小麦持久抗条锈病品种Champlein的抗性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产中最重要的病害,培育抗病品种是防治条锈病最经济、有效、安全的措施。‘Cham-plein’引自法国,对条锈菌生理小种表现良好持久抗性。为了明确其抗性遗传特点,以感病品种‘铭贤169’与其杂交、自交和回交获得了F1、F2、F3和BC1代,人工接种小麦条锈菌生理小种CY32,在温室和田间对‘Champlein’进行遗传分析。结果表明:苗期‘Champlein’对CY32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;成株期‘Champlein’对CY32的抗病性由2对显性和1对隐性抗条锈病基因以互补方式控制;系谱分析表明基因可能来源于‘Vilmorin27’。     

云南白背飞虱不同种群对杀虫剂的抗药性及变化趋势

为了掌握云南不同稻区白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)种群对常用杀虫剂的抗药性及其发展趋势,2012-2015年,连续4年采用稻茎浸渍法在室内测定了滇西沧源、滇西南勐海和滇东师宗3个稻区田间白背飞虱对5种常用杀虫剂的抗药性。云南不同稻区田间白背飞虱对5种药剂的抗性水平总体在0.9~23.4倍,其中对毒死蜱的抗药性最高,除少数年份外,LC502 mg/L,抗性倍数10倍,抗药性达到了中等水平,年度间变化幅度较大;对噻嗪酮的抗药性呈下降趋势,滇西沧源和滇西南勐海种群对噻嗪酮的抗药性由2012年的中抗水平(11.0倍和23.4倍)下降到2015年的4.6倍和7.5倍;3个稻区种群4年对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数最高达7.2、6.5和5.5倍,总体表现为无抗或低水平抗性。由于噻嗪酮和毒死蜱在云南稻区的频繁和广泛使用,田间白背飞虱已对其产生抗药性,建议限制这两种杀虫剂的使用频率或与不同作用方式的药剂轮换使用,其余药剂可以有计划地选用。     

辣椒疫病抗性资源‘CM334’的抗性遗传分析

采用经典遗传分析方法,对来源于美国辣椒疫病抗性资源 ‘CM334’的疫病抗性遗传规律进行了研究。试验将‘CM334’与疫病高感自交系‘949’配制杂交组合,并构建杂交组合的6个世代（P1,P2,F1,F2,B1和B2）,用苗期伤根灌根接种法对其各世代群体植株进行抗性鉴定, 并进行χ2的适合性测验。结果表明: ‘CM334’的抗疫病性状遗传符合一对显性基因控制模式。     

抗、感大豆品种对尖镰孢根腐病菌侵染及毒素的反应

为了进一步明确大豆抗感品种对根腐尖镰孢的抗病机制,通过透射电镜和形态观察分析了尖镰孢(M38)侵染及产生的毒素对抗感大豆品种的影响。研究表明大豆幼苗胚根经粗毒素处理后,抗病品种‘东农56’幼苗胚根生长没有显著差别,但显著抑制了感病品种‘黑农53’胚根的伸长和侧根的生长;尖镰孢毒素高浓度和低浓度(V粗毒素∶V无菌水=1∶0和1∶15)对抗感品种的致萎能力无显著差异,高浓度处理平均萎蔫指数为100,低浓度处理为17.9~18.1左右;但中等浓度(V粗毒素∶V无菌水=1∶1,1∶5,1∶10)对于感病品种的致萎作用更大;同时,发现尖镰孢侵染感病大豆品种根内侵染量要明显多于抗病品种,且感病品种组织中菌丝的直径明显大于抗病品种,都出现很明显的质壁分离和细胞壁加厚的现象。     

