Comparative life history characteristics of the mite predator Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on mite and pollen diets

The food diversification strategy that can offer suitable nutrients as a diet for the natural enemies may possibly help to decrease pest populations by boosting the efficiency of predators. Therefore, my objective was to evaluate the effects of plant and animal diets on biological parameters of the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). This predator that is a natural enemy of mites was reared on plant pollens (maize (Zea mays L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), offered alone, and in combination with the prey mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Results showed that N. cucumeris fed, developed and reproduced better when it was provided with plant and animal diets together, compared to pollens offered alone. The predator showed the most efficient capability for completion of life parameters (development, survival, fecundity, oviposition, longevity and instantaneous rate of increase) with maize and mungbean ingested pollens in combination with T. putrescentiae. The least competency was observed on cucumber and rose pollens used separately. The lowest developmental time of the predator from neonate larva to adult emergence, the highest immature survivorship, higher fecundity, long oviposition period, and the highest adult female's life span were observed when offered maize pollens along with T. putrescentiae compared to other treatments. Accordingly, the instantaneous rate of population increase (r_i) day^?1 was surpassed by N. cucumeris for the combination of pollen and T. putrescentiae diets than pollens utilized alone. It is determined that N. cucumeris can reproduce and develop more successfully on a food complex consisting of pollen and animal diets than any single diet. These findings reveal that pollen can be used by N. cucumeris as a suitable alternative food in periods when prey in the field is sparse or absent. Moreover, such propensity of predators to feed on food from plant origin increases their survival during periods when prey is locally scarce, but natural enemies might occur at the expense of an ability to utilize food as efficiently as specialized predators to boost the management strategies of pest species in field's ecosystem.     

Targeting Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults with low‐volume applications of insecticides alone and in combination with sex pheromone

BACKGROUND: Studies surveyed the toxicity of several insecticides against adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and examined the field effectiveness of applying low‐volume (12 L ha^?1) sprays alone or in combination with a microencapsulated (MEC) sex pheromone formulation. RESULTS: Neonicotinyls, organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids significantly reduced fecundity at concentrations nearly 100‐fold lower than their maximum labeled field rate. Field studies in 2005 demonstrated that six applications of esfenvalerate resulted in > 90% reduction in fruit injury versus the untreated check. The addition of the MEC pheromone formulation did not further improve control. Five sprays of esfenvalerate, phosmet and acetamiprid all significantly reduced levels of fruit injury compared with the untreated control in 2006. Esfenvalerate and acetamiprid mixed with the MEC pheromone significantly reduced fruit injury compared with the MEC‐only treatment. Significant increases in pest and decreases in predator mite densities occurred in plots treated with esfenvalerate in both years. Low‐volume sprays of phosmet and acetamiprid did not disrupt mites. CONCLUSION: Low‐volume insecticide sprays can effectively manage codling moth and are less disruptive of integrated mite management. Developing an effective ‘attract and kill’ technology with this approach will require optimization of the attractant(s) to maximize moth exposure to insecticide residues. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生态因素与钝绥螨种群数量关系及应用于防治桔全爪螨的研究

在柑桔园种植一种菊科杂草——藿香蓟覆盖地面,对桔全爪螨的重要天敌纽氏钝绥螨有明显的助长作用。柑园覆盖藿香蓟后,在夏季高温季节,可使柑桔树冠外围温度从40～45℃降至35℃以下,相对湿度增加;藿香蓟的花粉可供作钝绥螨的食料。这种小生境的改善,有利于钝绥螨种群的稳定和增长。藿香蓟草丛中的生态条件适合钝绥螨的生存繁殖,钝绥螨在藿香蓟叶片上的密度,常比在柑桔叶片上为高。在需要使用化学农药防治其他害虫或病害而引致柑桔树上的钝绥螨数量明显减少时,藿香蓟上的钝绥螨是一个重要的补充源泉。藿香蓟的生长抑制了其他杂草,大大减少用于除草的劳动力。藿香蓟可作绿肥,根系较浅,无明显与柑桔争肥现象。经多年试验,证明上述方法防治桔全爪螨的效果良好,目前这种措施已在广东省的一些柑桔产区应用。对柑桔害虫的综合防治,可利用钝绥螨防治桔全爪螨,对其他重要害虫如桔锈螨、柑桔潜叶蛾和柑桔木虱可通过采取选择性农药防治或农业技术防治而加以控制。     

