草地贪夜蛾对我国玉米产业的潜在经济损失评估

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,又称秋黏虫,起源于美洲。自2019年1月入侵我国云南以来,目前已扩散至我国25个省、市(区)。目前在我国发现的草地贪夜蛾主要为害玉米,本研究在收集了草地贪夜蛾的为害及防治情况,玉米的产量、面积、价格等相关数据的基础上,利用随机模型@RISK分别预测了其在防治与不防治场景下对我国玉米产业的潜在经济损失。结果表明,在不防治场景下,草地贪夜蛾对我国玉米的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为375.68亿～3 283.45亿元,投入防治后可挽回的潜在经济损失90%置信区间为254.78亿～2 918.93亿元。因此,为保护我国玉米种植业的安全生产,应加强田间防治来降低其对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失。     

四川省草地贪夜蛾发生为害特点

为探明草地贪夜蛾在四川的发生为害特点,利用田间调查数据对草地贪夜蛾在四川的发生分布范围、受害作物种类、幼虫种群动态和扩散过程进行了分析。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在四川除阿坝州外的20个市州都有发生,重发区域集中在川东和攀西地区;受害作物以玉米为主,甘蔗、高粱、小麦和油菜零星受害;在攀西地区和川东北地区观察到2个幼虫为害高峰,其余地区只有1个幼虫为害高峰;草地贪夜蛾在攀枝花市和凉山州局部地区为周年繁殖区,其在四川的扩散总体上呈现出由南向北、由东向西的过程。     

草地贪夜蛾对我国小麦产业造成的潜在经济损失评估

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda入侵是否会对我国小麦生产造成较大影响,通过从文献及国家统计局、中国粮油信息网收集草地贪夜蛾在我国的为害及防治相关数据与小麦的种植面积、产量及价格等相关数据的基础上,利用随机模型@RISK分别预测其在不防治场景与防治场景下对我国小麦产业造成的潜在经济损失。结果显示,如果在草地贪夜蛾入侵我国后不进行防治场景下,其对小麦生产造成的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为1 023.44亿～5 299.79亿元,此情景下草地贪夜蛾对小麦的为害率是影响我国小麦产业潜在经济损失最大的变量;而在草地贪夜蛾入侵后投入防治场景下,其对小麦生产造成的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为109.24亿～631.66亿元,单位面积防治成本是影响我国小麦产业潜在经济损失的关键输入变量;可挽回的经济损失总量的90%置信区间为779.07亿～4 903.97亿元,对其影响最大的变量是草地贪夜蛾对小麦的为害率。表明在草地贪夜蛾入侵我国的现实条件下,应积极增强对草地贪夜蛾的防控力度,以降低其对我国小麦产业造成的潜在经济损失。     

转cry1Ab基因玉米对粘虫的抗性评价

粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)是我国玉米上的重要害虫。转Bt基因玉米为防治粘虫提供了新的途径。从室内生测和田间抗性鉴定分别研究了转cry1Ab基因抗虫玉米YieldGard对粘虫的杀虫效果。用4~7叶期转cry1Ab基因玉米心叶室内饲养1~3龄粘虫幼虫3、7和10天的死亡率分别为39.0%~92.0%、96.0%~98.0%和97.0%~100%,第14天全部死亡,而对照的死亡率分别为3.0%~8.0%、6.0%~20.0%和11.0%~28.0%,差异极显著。取食转cry1Ab基因玉米的幼虫不能正常生长发育,存活10天的幼虫其体重仅为取食对照玉米的9.0%。田间玉米4~5叶期,分别接1~6龄粘虫幼虫于转cry1Ab基因和非转基因玉米心叶。转cry1Ab基因玉米上各龄期幼虫平均存活率仅为0.0~6.7%,极显著低于非转基因玉米的8.3%~80.0%。转cry1Ab基因玉米的危害级别0.1~0.7,显著小于非转基因玉米的2.1~7.3。结果说明转cry1Ab基因玉米YieldGard对粘虫各龄幼虫有很高的杀虫作用和田间控制效果,同时能有效保护玉米免受危害。     