‘丘北辣椒’采后“白化病”病原鉴定及药剂毒力测定

<正>0 引言辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)是茄科辣椒属(Capsicum L.)的一种多年生草本植物，是我国仅次于大白菜的第二大蔬菜作物^[1]。‘丘北辣椒’是云南省特有的地方品种，因其色泽红亮、味道香辣淳厚而深受消费者喜爱，是云南文山第二大生物产业^[2]。近年来，‘丘北辣椒’出现了采收后晾晒干燥过程中辣椒果皮白化的现象，发生数量和程度逐年上升，种植面积由原来的五十余万亩减少到二十几万亩，极大影响了当地农户的经济收入，     

不同苜蓿品种对镰孢菌的抗性鉴定

为探明苜蓿不同品种对能引起苜蓿根腐病的茄镰孢(Fusarium solani)、半裸镰孢(F. semitectum)、弯角镰孢(F. camptoceras)等3种镰孢菌的抗性差异,提供筛选抗耐病性材料的新来源,通过室内盆栽法,对30个苜蓿品种(系)进行了苗期抗病性鉴定,结果表明,各品种之间抗病性差异显著,其中‘德里兰德’、‘新疆大叶’、‘苜蓿王’对半裸镰孢表现为抗病,病情指数分别为18.11、19.93、19.96,占鉴定总数的10%;总体来看,‘猎人河’等7个品种表现耐病,病情指数为25.30～39.95,占鉴定总数的23.3%;‘甘农2号’等18个感病品种,病情指数为40.55～59.56,占鉴定品种总数的60.0%;‘德宝’等5个品种为高感,平均病情指数为61.7~68.6,占鉴定总品种数的16.7%,无免疫和抗病品种。     

不同方法对14个苜蓿品种抗蚜评价分析

本试验研究了抗蚜株率、感蚜指数和改进的感蚜指数3种评价方法对14个苜蓿品种抗蚜评价的影响.结果表明:以抗蚜株率为标准,'甘农9号'抗性最好;以感蚜指数为标准,'阿尔冈金'抗性最好.而采用改进后的感蚜指数评价方法可将14个苜蓿品种分为7个等级,其中'WL-319,为高感品种,'巨能II,为感虫品种,'新牧4号'甘农5号...     

Special issue “Deepen knowledge in plant pathology for innovative agroecology”

This study aimed to determine the genetic variability of isolates of rotting of pineapple fruitlet core in Brazil on the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, based on phylogenetic analysis of the RPB2 gene, morphocultural markers and aggressiveness of the isolates. The phylogenetic reconstruction of maximum parsimony and bayesian inference of the isolates were performed. Twenty-seven phylogenetic lineages were characterized with morphocultural markers on potato dextrose agar and synthetic nutrient-poor agar. The aggressiveness of these lineages were characterized in leaves and fruits of pineapple ‘Pérola’ cultivar. The Phylogenetic reconstruction showed close relationship between isolates of this study and phylogenetic lineages of F. guttiforme, F. ananatum and F. oxysporum by analysis of RPB2 gene. Phylogenetic lineages of this study shared significant morphocultural markers similar to those described for this species. Overall, the lineages related with Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex were more aggressive to the fruits of the Fusarium lineages related with Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex. It is possible that F. ananatum and F. guttiforme or other lineages closely related to these species or F. oxysporum are present in the fields causing pineapple rotting fruitlet core in fruits of pineapple ‘Pérola’ in Brazil. The used markers determined high genetic variability in isolates analyzed in leaves and pineapple fruit ‘Pérola’ in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte of Brazil and the pathogenic lineages analyzed were better adapted to the fruits than to the detached leaves in pineapple ‘Pérola’ analyzed.     

