Protection from chemotherapy-induced alopecia in a rat model

Alopecia (hair loss) is among the most distressing side effects of cancer chemotherapy. Little progress has been made, however, in its prevention or treatment, partly because of the lack of suitable experimental model. In recent work on the treatment of myelogenous leukemia in the rat, the following observations were made: (i) treatment of 8-day-old rats with cytosine arabinoside consistently produced alopecia, and (ii) ImuVert, a biologic response modifier derived from the bacterium Serratia marcescens, uniformly produced complete protection against the alopecia. In subsequent experiments, both cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin also produced alopecia in this model, and the doxorubicin-induced alopecia was prevented by treatment with ImuVert. The potential relevance of these observations to chemotherapy-induced alopecia in the clinical setting should be examined.     

Proliferation of functional hair cells in vivo in the absence of the retinoblastoma protein

In mammals, hair cell loss causes irreversible hearing and balance impairment because hair cells are terminally differentiated and do not regenerate spontaneously. By profiling gene expression in developing mouse vestibular organs, we identified the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) as a candidate regulator of cell cycle exit in hair cells. Differentiated and functional mouse hair cells with a targeted deletion of Rb1 undergo mitosis, divide, and cycle, yet continue to become highly differentiated and functional. Moreover, acute loss of Rb1 in postnatal hair cells caused cell cycle reentry. Manipulation of the pRb pathway may ultimately lead to mammalian hair cell regeneration.     

原花青素影响Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞周期变化与细胞凋亡的可能机制

目的探讨原花青素（Proanthocyanidins,PAC）对β-淀粉样肽（25—35）[β amyloid peptide-（25—35）,Aβ25-35]诱导体外血清饥饿培养的PCI2细胞周期异常与凋亡保护作用的可能机制。方法种人培养瓶或板的PC12细胞贴壁后用常用血清饥饿培养使细胞同步于岛期,30mg／L的PAC预处理血清饥饿培养的PC12细胞,加入终浓度为25μmol／L Aβ25-35处理0～20h,通过RT-PCR和Western blot从mRNA及蛋白水平检测细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4（Cyclin—dependent kinase-4,CDK4）、磷酸化的视网膜纤维母细胞瘤蛋白（phosphorylated Retinoblastoma protein,pRb）、腺病毒E2启动子结合因子1（Adenovirus E2 factor-1,E2 F1）、B细胞淋巴瘤／白血病关联X蛋白（B-cell lymphoma／leukemia-2 Associated X protein,bax）基因表达的变化。结果与Aβ25—35诱导组比较,CDK4、E2F1、bax mRNA表达和CDK4、pR6、Bax蛋白表达降低。结论PAC可能通过下调CDK4、pRb、E2F1的表达,从而降低bax的活化,对Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞周期异常与凋亡起保护作用的。     

祛脂生发液联合米诺地尔治疗脂溢性脱发的临床观察

目的 观察祛脂生发液联合米诺地尔治疗脂溢性脱发的临床疗效。方法 将90例患者随机分成3组,治疗组30例,外洗祛脂生发液,每日1次,同时配合米诺地尔酊剂外涂,早晚各1次;3个月为1疗程,共2个疗程。米诺地尔对照组30例,外涂米诺地尔酊剂,早晚各1次,疗程同治疗组。祛脂生发液对照组30例,外洗祛脂生发液,每日1次,疗程同治疗组。观察患者的脱发情况、瘙痒程度、油腻程度、鳞屑程度、新生毛发情况的变化以确定其临床疗效。结果 治疗组总有效率93.3%,米诺地尔对照组66.7%,祛脂生发液对照组80.0%,治疗组与两对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 祛脂生发液联合米诺地尔治疗脂溢性脱发疗效确切。     

Phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein by viral protein with cyclin-dependent kinase function

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses expertly modify cellular processes to facilitate their replication and spread, often by encoding genes that mimic the functions of cellular proteins while lacking regulatory features that modify their activity. We show that the human cytomegalovirus UL97 protein has activities similar to cellular cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. UL97 phosphorylated and inactivated the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, stimulated cell cycle progression in mammalian cells, and rescued proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking CDK activity. UL97 is not inhibited by the CDK inhibitor p21 and lacks amino acid residues conserved in the CDKs that permit the attenuation of kinase activity. Thus, UL97 represents a functional ortholog of cellular CDKs that is immune from normal CDK control mechanisms.     