Orthoptera as intermediate hosts of Staphylocystis furcata (Stieda, 1862) (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)

Cysticercoids of Staphylocystis furcata (Stieda, 1962), the adults of which parasitize the shrews (Soricidae), were found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities of orthopterous insects (Orthoptera, Acridioidea) belonging to five species: Chorthippus apricarius (L.), Chorthippus paralellus (Zett.), Omocestus viridulus (L.), Chrysochraon brachypterus (Ocsk.), and Chrysochraon dispar (Germ.). The cysticercoids are described and their incidence in both sexes of the examined intermediate hosts is compared.     

苹果斯氏刺瘿螨发生与危害调查

斯氏刺瘿螨是四川省苹果上新发现的一种危害苹果叶片的害螨，以雌成螨在苹果芽的芽腋两侧越冬，翌年苹果芽萌动时开始出蛰。全年以５月中旬至６月中旬发生数量最多。气候温暖、低湿、少雨发生重，相反则轻。在调查的８个品种中，叶片多茸毛的品种受害重。天敌主要为捕食螨     

柑橘全爪螨种群空间格局的地学统计学分析(英文)

应用地学统计学方法分析了柑橘园主要害螨柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)种群的空间格局及其动态。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨种群具有空间相关性,变程介于1.10 ～21.0 m,其半变异函数主要符合高斯模型,表现为聚集分布,其中3月、8月和9月的聚集强度较大;种群空间格局动态显示,4月、10月为该种群的两个发生高峰期,柑橘全爪螨种群数量快速上升扩散。地学统计学方法能够应用于柑橘全爪螨种群的空间格局分析,并有助于对该害螨进行发生预测与控制处理。     

助迁、保护捕食性天敌控制桔全爪螨

报道了生防园和常规化学防治园中桔全爪螨及其主要天敌的种群数量动态。在春季助迁尼氏钝绥螨补充自然天敌数量的不足，结合其他天敌的作用，使试验期间生防园中桔全爪螨种群数量得到控制。而在常规化学防治园中，桔全爪螨密度大大高于生防园     

Effects of residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on the feeding behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Koch)

The effects of synthetic pyrethroids on the feeding behaviour of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were studied using a modified leaf disc technique. Four different concentrations of the pyrethroids fenvalerate and permethrin and of the organophosphorous insecticide phosmet were sprayed on to Henderson lima bean plants in the laboratory. A water spray was used as a control. Leaf discs were taken from each treatment, including the control, at 2h, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after treatment. One mite was placed on each disc, allowed to acclimatise and then observed for 1 h. Experiments were conducted under laboratory light at 25 (±1.5)°C and 30 (±2)% r.h. Mites on untreated and phosmet-treated discs spent an average 70–95% of the time feeding; mite behaviour appeared to be unaffected by phosmet. In contrast, mites often spent only 5–40% of the time feeding on discs treated with fenvalerate or with the higher rates of permethrin. In response to pyrethroid residues mites exhibited hyperactivity, longer search periods and reduced feeding, reduced oviposition and a preference for areas with lower residues. These changes in mite behaviour may partially explain mite outbreaks in the field on apple trees following treatment with pyrethroids.     

