Accumulation of soil moisture in winter wheat cultivation on slopes of ordinary chernozems of the Rostov oblast

The article discusses the effect of different predecessors and methods of basic treatment of soil on the magnitude and nature of the formation of soil moisture reserves in the cultivation of winter wheat on the slopes of ordinary chernozems in the Rostov oblast. Winter wheat in the experiment was cultivated after a steam clean, after winter wheat, after peas, and after corn silage. The study was conducted in four variants of primary tillage in the following crop rotations: chisel, combo, surface, and moldboard tillage. It is established that, in general, over the growing period of winter wheat, 3 of 4 years have a shortage of water supply, especially in the period from the resumption of the spring growing season to complete full ripeness. Analysis of the autumn watersupplies by variants of the main processing of the soil indicates the advantage of the chisel treatment, confirmed statistically by two predecessors—a clean pair and corn silage. The studies for the years 2011–2014 showed the close relationship of the absorption coefficient of precipitation from the reserves of productive moisture in autumn (R ² = 0.94). It is revealed that the assimilation of precipitation of the cold period largely depends on soil fertility due to different stocks of productive moisture in autumn. The close relationship of grain yield with the value primary of moisture reserves in the autumn sowing of winter wheat in the soil layer of 0–150 cm is shown.     

Forming the Productivity of Spring and Winter Wheat in the Conditions of the Middle Priamurye Region

The results of a comparative evaluation of winter and spring wheat genetic material in the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Priamurye Region are presented. Eight varieties of winter wheat bred in Zernograd Agricultural Research Institute were compared to varieties and lines of spring wheat bred in the Far East Agricultural Research Institute. It was found that regional conditions meet winter wheat biological requirements completely and are favorable for productivity features. Under optimal hydrothermal conditions, the productivity of winter wheat varieties is within 30.6–58.4 dt ha^–1, which is 22.3–75.0% higher than spring wheat’s due to a higher 1000 seed weight. On average over the years of research, 1000 seed weight of winter wheat was 35.0–41.0 g, while that of spring wheat was 29.7–36.6 g. In the local conditions, spring wheat’s grain quality is higher than that of winter wheat varieties. Spring wheat varieties and breeding lines surpass winter wheat crops in protein content by 2.5%.     

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Divergent responses of tiller and grain yield to fertilization and fallow precipitation: Insights from a 28-year long-term experiment in a semiarid winter wheat system

Tillering is an important phenological stage, which is strongly related to the yield in spike components and final grain yield during winter wheat growth. Precipitation during the fallow season (fallow precipitation) influences tillering in winter wheat on the semi-arid Chinese Loess Plateau. However, little work has been done regarding tiller number changes under various types of fertilization and amounts of fallow precipitation on a long-term scale. Effects of fallow precipitation and fertilization on tiller were investigated in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in a 28-year field study (1990 to 2017) in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. Tiller number, spike number and grain yield were measured in four fertilization conditions: control without fertilizer (CK); mineral nitrogen fertilizer alone (N); mineral phosphorus fertilizer alone (P); mineral nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer together (NP). Based on the long-term annual fallow precipitation, dry years (<mean annual fallow precipitation) and wet years (>mean annual fallow precipitation) were distinguished. Phosphorus fertilization alone significantly increased the mean annual tiller number (23%), and the increase in tiller number was higher in wet years (29%) than in the dry years (17%). However, nitrogen fertilization alone had little effect on mean tiller number, while nitrogen and phosphorus together significantly increased mean annual tiller number (30%), mean tiller number in wet years (45%) and mean tiller number in dry years (17%). Tiller number was significantly and positively correlated with fallow precipitation in dry years for all fertilizer treatments, whereas it was weakly and either positively or negatively correlated with fallow precipitation in wet years depending on the treatment. This study found positive correlations between tiller number and fallow precipitation in the CK and NP treatments, and it found negative correlations between tiller number and fallow precipitation in the treatments with nitrogen fertilization alone or phosphorous fertilization alone in wet years. Understanding the impacts of fallow precipitation and fertilization on tiller development shed light on ways to improve crop production in rain-fed agricultural regions.     

