白音锡勒草原沙地去杉林的性质,可能成因及自然更新能力的？…

本文对内蒙古白音锡勒草原沙地白杆（Ｐｉｃｅａ ｍｅｙｅｒｉ）种群的大树和幼树及伴生植物进行了初步研究，认为沙地白杆林是在近极限生境条件下，由适应性不同的植物促依生境异质性组合而成的疏林群落。是第三纪云杉属植物广布分布区的残存片段，也是白杆现代分布区的北界。白杆种群现有大树３３０株，幼树１６２９株。大树的死亡率随胸围增大而增高；幼树则每增加个龀级死亡４８．７％；该种群具有自然更新的能力。由于生境相对     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘沙地芦苇种群生态特征

对天然分布在巴丹吉林沙漠南缘2种沙地生境(盐渍沙地、普通沙地)芦苇(Phragmites australis)分株种群的构件特征、种群年龄结构、动态特征及种群空间分布格局进行调查,研究表明:(1)盐渍沙地土壤含水量和含盐量都显著大于普通沙地,普通沙地芦苇的株高、生物量以及各构件的生物量整体上都高于盐渍沙地的芦苇,土壤含...     

塔里木河中游灰杨种群的径级结构与格局动态

在新疆塔里木河中游轮台县胡杨林自然保护区内设置0.5hm2的样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获取野外资料,研究灰杨种群径级结构和空间格局特征。结果表明:灰杨种群幼苗、幼树极度缺乏,中、大龄个体较多,其径级结构呈中间大、两头小的壶形,属衰退型种群,其生存发展前景堪忧。灰杨种群空间格局符合聚集分布,随发育进程其空间格局由随机向聚集型转变,大树阶段聚集强度逐渐减弱。种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局差异与物种本身的生物、生态学特性有关,而且与物种的生境密切相关。     

阿拉善荒漠区植物多样性与土壤理化性质相关性研究

为了弄清阿拉善荒漠区的植物多样性特征,初步阐明调控荒漠植被空间分布的土壤理化指标,本文对阿拉善荒漠流动沙地、固定沙地、砾质沙地和盐碱地四种生境下植物多样性与土壤理化性质的关系进行了研究,并确定了不同生境下植物多样性与土壤理化指标的逐步回归方程。研究结果表明:固定沙地和砾质沙地的植物多样性明显高于流动沙地和盐碱地;在砂粒含量较高的流动沙地和砾质沙地,灌木物种的Shannon-Wiener指数明显大于草本物种;逐步回归方程表明,土壤pH及砂粒含量显著影响流动沙地的植物多样性,固定沙地和砾质沙地的植物多样性与土壤中全磷、全钾含量密切相关,而土壤中全磷和总盐量则显著影响盐碱地的植物多样性。     

基于大样地的乌拉山油松天然林种群空间结构

2010年5-8月于乌拉山自然保护区内建立油松天然林固定监测样地10hm2,应用Ripley’k点格局法对油松种群空间格局和不同生长阶段油松空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:乌拉山油松在研究尺度上呈聚集分布,聚集强度随研究尺度增大持续上升,在尺度达到55m后开始下降,并且在油松的幼树、小树、大树三个生长阶段均呈聚集分布。油松幼树与小树在研究尺度内始终是正关联,幼树与大树在尺度小于48m时呈正相关,小树与大树在研究尺度内呈正相关。     

毛乌素沙地不同生境主要植物叶性状研究

叶性状与植物的生长对策及资源利用效率密切相关,能够反映植物对环境的适应策略.文中比较分析了毛乌素沙地不同生境中(固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地)8种植物叶性状的差异及其相关关系.结果 表明:1)8种植物叶性状差异显著,流动沙地沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)具有较大的比叶面积(SLA)和较小的单位...     

策勒绿洲外围优势草本植物的种群分布格局

本文应用方差／均值比率法和Ｇｒｅｉｇ—Ｓｍｉｔｈ的区组分析方法，对半固定沙丘和丘间沙地生境优势草本植物种群的分布格局类型及其规模作了测定及分析。结果表明：在半固定沙丘和缓平的丘间沙地上，骆驼刺、花花柴、叉枝鸦葱种群的水平空间配置状况均为集群分布；然而，上述各种群在不同地段上所表现出的集群格局规模是不完全相同的；在小范围内，即在１×１ｍ２的面积，骆驼刺与叉鸦葱种群在半固定沙丘上趋于随机分布，花花柴种群趋于集群分布，前两种种群在丘间沙地上表现为均匀分布，花花柴种群则表现为随机分布。     

