce had a significantly higher density of primary branches than the other conifers, particularly in the upper crown. The relative branch diameter distribution indicated that balsam fir had a distribution more skewed towards larger relative branch sizes, while eastern hemlock and red spruce had distributions shifted towards smaller relative branches. This study highlights the range of variability in key crown structural attributes due to inherent species differences, but indicates that models fit across multiple species can perform quite well as the amount of explained variation was relatively high. 相似文献
10.
Alkaloids comprise one of the largest groups of plant secondary metabolites including vinca alkaloids. The ability of six alkaloids from Veratrum lobelianum, one from Veratrum nigrum and three from Peganum nigellastrum to modify transport activity of MDR1 was studied. Flow-cytometry in a multidrug-resistant human MDR1-gene-transfected mouse lymphoma cells (L5178Y) was applied. The inhibition of multidrug resistance was investigated by measuring the accumulation of rhodamine-123 in cancer cells.Veralosinine and veranigrine were the most effective resistance modifiers. In a checkerboard method veralosinine and veranigrine enhanced the antiproliferative effects of doxorubicin on MDR cells in combination. The structure-activity relationships were discussed. 相似文献
11.
Jincai Lu Beibei Xu Song Gao Li Fan Hongfen Zhang Runxiang Liu Hiroyuki Kodama 《Fitoterapia》2009,80(6):345-348
Two new 27-hydroxy-oleanolic acid type triterpenoid saponins, raddeanoside 20 (1) and raddeanoside 21(2) were isolated from the rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel. The structures of the two compounds were elucidated as 27-hydroxy-oleanolic acid 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2) [β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→4)]-α-l-arabinopyranoside (1) and 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-27-hydroxy-oleanolic acid 28-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (2) on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. 相似文献
12.
Key message
Measuring between-tree variations in sap flux density rather than azimuthal variations should be prioritized for reliable stand transpiration estimates based on sap flux methods.Context
Stand transpiration (E) estimated using sap flux methods includes uncertainty induced by azimuthal variations and between-tree variations in sap flux density (F).Aims
This study examines whether or not measuring F for two or more azimuthal directions to cover azimuthal variations in F leads to more reliable E estimates. This examination was done under the assumption that azimuthal and between-tree variations in F are not systematic and when a limited number of sensors are available.Methods
We first non-dimensionalized the theoretical framework established by a previous study and developed a general hypothesis. We then validated the hypothesis quantitatively by numerical experiments.Results
The non-dimensionalized theory allowed us to hypothesize that measuring F for one azimuthal direction would reduce uncertainty in E estimates more effectively than measuring F for two or more azimuthal directions. Results of the numerical experiments were found to support this hypothesis.Conclusion
When the aforementioned assumptions are satisfied, allocating sensors to measure F for one azimuthal direction to cover between-tree variations in F always leads to more reliable E estimates.13.
A new isocoumarin, 7-hydroxyl-4-methyl isocoumarine (1), together with three known monoterpenes, (3R, 4R, 6S)-3, 6-dihydroxy-1-menthene (2), (+)-(1R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-6-hydroxymenthol (3) and 4-isopropyl-1-methylcyclohex-2-ene-1, 6-diol (4), was isolated from the methanol extract of Brickellia rosmarinifolia. The structures were determined by spectroscopic means. Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed antifungal activities against Colletotrichum musae and Peronophythora litchii in vitro. 相似文献
14.
Two new α-pinene derivatives (1-2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Angelica sinensis. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods to be 6β,9-dihydroxy-(+)-α-pinene (1) and 9-hydroxy-(+)-α-pinene-6β-O-D-glucoside (2). In the anticoagulative assay, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak antithrombin activity and strong antiplatelet aggregation activity in vitro. 相似文献
15.