Optimization of sowing date and seeding rate for high winter wheat yield based on pre-winter plant development and soil water usage in the Loess Plateau,China

Sowing date and seeding rate are critical for productivity of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).A three-year field experiment was conducted with three sowing dates(20 September(SD1),1 October(SD2),and 10 October(SD3)) and three seeding rates(SR67.5,SR90,and SR112.5) to determine suitable sowing date and seeding rate for high wheat yield.A large seasonal variation in accumulated temperature from sowing to winter dormancy was observed among three growing seasons.Suitable sowing dates for strong seedlings before winter varied with the seasons,that was SD2 in 2012–2013,SD3 in 2013–2014,and SD2 as well as SD1 in 2014–2015.Seasonal variation in precipitation during summer fallow also had substantial effects on soil water storage,and consequently influenced grain yield through soil water consumption from winter dormancy to maturity stages.Lower consumption of soil water from winter dormancy to booting stages could make more water available for productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,leading to higher grain yield.SD2 combined with SR90 had the lowest soil water consumption from winter dormancy to booting stages in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015; while in 2013–2014,it was close to that with SR67.5 or SR112.5.For productive growth from anthesis to maturity stages,SD2 with SR90 had the highest soil water consumption in all three seasons.The highest water consumption in the productive growth period resulted in the best grain yield in both low and high rainfall years.Ear number largely contributed to the seasonal variation in grain yield,while grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight also contributed to grain yield,especially when soil water storage was high.Our results indicate that sowing date and seeding rate affect grain yield through seedling development before winter and also affect soil water consumption in different growth periods.By selecting the suitable sowing date(1 October) in combination with the proper seeding rate of 90 kg ha–1,the best yield was achieved.Based on these results,we recommend that the current sowing date be delayed from 22 or 23 September to 1 October.     

覆盖免耕在休闲期的节水和生育期的调温效应

对免耕覆盖、秸秆还田和常规耕作在休闲期的节水效果研究表明:在夏季休闲期,免耕覆盖比常规耕作多贮水30.62mm,比秸秆还田多23.91mm;在冬季储水灌溉期间,可将储水定额从2100m3/hm2减少到600和975m3/hm2。对春小麦生育期土壤表层,5、10、15、20和25cm处温度变化观测发现:免耕覆盖土壤温度在气温较低的8:00可以提高土壤表层温度,在气温较高的14:00可以减缓土壤温度的升高,而在19:00气温降低时可以减缓土壤温度的降低,使土壤温度一直保持在一个稳定的状态,这有利于调节农田小气候,创造作物良好的生长环境。     

河北省地下水压采区冬小麦休耕效果遥感监测研究

党的十八大和十八届三中全会对生态文明建设提出了新的要求。2015年前,河北省地下水超采严重,成为全国最大的地下水漏斗区。为遏制地下水位下降的趋势,2016-2020年,河北省响应国家轮作休耕制度试点要求,在黑龙港区域压减冬小麦种植面积。本文采用遥感影像全覆盖的方法,监测黑龙港及周边区域2015年和2020年的冬小麦种植面积,评价休耕前后的冬小麦种植面积变化情况及减少地下水用量的影响。结果表明,2020年监测区域冬小麦种植面积较2015年减少168.77万亩,减幅6.94%。按冬小麦灌水量200m³/亩测算,2020年冬小麦种植面积减少约节约灌溉用水量3.38亿m³。     

渭北旱塬深层土壤水分特征对水分生产效率的影响

采用田间试验和观测方法研究了渭北旱塬东部旱作区的农田土壤水分特征和水分生产效率,结果表明,该区在麦田夏闲蓄水期(7-9月)降水量在212.7mm以下时,1～1.2m深处存在一相对干土层,使小麦生育后期对深层土壤水分利用产生一定影响,并使旱地农田水分生效率降低.研究还看出,旱地农田水分生产效率具有明显地随播前土壤储水量增加而提高的趋势,说明渭北旱塬使东部的土壤水库在旱农条件下作物供水调节中的不可代替作用.     