植物中泛素/蛋白酶体介导的蛋白质水解对细胞周期调控的研究

细胞周期进程要求细胞周期调控蛋白如周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶(CDKs)和周期蛋白(Cyclins)在细胞中周期性的出现。这些调节蛋白被控制在几个水平,包括表达水平、磷酸化水平以及与其他调控蛋白之间的互作。最近,这些蛋白的可控性和程序性破坏在细胞周期调控中所起的作用的机理也越来越清楚,并且26S蛋白酶体与蛋白的破坏有关。例如,在细胞周期依赖性途径中Cyc(cyclin)A,Cyc B,Cyc D和B-CDK是通过26S蛋白酶体降解的。综述了植物中通过泛素/蛋白酶体介导的蛋白质水解对细胞周期调控的最新进展。     

Hair cell regeneration after acoustic trauma in adult Coturnix quail

Recovery of hair cells was studied at various times after acoustic trauma in adult quail. An initial loss of hair cells recovered to within 5 percent of the original number of cells. Tritium-labeled thymidine was injected after this acoustic trauma to determine if mitosis played a role in recovery of hair cells. Within 10 days of acoustic trauma, incorporation of [3H]thymidine was seen over the nuclei of hair cells and supporting cells in the region of initial hair cell loss. Thus, hair cell regeneration can occur after embryonic terminal mitosis.     

毛囊发育与毛发生产研究进展

毛囊是皮肤的衍生物,其结构复杂,由多层独特的细胞构成.毛囊是哺乳动物惟一终生呈周期性生长的器官.毛发是毛囊生长发育的产物,由死亡的终末分化角质细胞组成.动物毛发是重要的畜产品,是纺织工业的重要原料.近年来,毛囊发育和毛发生产的分子遗传学研究进展迅速,许多调控毛囊形态发生和毛发周期的信号通路以及基因相继被发现和鉴定.这些调控通路及基因的发现和鉴定提高对毛囊发育和毛发生产的了解和认识,为采用分子辅助育种和转基因育种技术培育优质细毛羊奠定了理论基础.文章综述了毛囊形态发生、毛发周期以及毛干特性的调控等最新研究进展,并讨论了未来羊毛囊发育研究方向.     

miR-31-5p对山羊毛囊干细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

【目的】长江三角洲白山羊是我国及世界上唯一能生产优质笔料毛的山羊品种,课题组前期转录组测序结果表明：在优质笔料毛与非优质笔料毛个体皮肤组织中,MAP3K1的表达水平存在显著差异。探究优质笔料毛性状形成过程中与MAP3K1相互作用的关键miRNAs及其对山羊毛囊干细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,为长江三角洲白山羊的分子选育提供理论依据。【方法】通过生物信息学网站（StrBase、miRDB、TargetScan、miRWalk、DAVID、KEGG、RNAhybrid）预测、筛选与MAP3K1具有靶向关系的miRNAs,利用在线网站Venny 2.1绘制韦恩图。通过构建miR-31-5p过表达载体,MAP3K1、RASA1野生型和突变型双荧光素酶报告基因载体,验证miR-31-5p与MAP3K1、RASA1之间的靶向关系,并结合qPCR和Western Blot技术检测过表达后miR-31-5p对MAP3K1、RASA1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平的影响。为探究过表达miR-31-5p后对细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,分析了转染miR-31-5p后毛囊干细胞内增殖相关基因（PCNA, CDK1, CCND2）、抗凋亡基因（Bcl-2）和促凋亡基因（Bax）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;同时结合CCK-8,EdU,流式细胞术等方法验证过表达miR-31-5p对毛囊干细胞活力、细胞周期以及凋亡的影响。【结果】通过数据库共同预测到3个可能与MAP3K1相作用的miRNAs,结合现有miRNAs在皮肤和毛囊细胞上研究,最终选用评分相对较高的miR-31-5p作为研究对象。转染miR-31-5p后检测细胞内的miR-31-5p的相对表达量,发现miR-31-5p表达含量极显著高于对照组及空白载体组（P<0.01）;双荧光素酶报告基因结果显示过表达miR-31-5p可促使MAP3K1活性升高（P<0.01）,结合TargetScan、KEGG数据库预测发现miR-31-5p可靶向MAPK信号通路中位于MAP3K1的上游抑制因子RASA1。过表达miR-31-5p抑制了RASA1的活性（P<0.01）;同时,qPCR及Western Blot表明：过表达miR-31-5p后显著抑制RASA1的mRNA和蛋白表达,促进了MAP3K1的表达（P<0.01）。CCK-8结果显示过表达miR-31-5p后提高了细胞增殖能力（P<0.01）,通过EdU染色发现过表达miR-31-5p后,EdU阳性细胞率显著高于空白组（P<0.01）,促进细胞增殖;细胞周期数据说明过表达miR-31-5p后, G1/G0期细胞所占比例为52.23%,显著低于Control组（56.81%,P<0.01）,减缓了G1/G0期细胞阻滞,而S期和G2/M期差异不显著,但仍有上升趋势。通过细胞凋亡试验发现过表达miR-31-5p组活细胞率为93.8%,总凋亡率为4.9%,而空白组活细胞率仅为90.1%,总凋亡率为8.41%,说明在过表达miR-31-5p后细胞凋亡率明显下降（P<0.05）;最后检测miR-31-5p对增殖和凋亡相关基因的影响,发现过表达miR-31-5p后显著提高了增殖相关基因、抗凋亡基因（Bcl-2）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平（P<0.05）,降低了促凋亡基因（Bax）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。最终根据所研究出的结果绘制miR-31-5p在毛囊干细胞中的分子作用机制图。【结论】 miR-31-5p通过靶向抑制MAPK信号通路中的RASA1,上调MAP3K1表达水平,进而促进毛囊干细胞增殖并抑制其凋亡,为进一步阐明调控长江三角洲白山羊优质笔料毛性状的分子形成机制提供理论依据。     