草地贪夜蛾取食为害花生的研究

草地贪夜蛾已成为中国重大入侵农业害虫,明确其对主要农作物的取食为害风险是制定防控策略的基础。我们的室内研究结果表明,25℃下以花生叶片为食的草地贪夜蛾,其幼虫、蛹、幼虫到成虫的发育时间分别为19.33、10.86 d和43.75 d,幼虫的存活率、老熟幼虫化蛹率、蛹的存活率和羽化率分别为82.03%、99.44%、95.44%和91.44%。成虫产卵前期和产卵期分别为6.45 d和5.45 d,单雌平均产卵量为(637.04±27.45)粒,单雌最高产卵量为1289粒,卵的孵化率为81.86%,雌蛾交配率97.36%。取食花生叶片的草地贪夜蛾种群净增殖率(R 0)、平均世代周期(T)、内禀增长率(r m)、周限增长率(λ)、种群加倍时间(t)和总增殖率(GRR)分别为587.12、38.22 d、0.17 d-1、1.18 d-1、4.16 d和874.22。2019年6月-8月在云南省江城县调查了草地贪夜蛾对苗期和花期花生的为害情况,结果显示,幼虫主要取食花生的生长点和顶端幼嫩部位,受害株率分别为80.00%和62.00%。本研究表明花生是草地贪夜蛾的适宜寄主,生产上应加强花生田草地贪夜蛾的监测与防治工作。     

草地贪夜蛾对云南德宏玉米经济损失评估及防治措施调查

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda自2019年1月入侵我国云南以来,快速蔓延为害,严重威胁我国的玉米生产和粮食安全。本研究基于云南省德宏州351份玉米农户调查数据,利用以直接经济损失和防治费用为基础的经济损失评估模型,估算了2019年草地贪夜蛾对德宏州玉米生产造成的经济损失,并分析了农户实际采用的防治措施。结果表明,2019年草地贪夜蛾对德宏州玉米生产造成的经济损失约为1 399.29万元,其中,玉米产量变化造成的直接经济损失约为366.51万元,农户防治投入增加和政府宣传、培训和防治等费用支出约为1 032.78万元。本研究不但为了解草地贪夜蛾对我国不同地区作物生产造成的经济损失提供例证,也为因地制宜地制定草地贪夜蛾防治策略提供科学依据。     

草地贪夜蛾在云南德宏为害生姜初报

草地贪夜蛾于2019年1月入侵云南江城县,随后逐步向国内扩散传播,同时为害作物种类也陆续增多。1月份入侵德宏主要为害玉米,4月份为害甘蔗,至2019年9月11日,发现草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾幼虫混合发生为害生姜。本文介绍草地贪夜蛾幼虫的为害程度和生姜的受害症状。草地贪夜蛾为害株率及百株虫量分别为58.4%和42.2头,发生量比斜纹夜蛾高,形成田间相对优势种群。建议准确区分草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的田间为害情况,有效提供预测预报信息。     

玉米田草地贪夜蛾幼虫的空间分布型与抽样技术

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是一种世界性的重大农业害虫,已于2019年1月侵入中国云南省西部地区,对当地主要经济作物鲜食玉米的生产构成了严重威胁。我们调查了入侵成虫后代幼虫在鲜食玉米田的种群密度和为害情况,分析了幼虫种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾幼虫在玉米田呈聚集分布,聚集度随密度的增加而升高,环境是导致聚集分布的主要因素。基于空间分布型的分析结果,进一步研究提出了幼虫密度的理论抽样模型和基于幼虫密度防治指标的序贯抽样技术。本研究明确了草地贪夜蛾幼虫在玉米田的空间分布特征和抽样方法,为通过调查田间种群密度指导幼虫防治工作提供了技术支撑。     

Legume-based intercropping for the management of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda L. in maize

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), is an economically important invasive pest infesting maize. Habitat manipulation as a...     

Canker and die-back of Eucalyptus in South Africa caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea

Die-back and canker of several Eucalyptus species and clones were observed during a survey of the most important forestry areas of South Africa. Disease was often associated with extreme environmental conditions such as drought, hot winds and frost. Botryosphaeria dothidea , which is well known as a cause of canker and die-back of Eucalyptus in other countries, was consistently isolated from symptomatic trees. Artificial inoculations of Eucalyptus nitens resulted in lesion development, confirming the pathogenicity of 5. dothidea to Eucalyptus in South Africa. This is the first report of this disease in South Africa.     

Surveillance for Spodoptera frugiperda,fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Korea

The Animal and Plant Quarantine Service, South Korea, developed a specific plan for Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), the fall armyworm, in 2019 to implement the surveillance for early detection for this pest. The fall armyworm surveillance program involved seasonal monitoring of the pest with pheromone traps placed into fields of cereal crops at high-risk locations. In 2019, the trapping season ran from early spring to late autumn, with a total deployment of 140 traps. During the season, a total of 10 male adults were captured in these surveillance traps placed in South Korea and it has since been eradicated from these localities. Additionally, the fall armyworm was intercepted 12 times on asparagus from Peru and Thailand at South Korean ports of entry.     