耕作对渭北旱塬小麦-玉米轮作田土壤水分和产量的影响

【目的】探讨不同降水年型下,耕作方式对冬小麦-休闲-春玉米轮作田土壤水分和作物产量的影响,为旱区粮田降雨高效利用与耕作制度创新提供理论支撑。【方法】于2007—2019年在渭北旱塬进行长期定位保护性耕作试验,以传统翻耕（CT）为对照,设置免耕（NT）和深松（ST）2种少耕耕作方式,分析不同降水年型下耕作方式对小麦-玉米轮作田休闲期土壤蓄墒、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】（1）降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响休闲期末期土壤贮水量和休闲期蓄墒率,其中降水年型是休闲末期土壤贮水量和休闲期蓄墒率变化的主导因素。休闲末期0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量（mm）表现为丰水年型（430.6）>欠水年型（405.9）>平水年型（381.5）;NT（417.4）>ST（402.3）>CT（398.2）;丰水年型NT处理休闲末期0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量最高（438.5）,平水年型ST处理最低（370.2）;休闲期蓄墒率（%）表现为丰水年型（27.1）>欠水年型（26.6）>平水年型（25.1）;NT（27.6）>ST（26.4）>CT（25.8）;欠水年型NT处理土壤蓄墒率最高（29.1）,平水年型CT处理土壤蓄墒率最低（25.0）。（2）降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响冬小麦产量和水分利用效率（WUE）,其中耕作方式是冬小麦产量（kg∙hm^-2）和WUE（kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1）变化的主导因素。冬小麦产量表现为丰水年型（4985）>欠水年型（3984）;NT（4522）>ST（4468）>CT（4465）;丰水年型NT处理产量最高（5033）,欠水年型ST处理最低（3957）;冬小麦WUE表现为丰水年型（15.4）>欠水年型（14.9）;NT（16.2）>ST（15.4）>CT（14.0）;丰水年型NT处理WUE最高（16.5）,欠水年型CT处理最低（13.9）。（3）降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响春玉米产量和水分利用效率（WUE）,其中降水年型是春玉米产量（kg∙hm^-2）和WUE（kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1）变化的主导因素。春玉米产量表现为丰水年型（7677）>欠水年型（6999）>平水年型（5887）;NT（6900）>ST（6879）>CT（6785）;丰水年型ST处理产量最高（8003）,平水年型ST处理最低（5723）;春玉米WUE表现为丰水年型（18.7）>欠水年型（17.5）>平水年型（14.8）;NT（17.8）>ST（17.0）>CT（16.2）;丰水年型ST处理WUE最高（19.3）,平水年型CT处理最低（13.9）。（4）在冬小麦-休闲-春玉米轮作周期中,耕作方式显著影响作物产量和WUE。其中NT处理多年平均产量和WUE分别较CT处理提高1.6%和9.5%,ST处理多年平均产量和WUE分别较CT处理提高1.2%和3.9%。【结论】综合各降水年型下土壤水分与作物产量得出,保护性耕作可以相对高效地实现保水增产目的,其中以免耕处理蓄水与增产效应最佳。从旱作农田高产高效及长期可持续发展的角度综合考虑,推荐免耕作为黄土高原地区实现蓄水保墒及增产增收目的的耕作方式。     

氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收 及残留淋失的影响

【目的】针对西北旱区水分缺乏和氮肥施用不合理的问题,探索作物增产与水肥高效的施肥与栽培模式,以指导旱地农业生产。【方法】通过在黄土高原旱地进行的长期田间定位试验,研究早春追肥、氮肥调控、垄覆沟播、播种密度、夏闲期秸秆覆盖等措施对作物产量与氮素利用,以及收获后土壤硝态氮残留,夏闲期残留硝态氮淋溶和土壤氮素矿化的影响。【结果】旱地早春追肥、氮肥调控+早春追肥、氮肥调控+垄覆沟播、氮肥调控+垄覆沟播增密处理小麦产量比农户常规施肥分别提高15.7%、22.2%、38.6%和24.8%,作物氮吸收增加25.0%、32.0%、36.4%和6.4%,氮素收获指数提高3.8%、3.3%、5.7%和6.8%,当季硝态氮残留减少30.9%、20.0%、59.5%和68.2%,夏闲期硝态氮向60 cm以下土层的淋溶减少27.5%、24.6%、42.3%和24.3%。【结论】渭北旱区早春追肥、氮肥调控+早春追肥、氮肥调控+垄覆沟播和氮肥调控+垄覆沟播增密在提高冬小麦产量的同时,促进作物氮的吸收,减少肥料氮的残留,其中氮肥调控+垄覆沟播结合夏闲期秸秆覆盖,在增加土壤保水蓄水的同时,避免硝态氮向深层淋失,效果更好。     

晋东南旱地小麦生育规律特点及麦田水分供需平衡研究

研究表明,在以干旱为主要特点的气候条件下,晋东南旱地冬小麦生育特点是幼苗期长、有效生长期短、穗分化期短、灌浆期短、成熟晚;冬前分蘖多,春生分蘖少,分蘖高早、两级分化早而快,分蘖成穗率低.旱地冬小麦耗水特点是幼苗期少,拔节后增多,抽穗开花前后达到高峰,而后逐渐减少.麦田土壤水分供需不平衡,以拔节至灌浆期亏缺最严重,水分满足率仅50%左右,是开发小麦降水生产潜力的主要限制因素.旱地小麦耗水来源,幼苗期以降水为主,中后期以土壤供水为主.     