不同类型沙地长穗虫实的繁殖分配及其与个体大小的关系

研究了不同类型沙地一年生植物长穗虫实的繁殖分配及其与个体大小的关系.结果表明:①不同类型沙地长穗虫实的个体大小、繁殖器官大小、单株种子数以及株高等其他地上部分特征均表现出极显著的差异性,其大小排列顺序为:固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动沙地,即表现出随沙面的固定而逐渐增大的趋势;②不同类型沙地虫实繁殖分配、单株种子重和种子均重也不相同,其差异程度从不显著到极显著不等;③不同类型沙地虫实个体大小与繁殖器官大小均呈极显著的正相关关系,个体大小与繁殖分配在不同类型沙地呈负相关关系,其中在流动沙地和固定沙地上达到显著水平;④个体大小与单株种子数、单株种子重之间存在正相关关系,但流动沙地相关程度较低;⑤不同类型沙地上虫实繁殖分配具体表现为,流动沙地为34.9%,固定沙地和半固定沙地大于50%,即随着沙面固定程度的增加,一年生植物种虫实倾向于将更多的资源和能量用于繁殖生长.这一结论不仅有助于分析该植物对沙生生境的适应对策,也有助于对种群繁殖对策理论问题的深入探讨.     

天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征和空间分布格局

从径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和个体空间分布格局等方面研究新疆天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律。研究结果表明:1)种群年龄结构中幼苗幼树(Ⅰ级)比例最大(82.11%),中树(Ⅲ-Ⅵ级)和大树(Ⅶ-Ⅹ级)比例次之,小树(Ⅱ级)比例最小(0.26%)的规律;2)种群死亡率在Ⅰ径级最高(99.70%),随着径级的增加,死亡率呈现"高-低-高"模式,种群生命期望呈现"低-高-低"的模式;3)天山云杉种群的存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅢ型,即Ⅰ径级存活指数最高(6.91),Ⅱ径级(1.16)急剧下降,Ⅱ-Ⅴ径级逐渐上升,随后逐渐下降;4)种群格局随取样尺度由25-400m2增加,聚集强度逐渐降低,其中,在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;5)随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱。幼苗幼树在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;中树在50m2和150m2尺度上较大;而小树和大树聚集强度不受取样面积影响。因此,天山北坡的天山云杉天然林应适当间伐以促进更新,种群更新的最适林隙面积为25m2。     

不同生境黑果枸杞实生苗生长及土壤养分空间差异的研究

研究不同生境黑果枸杞实生苗数量、生长状况、生物量分配及土壤养分空间差异,探讨环境因子对黑果枸杞实生苗生长的影响,为黑果枸杞种群恢复及持续经营提供理论依据。采用固定样地调查法,于2016年对张掖市甘州区、临泽县、肃南县及周边地区的农田地埂、水渠边、盐化沙地、盐碱荒地等各生境黑果枸杞进行调查。研究结果表明：不同生境均有黑果枸杞实生苗分布,农田地埂生境实生苗数量相对水渠边、盐化沙地、盐碱荒地分别增加66.67%、122.22%、215.79%。因环境条件差异,不同生境的黑果枸杞实生苗采取了不同的生存策略适应环境：农田地埂生境的黑果枸杞主要为增高生长,盐化沙地的黑果枸杞主要为冠幅的增长,而盐碱荒地的黑果枸杞主要为增粗生长。农田地埂生境0~20 cm土层有机质含量相对水渠边、盐化沙地、盐碱荒地分别增加28.50%、2.62%、10.13%;全氮含量分别增加44.08%、33.16%、72.41%;有效氮含量分别增加46.81%、0%、50%。空气湿度、土壤含水量对黑果枸杞幼苗数量及幼苗生长有显著影响。在今后的黑果枸杞栽培管理中,幼苗期应加强水分管理。     

科尔沁沙地榆树疏林草地物种多样性及乔木种群空间格局

应用多样性指数对科尔沁沙地榆树疏林草地的物种多样性进行了研究,并用空间格局指数测定了乔木种群的分布格局。结果表明,灌木层多样性较低,而草本层物种多样性较高。在生活型功能群中,一、二年生草本处于优势地位,多年生草本具有稳定群落的效应;在生态功能群中,旱生、中生植物占有主体优势,但在群落中又存在植物功能互补效应。乔木种群的分布格局呈现出聚集分布,在其发育过程中具有不同的动态变化特征,即幼苗、幼树阶段为聚集分布,到了成树阶段为随机分布。     

Bark beetle (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) outbreak and system of IPM measures in an area affected by intensive forest decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.)