草地贪夜蛾在云南德宏州甘蔗上的生物学习性及为害状观察

自草地贪夜蛾2019年1月入侵我国云南普洱、德宏和保山后,2019年4月17日在德宏州陇川县首次发现草地贪夜蛾为害甘蔗苗。田间调查结果表明,云南省甘蔗主栽区陇川县的5个乡镇均发生草地贪夜蛾为害,单作田被害株率为2.49%,幼虫数为0.07头/m~2。不同乡镇甘蔗苗的被害株率存在显著差异(F=2.918,P=0.042),但宿根蔗和新植蔗的被害株率无显著差异(F=3.551,P=0.072)。在盈江县甘蔗主栽区平原镇的3个村民小组均有草地贪夜蛾发生为害,甘蔗与玉米间作田甘蔗和玉米的被害株率分别是10.07%和60.11%,百株虫量分别是2.82头和23.97头,甘蔗和玉米的被害株率(t=3.221,P=0.032)和百株虫量(t=3.975,P=0.016)均存在显著性差异。甘蔗间作玉米田与甘蔗单作田相比,间作田甘蔗的被害株率显著高于单作田(t=4.728,P=0.0)。草地贪夜蛾田间发生世代重叠严重。幼虫主要取食蔗苗的叶片、生长点和茎基部,1～3龄幼虫潜藏在蔗苗心叶中取食叶肉,4～6龄幼虫白天喜潜藏于土壤表层蛀食蔗苗茎基部造成枯心苗,高龄幼虫还会咬断蔗苗生长点形成断苗,啃食蔗叶形成缺刻或孔洞。草地贪夜蛾的为害可影响甘蔗的正常生长并造成一定的产量损失。     

Induction of detoxifying enzymes by allelochemicals and host plants in the fall armyworm

The effect of various plant substances and host plants on the microsomal oxidases and glutathione S-transferase was investigated in the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)) maintained on a meridic diet. The glucosinolate, sinigrin, and the hydrolytic products of glucosinolates, β-phenylethylisothiocyanate, indole 3-acetonitrile, and indole 3-carbinol, and flavone were found to be potent inducers of the glutathione S-transferase in the armyworm. An 18-fold increase in the transferase activity was observed when larvae were fed a diet containing 0.2% indole 3-acetonitrile for 2 days. These compounds, with the exception of β-phenylethylisothiocyanate which appeared to be inhibitory, also stimulated the microsomal aldrin epoxidase significantly. In all instances, no induction of the microsomal oxidase or glutathione S-transferase was observed by the plant hormones, indole 3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid; the terpenoids, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and β-carotene; the polyphenolic gossypol; and the flavonol, quercetin; some of them were found to be inhibitory. Using corn, potato, and sweet potato as inducers of various microsomal oxidases, it was found that the inducing pattern of the N-demethylase was different from the two epoxidases and O-demethylase. Corn leaves were the most active compared with other aerial parts of corn (silks, developing corn, and husk) in inducing the microsomal oxidase. The microsomal oxidase in the younger larvae appeared to be less inducible by host plants than in the older larvae.     

Gummosis and wilt of Acacia mearnsii in South Africa caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata

A dieback of Acacia mearnsii trees was observed in the Mkomasi river valley, Natal Province, South Africa. A fungus, tentatively identified as Ceratocystis fimbriata , was consistently isolated from affected twigs and branches. Reinoculation of the pathogen resulted in the development of typical wilt and dieback of A. mearnsii seedlings and saplings and in a dieback of Protea cynaroides plants. This is the first report of this disease in South Africa.     