秋闲期秸秆覆盖与减氮优化根系分布提高冬小麦产量及水氮利用效率

【目的】冬春干旱频发和氮的过度施用限制了西南丘陵旱地雨养农业区小麦的产量与可持续发展,探讨秋闲期秸秆覆盖与氮肥减施对旱地小麦根系分布、产量及水氮吸收利用的影响,为优化四川旱地小麦耕作制度和绿色高质高效生产提供依据。【方法】试验于2016–2018年在四川省仁寿县四川农业大学试验基地进行,采用裂区设计,在夏玉米收获后,以秋闲期秸秆粉碎覆盖（SM）和不覆盖（NM）为主区,以不施氮（N₀：0）、减氮（RN：120 kg N·hm^-2）和常规施氮（CN：180 kg N·hm^-2）为裂区,研究分析土壤含水量、根长、根系分布、小麦产量、耗水量（ET）、水分利用效率（WUE）和氮素利用情况。【结果】与不覆盖相比,秋闲期秸秆覆盖显著提高播种至孕穗期0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层含水量及播种时与拔节期0―100cm土层土壤贮水量,秸秆覆盖的保墒效应可持续至孕穗开花阶段;覆盖显著促进小麦拔节期和开花期耕层根系生长,尤其是0—10 cm土层根系直径增加、根长密度显著提高;覆盖下小麦总耗水量、WUE、氮素吸收量、播种至拔节期氮素积累速率、拔节至开花期氮素积累速率、氮素籽粒生产效率（NUEg）、氮肥农学效率（AEN）和氮肥偏生产力（NPFP）两年均值较不覆盖分别提高11.4%、71.8%、73.1%、119.0%、100.0%、3.6%、264.7%和78.2%;覆盖下氮肥回收效率（REN）较不覆盖增加44.4个百分点。覆盖后冬小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和产量两年均值较不覆盖分别提高31.8%、44.4%和92.9%。秸秆覆盖效应大于施氮量效应。与常规施氮量相比,减氮处理未显著降低0—10 cm土层根长密度、耗水量、水分利用效率与籽粒产量;覆盖结合减氮显著提高群体氮素籽粒生产效率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥回收效率。【结论】秋闲期秸秆覆盖提高播种至拔节期土壤水分含量和储量,促进拔节期小麦根系在表层土壤中的生长,进而促进氮素吸收利用、提高冬小麦产量与水肥利用效率;秋闲期覆盖结合120 kg·hm^-2施氮量是适宜四川旱地冬小麦的减氮增效高产栽培技术模式。     

旱地全膜覆土穴播对春小麦耗水、产量和土壤水分平衡的影响

【目的】干旱、降水供需错位和春季低温是制约西北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区春小麦生产的主要因子,如何最大限度保蓄自然降水、实现水分的跨季节利用,则是该区春小麦产量稳定提高的根本途径。本文在大田定位观测的基础上,揭示全膜覆土穴播对西北黄土高原旱作春小麦季节性耗水特征、产量、水分利用效率和休闲期土壤水分补给的影响,并评判其年际土壤水分平衡效应。【方法】试验于2011-2013年在西北黄土高原半干旱区的甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站进行 （104°36′ E,35°35′ N）,以春小麦陇春27号为试验材料,设全膜覆土穴播（FMS）、地膜覆盖穴播（FM）和露地穴播（CK）3个处理,测定春小麦不同生育时期的土壤含水量、生物量、产量和产量构成因子,计算休闲效率、耗水量、水分利用效率、收获指数等指标。【结果】2011和2012年3个处理的春小麦耗水量无显著差异,但2013年FMS耗水量显著高于CK。FMS和FM可增加春小麦苗期到孕穗期耗水,且此阶段的耗水量在干旱年份分别较CK增加27.2%和9.6%,在丰水年份分别较CK增加52.2%和44.6%。虽然FMS和FM在各生育期的耗水量无显著差异,但FMS在丰水年（2012年和2013年）的耗水量较FM有增加趋势,且这一效果在2013年尤为明显。FMS和FM在休闲期可补充0-80 cm土层土壤水分25.4和18.3 mm,比CK分别低2.2和9.3 mm;补充80-200 cm土层土壤水分78.0和71.0 mm,比CK分别高30.0和23.1 mm;与2011年播前相比,种植3年春小麦后0-200 cm土层的土壤贮水量FMS增加了23.8 mm、FM增加了22.5 mm、CK增加了12.4 mm。FMS的休闲效率为30.5%-52.6%,比CK高12.8%-109.5%,比FM高4.5%-40.9%。FMS的穗粒数、千粒重等产量构成因子均显著高于CK（P＜0.05）;收获指数为0.4-0.5,比CK高32.5%。FMS的产量为1 750-3 180 kg·hm^-2,水分利用效率为5.5-11.5 kg·hm^-2·mm-1,分别比CK增加40%-220%、27%-239%,而且干旱年份的增加幅度更高。在干旱的2011年,FMS处理的产量较FM增加26.2%,水分利用效率提高28.2%;在丰水的2013年,FMS处理的产量较FM增加20.9%,水分利用效率提高14.8%,两年均达到显著差异水平,表明FMS较FM具有更明显的丰水年份增产、干旱年份适应干旱胁迫的潜力,能够实现该区春小麦生产稳产高产的目标。【结论】西北黄土高原半干旱区FMS种植模式有效提高了春小麦播前和生长前期的土壤贮水量,并使春小麦苗期-孕穗期的作物耗水量显著升高,增加春小麦穗粒数,扩大籽粒产量库容和促进灌浆,显著提高春小麦产量和水分利用效率;并在休闲期完全补充春小麦生育期消耗的0-200 cm土壤水分,保持春小麦田的土壤水分年际平衡。     