Nectins establish a checkerboard-like cellular pattern in the auditory epithelium

In the auditory epithelium of the cochlea, the sensory hair cells and supporting cells are arranged in a checkerboard-like fashion, but the mechanism underlying this cellular patterning is unclear. We found that mouse hair cells and supporting cells express the immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecules nectin-1 and -3, respectively, and that their interaction mediates the heterotypic adhesion between these two cell types. Genetic removal of nectin-1 or -3 disrupted the checkerboard-like pattern, inducing aberrant attachment between hair cells. When cells expressing either nectin-1 or -3 were cocultured, they arranged themselves into a mosaic pattern. Thus, nectin-1 and -3 promote the formation of the checkerboard-like pattern of the auditory epithelia.     

Cupulae in shark neuromasts: composition, origin, generation

Cupulae on the surface of the sensory epithelium of canal neuromasts of the shark lateralis system have been demonstrated. They are mounds of mucoid material secreted primarily by the supporting cells of the neuromast epithelium. Individual columns of mucus in fixed, stained sections produce striations perpendicular to the neuromast surface. The hair of the sensory cell is embedded in mucus at the bases of coalescing columns produced by a group of surrounding supporting cells. There is evidence that mucus production is continuous and is accompanied by regeneration of secretory cells and elimination of necrotic cells at the distal surface. It follows that cupular material is being discarded either intermittantly or continually, along with trapped cell debris and other detritus.     

褪黑激素对PDGFA基因在绒山羊皮肤毛囊中表达模式的影响

【目的】探讨血小板衍生生长因子A（platelet-derived growth factor A,PDGFA）在内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊皮肤毛囊上的表达规律和褪黑激素对其的影响。【方法】选择体重和产绒量相当的阿尔巴斯绒山羊成年母羊,分为4组,即从不埋植的对照组和3组不同时间埋植褪黑激素的试验组。试验组在埋植期间每隔一个月按照2 mg?kg-1 BW的剂量在绒山羊耳后皮下埋植褪黑激素。采集12个月（从2009年8月至2010年7月）的受试羊体侧部皮肤样品,用定量逆转录PCR （qRT-PCR）检测皮肤中PDGFA基因的表达量。【结果】各组间PDGFA基因的表达模式不同。对照组在11月时其表达量为全年最低,在12月,随着毛囊周期性生长缓慢进入退行期,其PDGFA基因的表达量也缓慢上升,并在休止期（1-4月）高度表达。而开始埋植褪黑激素后,仅第二年埋植组在翌年1月时表达量显著提高（P<0.05）;在2月与连续两年埋植组一样,随着绒毛开始脱落,PDGFA基因的表达量也有下降趋势;到5月,其表达量显著低于1月（P<0.05）,此时新一轮的绒毛已长出体表。停止埋植褪黑激素后,仅第一年埋植组翌年PDGFA基因的表达模式和毛囊生长周期与对照组基本一致。【结论】绒山羊皮肤组织当中PDGFA基因在毛囊生长期低表达,退行期和休止期高表达。埋植褪黑激素可缩短毛囊生长周期。PDGFA基因是一个控制毛囊从兴盛期向退行期和休止期转化的因子。     