Blaise Ratcliffe Foster J. Hart Jaroslav Klápště Barry Jaquish Shawn D. Mansfield Yousry A. El-Kassaby 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(3):415-424
Context
Wood quality traits are important to balance the negative decline of wood quality associated with selection for growth attributes in gymnosperm breeding programs. Obtaining wood quality estimates quickly is crucial for successful incorporation in breeding programs.Aims
The aims of this paper are to: (1) Estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth and wood quality attributes, (2) Estimate heritability of the studied traits, and (3) Assess the accuracy of in situ non-destructive tools as a representative of actual wood density.Methods
Wood density (X-ray densitometry), tree height, diameter, volume, resistance drilling, acoustic velocity, and dynamic modulus of elasticity were estimated, along with their genetic parameters, for 1,200, 20-year-old trees from 25 open-pollinated families.Results
Individual tree level heritabilities for non-destructive evaluation attributes were moderate ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.37-0.42 $ ), wood density and growth traits were lower ( $ {\widehat{h}}_i^2=0.23-0.35 $ ). Favorable genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits, wood density, and non-destructive evaluation traits were observed. A perfect genetic correlation was found between resistance drilling and wood density (r G ?=?1.00?±?0.07), while acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity showed weaker genetic correlations with wood density (r G ?=?0.25?±?0.24;?0.46?±?0.21, respectively).Conclusion
This study confirmed that resistance drilling is a reliable predictor of wood density in western larch, while the weak genetic correlations displayed by acoustic velocity and dynamic modulus of elasticity suggest limited dependability for their use as fast in situ wood density assessment methods in this species. 相似文献16.
Karen A. Kainer Lúcia H.O. Wadt Christina L. Staudhammer 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007,250(3):244-255
Brazil nut is widely recognized as the cornerstone of the Amazonian extractive economy. Tight linkages between Brazil nut production, regional income, and intact mature forests have thrust this species into focus as a key component of Amazonian conservation and income generation strategies. Nonetheless, a comprehensive synthesis of factors explaining Brazil nut fruit production variation is lacking. We aimed to address this knowledge gap, asking: (1) What are the rates and annual variation of Bertholletia excelsa fruit production at individual and population levels? (2) What factors explain B. excelsa production variation, focusing on spatial and temporal variables, diameter at breast height (dbh), crown attributes, liana loads, and soil attributes? and (3) Does liana cutting affect fruit production? 相似文献
17.
Zhizhou He Anjiang Zhang Lisheng Ding Xinxiang Lei Jianzhang Sun Lixue Zhang 《Fitoterapia》2010,81(8):1125-1128
A new sterol, 24-R-stigmasta-4,25-diene-3β,6β-diol (1), along with three known compounds (2–3), was isolated from the green alga Codium divaricatum Holmes, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is efficacious against cancer. All structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparison with related known compounds. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography allowed us to confirm the structure of 1. To our knowledge, the compound 1 is reported as the first from natural source, and compounds 2, 4 have not been isolated from green algae before. 相似文献
18.
Olga Alvarez Colom Isabel Barrachina Ildefonso Ayala Mingol M. Carmen Gonzalez Mas Pilar Moya Sanz Adriana Neske Alicia Bardon 《Journal of pest science》2008,81(2):85-89
From an Argentine collection of Annona cherimolia and a Bolivian collection of Annona montana (Annonaceae), the acetogenins, squamocin, molvizarin, itrabin, almuñequin, cherimolin-1, annonacin, annonacin-A, densicomacin-1, cis-annonacin-10-one and murihexocin-A, were obtained to study their toxicity against the cotton pest Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Topical ventral application of O. fasciatus nymphs with solutions of the mentioned acetogenins produced acute and delayed mortality. 相似文献
19.
Two new ent-kaurene diterpenoids, 15α-acetoxyl-6,11α-epoxy-6α-hydroxy-20-oxo-6,7-seco-ent-kaur-16-en-1,7-olide (1), 15α-hydroxy-20-oxo-6,7-seco-ent-kaur-16-en-1,7α(6,11α)-diolide (2), together with ten known compounds (5-14) were isolated from the leaves of Isodon rubescens. Their structures were elucidated mainly by various spectroscopic techniques and finally confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1, 2, 8 and 12 were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against EC-1, U87, A549, MCF-7 and Hela cell lines. 相似文献
20.
Yu-Mei Zhang Run-Ting Yin Rui-Rui Jia En-Hu Yang Han-Mei Xu Ning-Hua Tan 《Fitoterapia》2010,81(8):1202-1204
A new abietane diterpene, glypensin A (1) and four known compounds, 12-acetoxy-ent-labda-8(17), 13E-dien-15-oic acid (2), quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside (3), quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (4), β-sitosterol (5) were isolated from the branches and leaves of Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staut.) Koch. Their structures were determined by MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR means. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 (IC50 = 21.2 μM). 相似文献