夏闲期种植翻压绿肥和施氮量对冬小麦生长的影响

利用田间试验,研究夏闲期种植并翻压不同绿肥和不同施氮量对后作冬小麦生长及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,与夏季休闲相比,夏闲期间种植绿肥时消耗了较多的土壤水分,冬小麦冬前单株分蘖数和返青期总茎数都有低于休闲处理的趋势,后期成穗数显著低于休闲处理,冬小麦产量和养分累积量均显著下降。种植绿肥可提高冬小麦的收获指数与千粒质量。夏闲期种植绿肥后,减氮处理(108 kg/hm2)与正常供氮处理(135 kg/hm2)相比,冬小麦产量不仅没有降低,反而有增加趋势。与休闲处理相比,夏闲期种植并翻压豆科绿肥提高了小麦氮肥利用率。     

休闲期耕作对旱地小麦土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累 及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

【目的】研究休闲期不同时间耕作对土壤水分、花后旗叶和籽粒脯氨酸积累、籽粒蛋白质积累的影响,旨在探索休闲期一次性耕作的蓄水保墒技术,为旱地小麦高产、优质提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验设定前茬小麦收获后15 d、45 d两个时期,深翻、深松两种耕作方式（以未耕作为对照）,研究其对播前0-300 cm土壤蓄水量,花后旗叶和籽粒脯氨酸含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性动态变化,籽粒蛋白质含量动态变化的影响及花后脯氨酸含量与两种氮代谢酶活性的关系。【结果】休闲期深翻或深松均可提高旱地小麦播前0-300 cm土壤蓄水量,且欠水年效果明显,以前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻效果较好。休闲期耕作降低了花后旗叶脯氨酸含量、花后5-15 d籽粒脯氨酸含量、旗叶和籽粒GDH活性,提高了籽粒GS活性、籽粒蛋白质产量。但耕作时间在不同降雨年型对旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量的影响存在差异,在欠水年,休闲期耕作降低了旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量;在丰水年,麦收后15 d耕作降低了旗叶GS活性、籽粒蛋白质含量,而麦收后45 d耕作则相反。休闲期耕作条件下,旱地小麦播前土壤蓄水量与籽粒脯氨酸含量的相关性高于与旗叶脯氨酸含量的相关性。前茬小麦收获后15 d耕作条件下,旗叶脯氨酸含量与旗叶GDH活性相关性较大,籽粒脯氨酸含量与旗叶GS活性相关性较大;前茬小麦收获后45 d耕作条件下,旗叶脯氨酸含量与籽粒GDH活性相关性较大,而籽粒脯氨酸含量与两种酶活性无显著相关性。【结论】休闲期耕作有利于蓄水保墒,且欠水年效果较明显,有利于降低花后旗叶脯氨酸含量及灌浆前期籽粒脯氨酸含量,减缓花后小麦干旱胁迫,由于脯氨酸含量与两种氮代谢酶有一定相关性,从而影响籽粒蛋白质积累。休闲期耕作的时间对土壤水分、花后脯氨酸积累、籽粒蛋白质积累有较大的调控效应,且以休闲期等雨后耕作有利于籽粒蛋白质形成,深翻效果较好。     

高寒旱地山区玉米全膜双垄种植技术节水效益研究

针对青海省高寒干旱山区农业生产中水资源不足、春夏干旱突出等问题,设计玉米全膜双垄栽培技术种植方式研究。结果表明,与传统裸地种植春小麦的水分生产效率和水分生产效益进行对比,全膜双垄栽培技术由于显著改善了土壤的水、温状况,从而促进了玉米的生长发育,大幅度提高了单位面积产量和单位面积效益,增产幅度达197%。     

黄淮海平原典型农田土壤N2O的排放特征

【目的】明确黄淮海平原地区典型作物种植类型下,农田土壤N2O排放特征,并探明不同环境因子对其排放通量的影响。【方法】采用静态箱法测定了黄淮海平原典型农田（冬小麦/夏玉米、棉花、休闲地）土壤N2O的排放通量及其季节变化特征,并分析了土壤温度、土壤水分、不同氮肥量对土壤N2O通量的影响。【结果】3种种植方式N2O排放在秋季均呈现总体下降趋势,至12月中旬左右降到最低,随着春季气温的升高则呈总体上升趋势。冬小麦/夏玉米地土壤N2O排放高峰值为433.5 µg N2O•m-2•h-1,出现在7月下旬;棉花地为146.5 µg N2O•m-2•h-1,出现在6月中旬;休闲地为175.16 µg N2O•m-2•h-1。在棉花地和休闲地,N2O排放通量随地温增加而呈指数增长,而在冬小麦/夏玉米地则没有观测到N2O排放通量与地温之间的相关关系,但与土壤含水量的变化趋势基本一致。施用氮肥对土壤N2O的排放具有明显的促进作用。【结论】N2O排放表现出多峰的日变化特征,呈明显的季节变化;土壤中N2O的产生与释放受多种环境因子的影响,而且不同环境条件不同作物影响因子所起的作用是不一样的。     

全膜覆土穴播一膜两年用冬小麦抗旱增产效果试验

在静宁县旱作区观测了冬小麦全膜覆土穴播一膜两年用抗旱增产效果。结果表明,全膜覆土穴播冬小麦头茬折合产量最高,为4666.7 kg/hm^2,较露地条播增产1272.8 kg/hm^2,增产率37.5%;较全膜覆土穴播一膜两年用冬小麦增产11.6%;全膜覆土穴播一膜两年用冬小麦折合产量为4181.8 kg/hm^2,较露地条播增产23.2%。建议在极度干旱条件下,尽量采用全膜覆土穴播一膜两年用技术。     

黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究

 针对黄土台原自然降水特点及农业生产实际情况 ,在已有研究基础上 ,以具有显著保水性能的地膜覆盖技术为中心 ,设计出旱地小麦自然降水高效利用新模式。研究表明 ,夏闲期采用地膜秸秆两元覆盖技术 ,可以把占小麦生产全年度 5 0 %的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中 ,较传统耕法多蓄水 10 8.4mm ,蓄水率达73.2 % ;在此基础上 ,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术 ,既可把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住 ,又可把小麦生育期的降水最大限度地蓄住 ,从而使旱地小麦的水分条件明显改善 ,增产效果显著 ,是黄土台原旱地小麦自然降水高效利用 ,实现高产、稳产的最佳模式选择。     

渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应

【目的】探索渭北旱塬春玉米田不同保护性耕作措施对土壤蓄水保墒效果及其与不同施肥处理组合的增产增收效应。【方法】在2007—2009年通过大田试验,测定冬闲期和玉米生育期秸秆还田免耕、深松和翻耕处理土壤湿度,分析各耕作处理在平衡施肥、无肥和常规施肥处理下春玉米产量和经济收益。【结果】2年冬闲期免耕和深松处理0—200cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别较翻耕处理高33.4和31.1mm,2年玉米生育期免耕和深松处理平均土壤贮水量分别较翻耕处理高36.3和37.3mm;平衡施肥深松处理组合春玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,2年平均产量和水分利用效率分别达到10341.0kg.hm-2和24.89kg.hm-2.mm-1,平衡施肥免耕次之,平衡施肥翻耕处理位居第三位。【结论】无论在何种施肥处理下,土壤蓄水保墒能力和增产增收效应均为深松免耕传统翻耕处理。平衡施肥深松处理组合效益最好,为渭北旱塬较适宜的春玉米保护性耕作种植模式。