The character of a bark beetle outbreak, planning system, and implementation of IPM measures in a forest affected by intensive decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.) is described. It is possible to distinguish two levels of outbreak in the study area. The first level is characterized by spruce mortality connected with yellowing of spruce and presence of plant pathogens, mostly Armillaria sp. Forest stands have disperse infestations of bark beetles. Identification of infested trees and salvage cutting in time are problematic. In case of late processing of infested trees, the second level of outbreak could become manifest. The populations of bark beetle increase. Beetles could attack relatively healthy trees. The classical outbreak with forest edges and spot infestations starts. The identification of infested trees is easier. The application of pheromone trap barriers is effective. Thus, the second level of outbreak could be easily managed. The planning of IPM measures is concerned with localization of various pheromone trap systems in particular forest stands. It is based on field survey, data acquisition, estimation of swarming bark beetle population, and information of pheromone system effectiveness.     

Bark beetle (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) outbreak and system of IPM measures in an area affected by intensive forest decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.)

The character of a bark beetle outbreak, planning system, and implementation of IPM measures in a forest affected by intensive decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.) is described. It is possible to distinguish two levels of outbreak in the study area. The first level is characterized by spruce mortality connected with yellowing of spruce and presence of plant pathogens, mostly Armillaria sp. Forest stands have disperse infestations of bark beetles. Identification of infested trees and salvage cutting in time are problematic. In case of late processing of infested trees, the second level of outbreak could become manifest. The populations of bark beetle increase. Beetles could attack relatively healthy trees. The classical outbreak with forest edges and spot infestations starts. The identification of infested trees is easier. The application of pheromone trap barriers is effective. Thus, the second level of outbreak could be easily managed. The planning of IPM measures is concerned with localization of various pheromone trap systems in particular forest stands. It is based on field survey, data acquisition, estimation of swarming bark beetle population, and information of pheromone system effectiveness.     

青海云杉群落空间结构特征研究

根据祁连山林区青海云杉群落16块样地256个样方的调查结果,对青海云杉群落的垂直结构、种群空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:青海云杉群落垂直结构分化明显,一般分为乔木层,灌木层,草本层和苔藓层4层;乔木层和青海云杉种群呈聚集分布格局,乔木种群聚集强度大小依次为:青海云杉混交林>青海云杉群落>灌木-青海云杉林>马先蒿-青海云杉林>苔藓-青海云杉林>草类-青海云杉林。不同林型的垂直结构、空间分布格局都存在一定的差异,草类-青海云杉林中乔木种群呈随机分布,其它林型和青海云杉群落中乔木种群均为聚集分布。苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林、灌木-青海云杉林中青海云杉种群都有随海拔升高由均匀分布向聚集分布逼近的特点。苔藓-青海云杉林是该群落中最稳定的林型,青海云杉种群对维持群落稳定起决定性作用。     

林隙对黄土高原马栏林区优势种更新的影响

林隙对森林的结构和动态具有重要的影响。黄土高原马栏林区主要群落类型中,对优势种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)不同大小林隙内的幼苗和幼树进行统计计算,并与林冠下进行对比分析。结果表明:两个优势种存在不同的更新策略,即辽东栎主要通过高萌发量来维持其种群的更新,而油松则是通过降低幼苗到幼树过程中的死亡率来维持其种群的更新;林隙面积在20~40m²时油松的自然更新情况最好,而辽东栎在不同大小林隙中的自然更新情况较为复杂;适当的林隙干扰总体上促进了该地区优势种的自然更新,林隙对其更新的促进机制各异;在林隙干扰下,辽东栎和油松在各自占优势群落(辽东栎林和油松林)中的优势地位均没有被对方取代的趋势,所以辽东栎林和油松林会作为该地区的顶级群落和亚顶级群落而长期存在。     

额济纳绿洲胡杨种群结构与分布格局研究

在内蒙古阿拉善盟额济纳旗一道桥、二道桥、三道桥、和四道桥的胡杨自然保护区内设置9个10m×10m样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查,并对胡杨(Populus euphratica)种群结构和分布格局进行了分析。结果表明:胡杨的种群结构为衰退型,幼苗、幼树和中龄树数量较小。额济纳胡杨种群整体分布格局为聚集分布,随着径级的增大其分布格局呈现规律性变化,幼小植群呈强聚集分布,大树倾向于随机分布,中龄树和成年树由聚集分布向随机分布过度。     

The ash dieback crisis: genetic variation in resistance can prove a long‐term solution

Over the last two decades, ash dieback has become a major problem in Europe, where the causative fungus has invaded the continent rapidly. The disease is caused by the invasive pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (anamorph Chalara fraxinea), which causes severe symptoms and dieback in common ash, Fraxinus excelsior. It is becoming a significant threat to biodiversity in forest ecosystems and the economic and aesthetic impacts are immense. Despite the presence of the disease for at least 10 years in Scandinavia, a small fraction of F. excelsior trees have remained vigorous, and these trees exhibit no or low levels of symptoms even where neighbouring trees are very sick. This gives hope that a fraction of the ash trees will retain a sufficiently viable growth to survive. Following a period of high mortality in natural populations, selection and breeding of remaining viable ash trees could therefore provide a route for restoring the role of ash in the landscape. This paper reviews the available data on disease dissemination, and the consequences thereof in terms of symptom severity and mortality, and appraises studies that have tested the hypothesis that less‐affected trees have genetically based resistance. The implications of the results for the adaptive potential of common ash to respond to the disease through natural or assisted selection are discussed. The risks of adverse fitness effects of population fragmentation due to high mortality are considered. Finally, it is recommended that resistant trees (genotypes) should be selected to facilitate conservation of the species.     

乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛群落特征研究

为查明乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛群落特征及其变化,2008年4月7月及9月中旬对该区6种不同生境蜘蛛群落特征进行了调查,共获得蜘蛛2195只,分别隶属于28科47属71种。在六种不同生境共有的优势类群为狼蛛科Lycosidae、跳蛛科Salticidae、园蛛科Araneidae和蟹蛛科Thomisidae等四科,占总捕获量的54.94%。常见类群为逍遥蛛科Philodromidae、球腹蛛科Theridiidae、狡蛛科Dolomedidae、妩蛛科Uloboridae、漏斗网蛛科Agelenidae、幽灵蛛科Pholcidae、皿网蛛科Linyphiidae等7科,占总捕获量的34.52%,其余7科为稀有类群,仅占总捕获量的4.54%。不同生境所获得蜘蛛个体数和类群数之间差异均为显著(P<0.05),其个体数顺序为自然榆林>草地>防护林>居民点>果园>菜地,类群数顺序为自然榆林>防护林>草地>果园>居民点>菜地。不同生境蜘蛛组成和数量分布在不同季节之间差异较大,个体数在不同季节之间差异均为显著(P<0.05),其顺序为夏季>春季>秋季。以上结果表明,乌鲁木齐地区蜘蛛资源比较丰富,生境类型影响蜘蛛群落分布格局,植被丰富度和人为干扰是影响蜘蛛群落的重要因素。     

Influences of Post-fires on Subsequent Population of Japanese Pine Sawyer Beetles,Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Masson Pine Forests

[Objective] Both fire and insect outbreaks are considered as important natural disturbance factors in manyforest ecosystems, yet few studies have addressed the effects of fires on subsequent insect outbreaks. [Method] In this paper, tree mortality, larval density and vertical distribution were measured through field investigation and sampling method to evaluate the short-term response of Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope to Masson pine, Pinus massoniana Lamb. in the second year after the fire in Jiangxi Province, China. [Results] compared with unburned Masson pine forest, burned Masson pine forest suffered from higher tree mortality and more pine trees were attacked by M. alternatus. Burned Masson pine tended to harbor much higher larval density further up along the trunk than unburned pine trees, and most individuals distributed in the middle section and middle-lower section of the trunk. [Significance] The results confirmed that Masson pine forest after being damaged by non-lethal fires were more susceptible to attacks by Japanese pine sawyer beetles, displaying higher population density and higher vertical distribution position. The study will provide an important guideline for the managers of Masson pine forests suffering from fires and pest invaded areas.     

Types of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infestation in spruce forest stands affected by air pollution, bark beetle outbreak and honey fungus (Armillaria mellea)

583 spruce stands in an area affected by air pollution and bark beetle outbreak in Eastern Slovakia were studied in 1996. According to bark beetle infestation of dominant and codominant trees, stands were classified into following types of spruce stand decline:Ips typographus-A,Ips typographus-B,Polygraphus poligraphus, I. typographus/P. poligraphus—A,I. typographus/P. poligraphus—B. The presence of attacked trees in forest edges, bark beetle spots and forest interior was the key important factor for the classification. Data from forest inventory and forest management evidence together with data on types of spruce stands decline were used in further analyses. Results shows that the distribution of forest stands classified into different types or uninfested stands is related mainly to host size and site quality. The percentage of spruce, exposition of stands and stand density showed significant effects. The mechanisms of spreading of studied bark beetle outbreak could be explained by direct effects of stress of trees caused by an abrupt increase of level of solar irradiation and by weakening of trees by the honey fungus.