水貂毛囊发生发育规律研究进展及展望

通过对国内、外有关毛囊发育和毛囊周期活动调控分子的研究进展的回顾,结合毛囊发育规律及其研究意义进行综述,为今后研究水貂毛囊发生发育机理提供科研思路和理论基础。     

内蒙古阿尔巴斯绒山羊角蛋白5在毛囊生长周期中的表达

为探明角蛋白5(keratin 5,K5)在毛囊生长周期中的作用机制,采用免疫组化方法检测角蛋白5(K5)在内蒙古绒山羊毛囊生长周期中的表达情况。结果表明,在毛囊生长初期(6月),K5低表达于毛囊内根鞘和外根鞘;在毛囊生长旺盛期(10月),K5在内外根鞘同时表达,并在外根鞘表达量较高;在退行期(1月),K5在外根鞘低表达;在休止期(3月),K5基本不表达。由于K5的表达与绒毛生长周期发育规律一致,推测K5对绒毛的周期性生长可能是通过对内根鞘和外根鞘发挥作用的。     

Local positive feedback regulation determines cell shape in root hair cells

The specification and maintenance of growth sites are tightly regulated during cell morphogenesis in all organisms. ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 2 reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (RHD2 NADPH) oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate a Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm that is required for root hair growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that Ca2+, in turn, activated the RHD2 NADPH oxidase to produce ROS at the growing point in the root hair. Together, these components could establish a means of positive feedback regulation that maintains an active growth site in expanding root hair cells. Because the location and stability of growth sites predict the ultimate form of a plant cell, our findings demonstrate how a positive feedback mechanism involving RHD2, ROS, and Ca2+ can determine cell shape.     

Human hair growth deficiency is linked to a genetic defect in the phospholipase gene LIPH

The molecular mechanisms controlling human hair growth and scalp hair loss are poorly understood. By screening about 350,000 individuals in two populations from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, we identified a gene mutation in families who show an inherited form of hair loss and a hair growth defect. Affected individuals were homozygous for a deletion in the LIPH gene on chromosome 3q27, caused by short interspersed nuclear element-retrotransposon-mediated recombination. The LIPH gene is expressed in hair follicles and encodes a phospholipase called lipase H (alternatively known as membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1alpha), an enzyme that regulates the production of bioactive lipids. These results suggest that lipase H participates in hair growth and development.     

牛肌肉抑制素前肽对牛肌卫星细胞增殖的影响

通过PCR扩增目的基因,构建真核表达载体,利用PEI转染牛肌卫星细胞,转染后48与72 h通过CCK-8与流式细胞术检测细胞增殖的变化,通过RT-PCR检测目的基因的表达,通过RT-PCR与Western blot检测下游基因P21,CDK2的表达变化.结果表明,在两个时间点,实验组细胞活力明显升高(P<0.01),G0/G1期细胞所占的比例明显下降(P<0.01),S期细胞所占比例明显上升(P<0.01),MSTN前肽基因有大量表达,P21表达下降,CDK2表达上升.结果揭示,在牛肌卫星细胞中,MSTN前肽通过下调P21,上调CDK2的表达量促进细胞增殖.旨在揭示牛MSTN前肽基因对牛肌卫星细胞(MDSC)增殖的影响,为后续的转基因牛试验提供理论依据.     

Self-organizing and stochastic behaviors during the regeneration of hair stem cells

Stem cells cycle through active and quiescent states. Large populations of stem cells in an organ may cycle randomly or in a coordinated manner. Although stem cell cycling within single hair follicles has been studied, less is known about regenerative behavior in a hair follicle population. By combining predictive mathematical modeling with in vivo studies in mice and rabbits, we show that a follicle progresses through cycling stages by continuous integration of inputs from intrinsic follicular and extrinsic environmental signals based on universal patterning principles. Signaling from the WNT/bone morphogenetic protein activator/inhibitor pair is coopted to mediate interactions among follicles in the population. This regenerative strategy is robust and versatile because relative activator/inhibitor strengths can be modulated easily, adapting the organism to different physiological and evolutionary needs.     

根系分区交替灌溉对苹果叶片光合作用的影响

以西北农林科技大学白水苹果试验站果园12 a生的红富士(Malus domestica Borkh,cv fuji)为试验材料,研究了不灌溉(对照)、树盘两侧分区交替灌溉和不分区灌溉3种处理对苹果叶片、新梢生长量等形态指标以及叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等光合指标的影响.结果表明:分区交替灌溉在较不分区灌溉节水50%的前提下,新梢生长量和叶面积均大于对照而小于不分区灌溉,叶绿素含量高于对照和不分区灌溉;测定时间段的平均净光合速率,不分区灌溉相比对照增加23.9%,分区交替灌溉相比对照增加36.4%,同时分区交替灌溉相比不分区灌溉增加10.1%;测定时间段的平均蒸腾速率,不分区灌溉相比对照增加25.0%,分区交替灌溉相比对照增加17.7%,而分区交替灌溉相比不分区灌溉降低13.4%.