Effect of Adjuvants on the Therapeutic Activity of Dimethomorph in Controlling Vine Downy Mildew. I. Survey of Adjuvant Types

The effect of adjuvants on the performance of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable powder (WP) formulations of dimethomorph, a new systemic Oomycete fungicide, has been investigated using a two-day therapeutic (curative) assay with downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola, Berl. & de T.) on vines (Vitisvinifera L., cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) in glasshouse trials. The EC formulation had some therapeutic activity in this type of test. This activity was increased by the spray tank incorporation of 6 g litre⁻¹ of either emulsifiable rape seed oil (‘Atplus’ 412) or emulsifiable paraffinic oil (‘Atplus’ 411F). However, these improvements in performance were overshadowed by those brought about by incorporation of 3 g litre⁻¹ of a series of C₁₃/C₁₄ alcohol ethoxylates varying in ethylene oxide content from 5 to 20 moles:(‘Marlipal’ 34/6EO, 34/11EO, 34/20EO). Nearly complete fungal control was obtained in the presence of these adjuvants with a dimethomorph application rate of 25 g ha⁻¹ compared with only around 90% control at 400 g ha⁻¹ without adjuvants. The WP formulation was inactive in this therapeutic test but the presence of the adjuvants improved the performance of this formulation towards the high levels observed with the EC plus adjuvants, demonstrating that adjuvants could markedly influence the performance of solid, otherwise therapeutically inactive, dimethomorph formulations. Further trials examined other types of adjuvants (nonylphenol, alkylamine and silicone ethoxylates) but either they were no better than the alcohol ethoxylates or they induced unacceptable phytotoxicity. Trials with alcohol ethoxylates (‘Genapols’) from another source demonstrated activity equivalent to the ‘Marlipal’ surfactants. A two-factorial matrix experiment with ‘Genapol’ C050 showed that, under glasshouse conditions, >90% control could be obtained with the dimethomorph EC at 25 g AI ha⁻¹ with 375 g ha⁻¹ ‘Genapol’ C050. Applications of the WP formulation required slightly higher rates of either 50 g AI ha⁻¹ plus 375 g ha⁻¹ ‘Genapol’ C050 or 25 g AI ha⁻¹ plus 750–1500 g ha⁻¹ ‘Genapol’ C050. The overall conclusion was that alcohol ethoxylates varying in alkyl chain length from C₁₂ to C₁₈ and ethylene oxide content between 5 and 20 moles for the C₁₂ surfactants and ∽15 moles for the C₁₈ surfactants were effective adjuvants in promoting the therapeutic activity of dimethomorph formulationsagainst P. viticola on glasshouse-propagated vines.     

中黑盲蝽胚胎发育的显微及切片观察

以滞育卵越冬是中黑盲蝽生活史的重要组成部分,为明确滞育卵胚胎发育的停滞时期,对中黑盲蝽的胚胎发育过程进行了显微观察,并将胚胎发育停滞期的滞育卵做了石蜡切片。温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度70%±10%,光周期L∥D=14h∥10h条件下,滞育卵在产卵后48h停止发育,而非滞育卵则继续发育,在产卵后第9天孵出若虫。通过测定中黑盲蝽胚胎发育不同时期的卵重发现,非滞育卵随着胚胎发育卵重持续增加,滞育卵在发育48h后卵重不再增加。     

Pathogenic variability in Ethiopian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and reaction of chickpea improved varieties to the isolates

Twenty-four isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were isolated from wilted chickpea plants obtained from different districts and ‘wilt sickplots’ of central Ethiopia to assess variability in pathogenecity of the populations. Each isolate was tested on 10 different chickpea lines and eight improved chickpea varieties. Isolates showed highly significant variation in wilt severity on the differential lines and improved varieties. Based on the reaction types induced on differential lines, isolates were grouped into four corresponding races. Of the 24 isolates, F13, F20 and F22 were the most virulent. Isolates of race 3 were found in all of the districts and ‘wilt sickplots’ studied. Improved chickpea varieties also showed differential reactions to the isolates. All varieties were resistant to isolates of race 3, while varieties Arerti and DZ-10-4 were resistant to all isolates tested, showing the lowest mean wilt severity. Varieties DZ-10-11 and Maryie were susceptible to isolates F13, F20 and F22 and showed the highest mean wilt severity. Identification of races can be useful in breeding chickpea varieties resistant to wilt. The differential reactions of the improved varieties against different races might be important in managing chickpea wilt through gene deployment.     