草地贪夜蛾对国产Bt玉米的抗性风险评估

为评估草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对国产Bt玉米的抗性风险,基于抗性风险分析模型对草地贪夜蛾在3种Bt玉米和2种庇护所条件下的抗性时间进行预测分析。结果显示,无论是采用种子混合庇护所还是结构化庇护所,草地贪夜蛾对Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米的抗性时间均远长于对Vip3Aa-玉米和Cry1Ab-玉米的抗性时间。在Bt与非Bt植株之间存在异花授粉和幼虫转移的条件下,采用种子混合庇护所的抗性时间较采用结构化庇护所的抗性时间大大缩短。以采用Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米和比例为0.20的庇护所为例,当异花授粉Bt显性度为0.5、幼虫转移概率为0.95时,采用结构化庇护所的抗性时间超过200代,而采用种子混合庇护所的抗性时间只有59代。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾对Cry1Ab-玉米的抗性风险远大于对Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米的抗性风险,而种子混合庇护所条件下的抗性风险远大于结构化庇护所条件下的抗性风险。     

中国不同地区草地贪夜蛾种群生物型分子特征分析

原产于美洲的草地贪夜蛾已入侵我国,对我国粮食生产安全构成重大威胁。在美洲,该虫的寄主类型、迁飞行为以及抗药性等方面因群体分化而存在较大差异。本研究利用2个分子标记对中国13省(市、自治区)131个县市的318份样品进行群体遗传特征比较,基于线粒体COⅠ基因分析结果显示96%以上为水稻型,玉米型比例不到4%,且中国样品COⅠ序列特征与美国佛罗里达州种群有很高的一致性,而基于核基因组Tpi基因分析结果表明所有样品单倍型特点均表现为玉米型。分析认为,入侵我国的草地贪夜蛾群体很可能来自一个水稻型母本和玉米型父本杂交群体的后代,在长期的演化扩散过程中,玉米型的核基因组占据了主导地位,从而成为一种特殊的玉米型。厘清入侵中国的草地贪夜蛾具体的遗传特征属性,对于风险评估、精准监测和科学防控具有重要指导意义。     

Tackling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) outbreak in Africa: an analysis of farmers’ control actions

Abstract

Since its emergence in Africa in 2016, fall armyworm (FAW) has spread rapidly and poses a severe threat to the food security and livelihood of millions of smallholder farmers in the continent. Using survey data from Ghana and Zambia, we examined FAW prevention and control methods implemented by farm households and their impacts on maize output and household consumption of self-produced maize. The main control methods used included pesticide application and handpicking of larvae, while access to information on FAW was a key driver behind the implementation of the control methods. Results from an endogenous switching regression showed that the implementation of a FAW management strategy significantly enhanced maize yield and households’ own maize consumption. When disentangling the impacts of the main control methods, we found that the combination of pesticide application and handpicking of larvae produced the highest yield gain of 125%. We concluded that the current interventions put in place by farmers to tackle FAW infestations are providing positive outcomes, but successful management of the pest will require more actions, including raising awareness to enhance the adoption of control interventions and exploring other control options.     

我国草地贪夜蛾的防控对策与建议

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是世界性重大农业害虫,该虫自2019年1月入侵我国云南省到5月下旬,在不到5个月的时间里就已经入侵了长江流域及其以南的15个省(市、自治区)。预计6月和7月将到达我国的玉米主产区黄淮海夏玉米区和北方春玉米区,受威胁玉米面积1 300多万hm 2,将严重威胁我国的玉米生产安全。我国玉米的种植布局随季节和纬度变化从南至北递次推移,时间和空间上互补,为草地贪夜蛾提供了丰富的食物资源,为其种群区域性迁移和周年繁殖为害提供了良好的自然条件。为做好草地贪夜蛾的防控工作,及时控制其为害,本文在总结国内外防控草地贪夜蛾经验教训的基础上,初步提出了我国草地贪夜蛾的防控对策。     

转Cry1Ab-ma基因玉米CM8101对草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫的抗性

为明确转Bt基因玉米对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的抗性,采用室内玉米离体组织生测法测定取食转Cry1Ab-ma基因抗虫玉米CM8101心叶、花丝和籽粒后草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫存活数量、存活幼虫的体重、蛹重、化蛹和羽化等参数,分析转Cry1Ab-ma基因抗虫玉米CM8101三种组织对草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫的抗性。结果显示,转Cry1Ab-ma基因玉米CM8101心叶可完全杀死草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,2龄幼虫有存活,存活率为10.0%,但不能化蛹与羽化;花丝可杀死大部分草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,存活率为3.3%,并阻断其生活史,但对2龄幼虫杀伤力弱,存活率为73.3%,存活幼虫化蛹率和羽化率分别为20.0%和13.3%;籽粒可完全杀死草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,2龄幼虫有存活,存活率为13.3%,有少量可化蛹,化蛹率为3.3%、有少量羽化,羽化率为3.3%。表明转Cry1Ab-ma基因玉米CM8101在短期内对草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫有良好的控制作用。