Multiresistentie van de bonespintmijt (Tetranychus urticae) in Aalsmeer

Samenvatting Een populatie van kasspint (T. urticae Auct.), die werd verzameld in een rozekas, werd onder laboratoriumcondities gekweekt en onderzocht op gevoeligheid voor kelthane. Het bleek, dat deze populatie resistent was tegen dit middel. Deze resistentie heeft zich binnen de tijd van twee jaar ontwikkeld. In deze twee jaar is van de groep van gechloreerde koolwaterstoffen kelthane slechts in hoogstens tien bespuitingen toegepast. Dat deze resistentie een cross-resistance is, wordt waarschijnlijk gemaakt door het feit dat ook voor chloorbenzilaat resistentie was opgetreden.Summary A spider mite population from an Aalsmeer rose-house was cultivated under laboratory conditions and its susceptibility to kelthane examined. It was found to be resistant to kelthane (figs. 1 and 2) and as it was also resistant to chlorobenzilate it must be assumed that this is a case of cross-resistance to the group of chlorinated hydrocarbons. This resistance developed within two years and after no more than ten applications. As the population was resistant to organophosphorous compounds, also, this is the first case of multi-resistance at Aalsmeer.     

辣椒品种营养组成和绒毛特征与抗侧多食跗线螨的关系

利用螨量比值法,研究11个辣椒品种叶片茸毛密度和长度、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和游离氨基酸含量与抗侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Bank)的关系,以期阐明辣椒品种对侧多食跗线螨的抗性机制.结果显示,螨量比值与辣椒品种叶片绒毛密度、单位面积叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.8455、-0.8851和-0.6712;与游离丝氨酸含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.829;与游离氨基酸总量和可溶性蛋白质含量无显著相关性.研究表明,辣椒品种对侧多食跗线螨的抗性与叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离丝氨酸含量及叶片绒毛密度有关.     

Tyrophagus longior (Gervais) (Acarina; Acaridae) as a pest of ornamentals grown under protection

Two cases of severe damage by Tyrophagus longior to protected ornamentals were recorded in England in 1988. The symptoms, which included distortion and death of growing points and holing of young leaves, were seen on Verbena, Lavatera and Delphinium ajacis (larkspur). No organic matter such as straw or manure was associated with either infestation. A high-volume spray of dichlorvos gave good control of the mite at one site.     

西方盲走螨防治苹果树叶螨的研究

通过室内个体饲养观察,明确西方盲走螨捕食山楂叶螨和李始叶螨生长发育情况良好。1983～1985年,兰州田间试验表明:5月下旬到6月中旬,根据苹果树的不同树龄和叶螨的虫口基数,以1:36～64的益、害比,每株释放西方盲走螨雌成螨350～2,750头,经过45～60天,释放树上山楂叶螨和李始叶螨的种群数量发展缓慢,渐趋衰亡,达到完全控制。释放西方盲走螨不仅当年控制李始叶螨为害,可减少用药3～4次;其效果可持续两年。     

象虫金小蜂中国新记录

本文首次报道了象虫金小蜂在中国的分布,并用图文简要地描述其特征。该蜂是四纹豆象、米象、谷象、玉米象、烟草甲和药材甲等重要贮藏物害虫的天敌。     

长豇豆疫病的初步研究

 广州地区长豇豆普遍出现的"死藤"除了镰刀菌枯萎病外,疫病也是重要的病原。疫病病原菌经鉴定为Phytophthora vignae Purss。这一发现,对长豇豆抗枯萎病的育种工作具有重要的意义。Phytophthora vignae人工接种只危害豇豆属各个品种,但刺伤接种能侵染菜豆荚、茄子果实、马铃薯块茎;不能侵染大豆、绿豆、赤豆、豌豆、蚕豆、黄瓜、辣椒。在高菌量接种条件下,所参试的8个品种均不抗病,以"抗病二号"较好。盆栽药效试验以90%乙磷铝300倍液效果较好。喷药后即接种防效达90.81%。喷药3天后还有一定的效果,但接种24小时后再喷药,药效便可降低为51.33%。     

Relation of scarlet mite (Brevipalpus phoenicis) density in tea with injury and yield

The effects of scarlet mite infestation on symptom development and yield of tea were studied in the laboratory and the fields of the Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona, West Java, Indonesia. The relations of the mite density with the presence of a necrotic leaf base and with leaf duration were determined. A field trial over one year duration where the mite densities were diversified experimentally by spraying either dicofol or copper oxychloride did not show effects on yield with average densities up to 30 eggs and mites per leaf. This density is proposed as a preliminary minimum threshold for control.Samenvatting De symptoom-en schadeontwikkeling in thee als gevolg van aantasting door palmmijt (oranje mijt) werd onderzocht in het laboratorium en de theetuinen van het Proefstation voor Thee en Kina in West Java, Indonesië. Het verband tussen de mijtdichtheid, het optreden van een necrotische bladvoet, en de levensduur van het blad werd kwantitatief bepaald. Een veldproef waarin de mijtdichtheden experimenteel werden gespreid door bespuitingen met het acaricide dicofol en het fungicide koperoxychloride toonde over meer dan een jaar geen opbrengstverschillen aan tussen veldjes met gemiddelde dichtheden tussen 0 en 30 eieren en mijten per blad. Deze laatste dichtheid wordt daarom voorgesteld als voorlopige minimum bestrijdingsdrempel.     

Efficacy of spiromesifen on Aceria litchii (Keifer) in relation to Cephaleuros virescens Kunze colonization on leaves of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The phytophagous mite, Aceria litchii (Keifer), is one of the major pests of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Asia and Australia. By sucking on the...     

苹果全爪螨抗药性研究进展

苹果全爪螨是重要的蔷薇科果树害虫之一, 具有体型小、繁殖快、世代周期短等生物学特点。该螨以若螨和成螨取食苹果叶片和嫩芽, 影响果树生长发育, 造成果实品质和产量下降, 自20世纪60年代开始其在我国果园的发生逐年加重。国内外对苹果全爪螨的防治主要采用化学杀螨剂, 由于化学杀螨剂长期不规范的使用, 致使该螨对多种类型的化学杀螨剂产生了抗药性。本文总结了苹果全爪螨的发生、为害、抗药性现状及其抗性机理, 同时结合国内外苹果全爪螨抗药性和防治相关研究, 提出该螨抗药性治理策略, 以期为其防治提供参考。     

Biological control of Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation: a comparison between Hypoaspis miles and Steinernema feltiae

BACKGROUND: Mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (Lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. However, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system. RESULTS: Application of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese to commercial mushroom‐growing beds at the beginning of spawn run or just prior to casing (830 mites m^?2) significantly reduced immature sciarids, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), in the growing substrate and also adult activity towards the conclusion of cropping. A trend towards lower sciarid emergence from substrates and reduced adult sciarid activity was observed following the application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (1.5 × 10⁶ nematodes m^?2) at casing. No significant treatment effects on mushroom yield were observed. However, contamination of the mushroom crop by adult sciarids increased in untreated controls. Application of H. miles required a 12‐fold increase in labour when compared with application of S. feltiae. CONCLUSION: Contingent upon the development of an effective application system, H. miles has potential for the biological control of sciarids in commercial mushroom production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Life table of Delphastus catalinae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on cotton whitefly,Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) as prey

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Developmental time, longevity and fecundity of Delphastus catalinae (Horn), a predator of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), were evaluated under laboratory...     

Distribution and migration of insects and mites in flat storage containing wheat

Studies were conducted in a flat storeroom in central Greece, filled with approx. 90 tons of wheat, in order to evaluate insect and mite species abundance, and changes in population density and distribution among sampling units and locations. The surface of the grain bulk was divided into two sampling zones: the central and the peripheral (edge). At 10-day intervals, five wheat samples were taken from the central zone and eight from the peripheral zone, with a non-partitioned grain trier (1.6-m length, 250-g capacity). Fifteen insect species and 12 mite taxa were found during the sampling period, (June 1999–Feb. 2000). The most abundant insect species wereSitophilus oryzae (L.),Cryptolestes ferrugineux (Stephens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) andLatheticus oryzae Waterhouse; the most abundant mite species wereAcarus siro L.,Lepidoglyphus destructor (Shrank), and the predatorsBlattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) andB. keegani Fox. Grain temperature decreased during the storage period, more slowly in the central than peripheral zone; grain moisture content increased. The highest population densities for both insects and mites were recorded during September and October. The most numerous species of insects and mites showed an aggregated spatial pattern, as indicated by Iwao’s Patchiness Regression.