WRKY转录因子在烟草受CMV侵染和激素处理中的表达模式初步分析

WRKY转录因子在调控植物抵抗病原菌的侵染中发挥重要作用,但是,目前为止还没有WRKY转录因子在烟草抗CMV中调控机理的研究。本研究检测了感病品种‘K326’和抗病品种‘TT8’在接种CMV后其WRKY1、WRKY2、WRKY4和WRKY11的表达情况。结果显示,CMV侵染后‘TT8’中4个WRKY转录因子表达量均有大幅上升;而‘K326’中WRKY2、WRKY4和WRKY11的表达量与CMV侵染前无显著差异,WRKY1表达量则大幅下降。幼苗经外源激素(水杨酸、茉莉素、乙烯)处理后用RT-PCR检测,结果表明,‘K326’和‘TT8’中WRKY转录因子对外源激素的诱导响应比较复杂多样,但总体表现为在‘TT8’中WRKY1、WRKY2和WRKY4会受到乙烯和茉莉酸的诱导,但在‘K326’中转录因子的表达未受明显诱导。     

青海青稞主栽品种(系)对条纹病和云纹病的抗性鉴定

本研究旨在明确青海青稞主栽品种和后备品种对条纹病和云纹病的抗性,以期为抗病育种及田间病害防治提供理论依据。试验采用田间自然病圃法,对青海主栽的30个青稞品种(系)进行了条纹病和云纹病田间抗性鉴定。结果表明,供试青稞品种(系)对2种病害的抗性存在显著差异,但缺乏免疫品种。对条纹病表现高抗的有13个品种(系),占鉴定总数的43.3%,其中主栽品种有3个,即‘门农1号’、‘昆仑13号’、‘巴青1号’。品系17发病率最低。对云纹病表现高抗的有品系1、品系2、品系6、品系17、品系28、RQKQ-3、RQKQ-5、RQKQ-6、RQKQ-7、RQKQ-8、‘门农1号’、‘互青2号’、‘北青6号’和‘昆仑10号’,共14个,其病情指数均在10以下;表现中抗的共有8个,分别为品系5、品系11、RQKQ-1、RQKQ-9、‘巴青1号’、‘北青3号’、‘北青7号’和‘昆仑13号’。     

半裸镰孢致病性及苜蓿品种间的抗病性研究

 为探明半裸镰孢对接种后苜蓿种苗的致病性、筛选抗苜蓿根腐病的品种,本研究把4个来源地的9个半裸镰孢分离物接种于14个品种的紫花苜蓿种子,在接种后第14 d测定苜蓿幼苗的相对根长、相对苗高、相对发芽率和病情指数,评价不同苜蓿品种对半裸镰孢的抗病性及病原菌对苜蓿幼苗致病性的相互关系。结果表明:半裸镰孢菌株和苜蓿品种对相对根长、相对苗高、相对发芽率及病情指数均有显著的影响(P<0.05)。病原菌方面,从苜蓿品种THG-1中分离出来的半裸镰孢的致病性最强,从Aohan中分离出来的半裸镰孢的致病性最弱,从WL-323HQ、Sitel和Siriver中分离出来的半裸镰孢的致病性较强,从Reindeer、Legacy和LM400中分离出来的半裸镰孢的致病性较弱;苜蓿品种方面,Algonguin的抗病性最强,Phabulous的抗病性最弱,Verna、Victoria、Hunter river和Amerimultileaf的抗病性较强,WL-323HQ、Sanditi、Sandy和Amerilea721的抗病性较弱。     

转基因抗虫耐除草剂(Cry1Ac+EPSPS)玉米对草甘膦耐受性研究

将具有我国自主知识产权的抗虫、耐除草剂基因转化到玉米中获得兼具抗虫和耐除草剂的复合性状转基因玉米,实现了玉米复杂性状的有效改良,研究了转耐除草剂CC-2基因和可表达Bt毒素的cry1Ac基因的双抗玉米对除草剂的耐受性及目标蛋白表达量。通过调查喷施除草剂后玉米植株存活率及株高和生长发育情况,研究了转抗虫耐除草剂基因玉米‘CC-2×BT799’、抗虫玉米‘BT799’、耐除草剂玉米‘CC-2’,以及常规玉米‘郑58’在田间对除草剂的耐受性,并用ELISA测定了供试品种中CP4EPSPS和Cry1Ac蛋白含量。对草甘膦的耐受性试验表明,转复合基因玉米‘CC-2×BT799’与单抗草甘膦品种‘CC-2’对草甘膦均具有良好的耐受性。心叶期喷施草甘膦推荐施用剂量中量和2倍剂量对其株高和后期生长发育无不良影响。ELISA检测显示,CP4EPSPS蛋白在雄穗中的表达量较叶片稍高。且双抗品种‘CC-2×BT799’较‘CC-2’中的CP4EPSPS蛋白含量稍高。在雄穗中,‘BT799’的Cry1Ac蛋白含量与‘CC-2×BT799’相当。在叶片中,‘BT799’的Cry1Ac蛋白含量约为‘CC-2×BT799’的2倍。抗虫耐除草剂玉米能够有效抵御草甘膦的喷施,Cry1Ac蛋白含量在不同品种不同组织中存在差异。     

Screening for resistance of Turkish olive cultivars and clonal rootstocks to Verticillium wilt

Verticillium wilt resistance of 77 olive cultivars including 71 domestic and six foreign ones, and four clonal rootstocks available in the olive gene bank, were tested using a highly virulent isolate (D pathotype) of Verticillium dahliae. The pathogen was stem-inoculated into the own-rooted saplings. Most cultivars and rootstocks were found to be extremely susceptible to the disease. ‘Sinop No. 1’, ‘E?riburun Nizip’, ‘Erkence’, ‘E?riburun Tatayn’, ‘Girit Zeytini’ and ‘Marantelli’ were highly resistant, as their disease severities did not exceed 10%. Additionally, 11 domestic cultivars (‘Sar? Habe?i’, ‘Ya?l?k Çelebi’, ‘Zoncuk’, ‘Dilmit’, ‘?am’, ‘Hurma Karaca’, ‘Erdek Ya?l?k’, ‘Melkabaz?’, ‘Yün Çelebi’, ‘Kan Çelebi’ and ‘Siyah Salamural?k’), two foreign cultivars (‘Arbequina’ and ‘Frantoio’) and one wild clonal rootstock (‘D36’) were found to be resistant, with disease severities less than 30%. On the other hand, the moderately susceptible group comprised ten domestic cultivars (‘Ak Zeytin’, ‘Ya? Çelebi’, ‘Saurani’, ‘Butko’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Otur’, ‘Ya? Zeytini’, ‘Belluti’, ‘Sinop No. 2’ and ‘Samanl?’), three foreign cultivars (‘Leccino’, ‘Chemlali’ and ‘Ascolana’) and one wild clonal rootstock (‘D9’). The number of cultivars within highly resistant and resistant groups was 17 out of the 71 domestic cultivars from all regions (four from Aegean, seven from southeastern Anatolia, two from Black Sea and three from Marmara).     

转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉对土壤三种酶活性的影响

为了明确转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉对土壤酶活性的影响,本研究采集转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉及其亲本棉‘SM 3’种植地的土壤,测定转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉及其亲本棉 ‘SM 3’不同生育期内根区距主根不同距离土壤脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性的变化。结果表明,棉花根区土壤脱氢酶活性在整个生育期呈现出先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势,土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性在整个生育期无明显的起伏变化。转基因棉‘GK 12’盛花期和枯死期根区5 cm的土壤脱氢酶活性显著高于亲本棉‘SM 3’（p<0.05）,转基因棉‘GK 12’盛花期根区15 cm和25 cm的土壤脱氢酶活性也显著高于亲本棉‘SM 3’（p<0.05）;在棉花蕾期,转基因棉‘GK 12’根区5 cm和15 cm的土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于亲本棉‘SM 3’（p<0.05）,而对根区25 cm的土壤磷酸酶活性无显著影响（p>0.05）;转基因棉‘GK 12’在整个生育期对不同距离土壤脲酶活性无显著影响（p>0.05）。上述结果初步看出,在棉花生长的一些生育时期,转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉‘GK 12’对根区土壤酶活性存在明显的影响,但其影响的程度不是很大,后期基本可得到恢复。     

86份贵协系小麦种质资源对条锈病的抗病性评价

小麦条锈病是发生于甘肃陇南麦区小麦生产上的最主要病害,利用和种植抗病品种(系)是防治该病害最经济有效且有利于保护环境的措施。2011-2013年度连续两年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所甘谷试验站田间对86份来自贵州大学的贵协系小麦种质资源材料进行了成株期抗条锈病鉴定,结果发现仅有‘贵协1’、‘贵协2’、‘贵协3’、‘贵协7’、‘贵协011-2-6’、‘贵协011-3-16’、‘贵协011-3-29’、‘贵协011-3-31’、‘贵协011-3-34’等9份材料表现抗病,且抗病性相对稳定,可作为一线抗源材料在陇南抗病育种中充分利用。     

Residues in apples and sweet cherries after methyl bromide fumigation

Methyl bromide fumigations are used to treat apples, Malus domestica Borkh, and sweet cherries, Prunus avium (L), before export to Japan. In order to expand existing markets, additional cultivars are being prepared for export to Japan. As part of the approval process, residue analyses must be conducted and residues must be at acceptable levels. Five apple cultivars (‘Braeburn,’ ‘Fuji,’ ‘Gala,’ ‘Jonagold,’ and ‘Granny Smith’) were fumigated at 40 g m⁻³ for 2 h at 10 °C, and six sweet cherry cultivars (‘Brooks,’ ‘Garnet,’ ‘Lapin,’ ‘Rainier,’ ‘Sweetheart,’ and ‘Tulare’) were fumigated for 2 h with 64 g m⁻³ at 6 °C, 48 g m⁻³ at 12 °C, 40 g m⁻³ at 17 °C, and 32 g m⁻³ at 22 °C. Three replicates of fruit from each fumigation were analyzed for methyl bromide and bromide ion residues periodically with time. Methyl bromide residues for both apples and cherries were the highest immediately after fumigation, but rapidly declined so that only ‘Braeburn’ had residues >8 µg kg⁻¹ after 13 days and, except for ‘Lapin,’ all cherries were <1 µg kg⁻¹ after seven days. Average bromide ion residues were between 3.3 and 4.9 mg kg⁻¹ among apple cultivars, and between 3.7 and 8.0 µg kg⁻¹ among cherry cultivars. Published in 2000 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

The effects of six adjuvants on the rainfastness of chlorpyrifos formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate

The chemically different adjuvants ‘Agral’, ‘Bond’, ‘Codacide Oil’, Li 700, ‘Silwet L’-77, and ‘Headland Guard’ were assayed to determine their effects on the rainfastness of an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Cabbage leaves were each treated with 200×0.25-μl droplets of diluted formulation using a hand-held microapplicator. Droplet deposits were left to air-dry for 1 h prior to exposure to simulated rainfall. Rain fastness was assessed using GC residue analyses of treated leaves after exposure to 10, 20 or 30 min simulated rainfall. The results indicated that the latex-based adjuvants ‘Bond’ and ‘Headland Guard’ induced a statistically significant increase in rainfastness, results for the other adjuvants assayed being either not significant or inconclusive. The results are discussed within the context of using adjuvants to enhance insecticide efficacy. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry