Canola yield and quality enhanced with sulphur fertilization

Canola cultivars positively responded to sulphur fertilization in term of seed yield and oil quality. Oscar cultivar increased seed yield 53% as compared to control plots. Sulphur @ 45 kg ha^–1 increased seed yield, biological yield, and quality of rapeseed. Number of days to flowering (76), number of pods plant–1 (372), number of seeds pod–1 (24), plant height (173 cm), biological yield (15547 kg ha^–1), seed yield (2209 kg ha^–1), harvest index (19%), glucosinolate (μmol g–1) content (31.03 μmol g–1) and oil content (45.81%) was enhanced significantly with sulphur treated @ 45 kg ha^–1 applied plots as compared to delayed flowering (78 days), shortest plant (151 cm), pods formation (298 pods), seed pod–1 (21), biological yield (11090 kg ha^–1), seed yield (1436 kg ha^–1), and oil content (42.62%) in control plots. Among cultivars “Oscar” ranked first in different growth stages and attain more plant height (164 cm), and examined substantial number of pods plant–1 (359), seeds pod–1 (24), seed yield (2005 kg ha^–1), biological yield (14298 kg ha^–1), harvest index 17%, and oil content (46.29%) as compared to other sowed cultivars. On the basis of the result it is recommended that cultivar “Oscar” treated with sulphur @ 45 kg ha^–1 should be applied for higher yield and quality of rapeseed under the agro-climatic condition of swat valley.     

河南省油菜遗传改良进展与生产效果

综述了河南省油菜遗传育种、杂种优势利用等的研究进展及其主要成效,以期为今后的油菜遗传育种工作提供技术指导.针对近年来油菜产业发展中存在的生产成本偏高、专用型品种缺乏、保健型油脂需求旺盛等问题,及时调整了育种目标,在高产、优质、抗病的基础上,又开辟了高油、高油酸、适应机械化、耐迟播等新的研究方向;在育种技术上加强了游离小孢子培养技术、分子标记辅助选择技术的研究,并建立了相应的高效技术体系;加强了优异种质资源创新研究,创制和建立了稳定的高油、高油酸、低亚麻酸、抗寒、抗旱、抗裂荚、花色变异等各具特色的育种群体和新的种质资源;育成了一批强优势双低(即低芥酸、低硫苷)油菜杂交种和高油双低新品种,其在产量、品质和抗逆性等方面均有显著提高,为油菜新品种的更新换代和增产增收提供了强有力的技术支撑;2003-2015年,河南省油菜平均产量高于全国平均水平22.49％.本文还提出了今后的研究方向并进行了展望.     

北方冬油菜安全越冬问题探讨

菜籽油是我国居民主要食用的优质植物油之一,而黄淮及其以北冬油菜区也是我国重要油菜产区之一,但该区冬春干旱和冷冻制约着油菜的高产稳产,加上种管粗放,产量低而效益不高,影响农民种植的积极性。对此我们通过多年的试验调查研究,总结出北方油菜安全越冬的主要栽培措施：以抗旱保墒为中心,早耕整地,选好抗旱耐寒品种;9月中旬至10月上旬播种,667 m~2留苗3万～4万株;纯氮10～12 kg,五氧化二磷5～6 kg,氧化钾5 kg,硼砂约0.5 kg;在6叶期喷施多效唑,防止缩颈延伸,培育壮苗。采用沟播、培土、灌越冬水、防治病虫害、实施全程机械化种植等,以减轻冻害、稳定产量、提高效益。     

早熟、高含油量油菜新品种玉红油3号、4号的选育及良种繁育技术

云南省是我国油菜主产省份之一,种植面积达到30万hm2,旱地油菜面积占55%,针对山地油菜生产中对早熟、高稳产型油菜品种的迫切需求,云南省玉溪市红塔区种子管理站于2006年引进国内优异品种,与本地优质、高产、抗逆性强主栽品种杂交,经一年多代筛选鉴定、品质同步检测育成早熟、高含油量、高稳产油菜新品种玉红油3号、4号,玉红油3号2014年通过云南省品种审定(审定编号: 滇审油菜2014003号),玉红油4号2016年通过云南省品种审定(审定编号: 滇审油菜2016004号)。早熟、高含油量山地油菜新品种的选育成功,促进了玉溪市及云南省油菜产业发展。民以食为天,农以种为先,玉红油3号、4号良种繁育技术主要是严格遵行原原种、原种和生产种繁育技术和隔离制度,确保种子质量。     

Growth and fatty acid composition of sesame (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesamum indicum</Emphasis> L.) genotypes as influence by planting dates and nitrogen fertilization in semiarid region of Northwest,Pakistan

A field experiment was conducted on silty clay loam soil in the years 2011–2012. Two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars (Local Black and Local White) were evaluated using various 3 different sowing dates (20th June, 10th and 30th July) and four agrotechnical level (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha^–1) at New Developmental Farm The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sowing dates on growth, yield and oil fatty acid composition of two sesame cultivars grown under different nitrogen fertilization. Results showed that cv. Local Black was characterized by significantly higher content of oil (47%), seed yield (696 kg ha^–1) and oil yield (335 kg ha^–1) while cv. Local White had higher palmitic acid (8%) and linoleic acid (38.7%). Yield and its main components were positively affected by the earlier sowing date. With regard to fatty acid composition, a decrease in oleic and stearic acid and an increase in linoleic and palmitic acid were observed. At early sowing, oleic and palmitic acid decreased whereas linoleic and stearic acid increased. The decrease in the oleic/linoleic acid ratio observed at early sowing, suggests a possible role of temperature on the activity of oleate desaturase in the developing seeds. Intensive technology of cultivation (120 kg N ha^–1), compared to the economical technology (40 kg N ha^–1), significantly increased the seed yield of both sesame cultivars. This was due to higher number of branches, Capsules m^–2, capsules plant^–1, seeds capsule^–1 and 1000 seed weight (g). The intensive technology of cultivation had a beneficial effect on the content of palmitic acid, linolenic acid and oleic acid in sesame seed.     

不同冬油菜品种抗寒性研究

[目的]对不同冬油菜类型和品种在新疆早寒区越冬抗寒性、适应性进行分析比较,研究冬油菜北移的可行性.[方法]对10份不同类型和来源冬油菜品种(系)的抗寒性、农艺性状、含油率和产量表现等进行分析.[结果]在新疆旱寒区甘蓝型、白菜型冬油菜均能够越冬,且表现出良好的适应性和农艺性状,生育期在280 d左右,含油率36.77;～41.53;,产量2 307.44～3 010.07kg/hm2.[结论]冬油菜北移进入新疆旱寒区种植能够有效地增加该区冬春季植被覆盖度,同时为该区发展一年二熟耕作制创造了条件,具有显著的经济效益和生态效益,对促进新疆早寒区冬油菜生产农业可持续发展和生态环境建设具有十分重要的意义.     

新疆旱寒区种植冬性甘蓝型和白菜型油菜的可行性

结合新疆地区情况,对不同冬油菜品种(系)在新疆旱寒区的越冬抗寒性、经济性状、生育期、含油率、产量表现,适应性等进行研究。结果表明,在新疆旱寒区甘蓝型、白菜型冬油菜均能越冬,且表现出良好的适应性和农艺性状,生育期239~302 d,含油率36.77%~41.53%,产量2 307.44~3 010.07 kg/hm2。     

甘蓝型油菜蛋白质含量的遗传及与其他几个性状相关的研究

利用6×6半双列杂交和24个品种（系）单因素遗传设计,分别研究了蛋白质含量的遗传及与其他性状之间的偏相关关系。结果表明,蛋白质含量主要受加性和显性两种基因效应控制,上位性作用不存在;平均显性度为0.856,即呈部分显性;广义遗传力和狭义遗传力分别为74.77%和57.24%。蛋白质含量与单株籽粒产量、亚油酸、芥酸均呈不显著负偏相关;与含油量呈显著负偏相关;与千粒重、亚麻酸、油酸均呈不显著正偏相关;但与幼苗期和始花期植株叶片的硝酸还原酶活力呈极显著简单正相关。最后还讨论了培育高蛋白质、高产量、高含油量、低芥酸与低硫代葡萄糖甙品种的可能途径。笔者认为,通过提高品系的硝酸还原酶活力,有可能使高蛋白质含量与高油含量之间的负相关矛盾得以缓解;利用轮回选择育种方法,可能有利于打破性状间的不利连锁,培育出理想的新品种。     

Utilizing comprehensive decision analysis methods to determine an optimal planting pattern and nitrogen application for winter oilseed rape

Oilseed rape is one of the most important oil crops globally. Attaining the appropriate cultivation method(planting pattern and nitrogen level) is necessary to achieve high yield, quality and resource utilization efficiency. However, the optimal method for oilseed rape varies across countries and regions. The objective of the present study was to determine an appropriate cultivation method, including planting pattern and nitrogen application, for winter oilseed rape in northwestern China. Two planting patterns: ridge film mulching and furrow planting(RFMF) and flat planting(FP), and six nitrogen(N) amounts: 0(N0), 60(N60), 120(N120), 180(N180), 240(N240), and 300(N300) kg N ha–1 were applied across three growing seasons(2014–2017). Three comprehensive decision analysis methods: principal component analysis, grey correlation degree analysis and the combined entropy weight and dynamic technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution method were used to evaluate the growth and physiological indicators, nutrient uptake, yield, quality, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency of winter oilseed rape. Planting pattern, nitrogen amount and their interaction significantly affected the indicators aforementioned. The RFMF pattern significantly increased all indicators over the FP pattern. Application of N also markedly increased all the indicators except for seed oil content, but the yield, oil production and water use efficiency were decreased when N fertilizer exceeded 180 kg N ha–1 under FP and 240 kg N ha–1 under RFFM. The evaluation results of the three comprehensive decision analysis methods indicated that RFMF planting pattern with 240 kg N ha–1 is an appropriate cultivation method for winter oilseed rape in northwestern China. These findings are of vital significance to maximize yield, optimize quality and improve resource use efficiencies of winter oilseed rape.     

北方旱寒区冬油菜种植气候适宜性研究

【目的】分析北方旱寒区冬油菜种植分布和气候条件之间的关系,确定影响冬油菜种植分布的主要气候因子,在区域尺度上划分冬油菜种植气候适宜性区域,为改进冬油菜生产布局,合理调整农业生产结构和种植布局提供参考依据。【方法】利用多年不同油菜品种地理分期播种试验数据和长序列气候数据,筛选影响冬油菜种植分布的潜在气候因子,采用基于DEM的小网格推算法建立潜在气象因子空间数据库,并在此基础上利用MaxEnt模型分析北方旱寒区冬油菜种植分布与气候条件的关系,确定影响北方旱寒区冬油菜种植分布的主要气象因子,模拟北方旱寒区冬油菜的潜在空间分布概率,并划分北方旱寒区冬油菜种植气候适宜性区域。【结果】潜在气象因子对冬油菜种植分布的总贡献率达到0.89,按贡献率大小确定影响北方旱寒区冬油菜种植分布的主要气候因子包括：年平均温度、负积温、极端低温、最冷月最低温度、最冷月平均温度;冬油菜在北方旱寒区潜在分布概率为0-0.84,按其分布概率将北方旱寒区冬油菜种植区域划分为4个等级：不适宜种植区域、次适宜种植区域、适宜种植区域和最适宜种植区域;冬油菜种植北界,大抵以吉林南部、内蒙古南部、新疆南部为界限,与传统冬油菜种植北界相比较,向北推进了1 200 km,纬度由39°N提升到45°N。【结论】北方旱寒区超过50%的地区都可以种植冬油菜,冬油菜种植区北移是可行的,且具有很大的扩展潜力,冬油菜将成为北方旱寒区重要的油料作物。这将突破原有传统的冬油菜种植区划,改变冬油菜生产的布局结构。     

Forming the Productivity of Spring and Winter Wheat in the Conditions of the Middle Priamurye Region

The results of a comparative evaluation of winter and spring wheat genetic material in the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Priamurye Region are presented. Eight varieties of winter wheat bred in Zernograd Agricultural Research Institute were compared to varieties and lines of spring wheat bred in the Far East Agricultural Research Institute. It was found that regional conditions meet winter wheat biological requirements completely and are favorable for productivity features. Under optimal hydrothermal conditions, the productivity of winter wheat varieties is within 30.6–58.4 dt ha^–1, which is 22.3–75.0% higher than spring wheat’s due to a higher 1000 seed weight. On average over the years of research, 1000 seed weight of winter wheat was 35.0–41.0 g, while that of spring wheat was 29.7–36.6 g. In the local conditions, spring wheat’s grain quality is higher than that of winter wheat varieties. Spring wheat varieties and breeding lines surpass winter wheat crops in protein content by 2.5%.     

Recent Advances,Problems and Outlooks in Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) Breeding in China

As a big rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) producing and consuming country, China provides more and more rapeseed oil year by year. With the development of demand for rapeseed and import of edible oil, rapeseed breeding and production is facing a great challenge. New situation has proposed higher requirements to yield, oil quality and safety, etc. In the review, some aspects about rapeseed breeding in China were reported, including breeding of high-oil content rapeseed, breeding of extremely early-maturing rapeseed, development of mechanization and development of chemical emasculation. Some prospects and expectations were also proposed.     

Recent Advances,Problems and Outlooks in Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) Breeding in China

As a big rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) producing and consuming country, China provides more and more rapeseed oil year by year. With the development of demand for rapeseed and import of edible oil, rapeseed breeding and production is facing a great challenge. New situation has proposed higher requirements to yield, oil quality and safety, etc. In the review, some aspects about rapeseed breeding in China were reported, including breeding of high-oil content rapeseed, breeding of extremely early-maturing rapeseed, development of mechanization and development of chemical emasculation. Some prospects and expectations were also proposed.     

甘蓝型油菜品质育种方法探讨

为提高油菜中油份和油酸等品质性状的含量,根据油菜遗传规律和育种经验,总结出了油菜品质育种的新方法——优群优选法。该方法的核心是构建目标品质的优类群,低世代(F₁~F₂)开放选择,中世代(F₃~F₅)套袋自交和开放单株优选同步进行,待F₆~F₈代形成稳定的高产高品质株系后,利用多环境种植测定其产量和品质的稳定性,选出目标性状变异幅度小、品质优异、产量高的品系参加各级试验。以该方法选育出浙油50、浙油51、浙油33、浙油21等含油量高于47%的品种,其含油量和产量处于国内领先水平,并育成了我国第1个高油酸品种浙油80。     

Molecular Assisted Breeding and Adaptability Analysis of Zhongyouza 11 with Super High Oil Content

Using a three-line system of Shaan 2A cytoplasmic male sterility, a hybrid variety rapeseed, Zhongyouza 11, was developed by the combination of traditional methods and a molecular marker-assisted breeding technique. This hybrid variety had high grain yield, high oil content, wide adaptability, and good quality. The oil content of Zhongyouza 11 is steadily above 43% in the three ecological regions along the Yangtze River valley, which is the largest winter oilseed production area in China. The highest oil content of Zhongyouza 11 reached 46.68% in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River valley in 2003-2004, which was the highest among all lines involved in the national regional rapeseed variety trials. In the regional yield trials in Hubei Province, the average yield of Zhongyouza 11 reached 2 853 kg ha-1 (2002-2004), yielding more than the control variety Zhongshuang 6 by 11.34%. In the national trials, the yield of Zhongyouza 11 reached 2 405.7, 2 697.3, and 2 770.2 kg ha-1 in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley, yielding more than the control varieties by 11.52, 12.9, and 14.92%, respectively, in 2003-2005. Both the high oil content and high grain yield contributed to the high oil yield of Zhongyouza 11. The oil yield of Zhongyouza 11 in the national trials reached 1083.3, 1210.2, and 1224.8 kg ha-1, yielding more than the controls by 29.42, 27.65, and 20.98%, respectively, in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. The highest oil yield reached 1369.65 kg ha-1 in the middle reach of the Yangtze River valley(2003-2004), with an increase of 46.21% compared to the control. The experimental sites distributed widely along the Yangtze River valley, cover most of the Chinese winter rapeseed production areas. Among the 89 experimental location/years, the yield of Zhongyouza 11 surpassed the controls at 77 location/years in the trials, indicating its wide adaptability.Zhongyouza 11 was the only one that passed the national regional trials in all three regions along the Yangtze River valley simultaneously in 2005. It is also the first rapeseed variety that contained seed oil exceeding 46% and passed the national regional trials. This study shows that heterosis prediction by the means of estimation of genetic distance between parental lines using single sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers is an efficient way for the reduction of tedious field trials and the acceleration of breeding procedure.     

Influence of two-stage harvesting on the properties of cold-pressed rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oils

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) harvesting method is critical since it significantly determines the seed yield, oil quality, and industrial efficiency. This study investigated the influences of harvesting methods on the quality of cold-pressed rapeseed oil of two varieties. Oil color, peroxide value (POV), tocopherol content, fatty acid composition, and polarity of total polyphenols (PTP) contents of two rapeseed varieties in Huanggang and Xiangyang were compared through artificially simulated combined harvesting and two-stage harvesting. Results showed significant differences in the quality of rapeseed oil between the two harvesting methods. The red value (R-value), POV, total tocopherol contents, linoleic and linolenic acid content, and PTP content of the pressed rapeseed oil prepared by the combined harvesting method were about 27.6, 5.7, 15.8, 2.0, 0.5, and 28.6% lower than those of the oil produced from the two-stage harvesting method, respectively. Xiangyang and Huayouza62 performed better in the two regions and two varieties, respectively. To sum up, the rapeseed oil obtained 41–44 days after final flowering of combined harvesting, 35 days after final flowering, and six days of post-ripening of the two-stage harvesting had the best quality.     

我国油菜种业发展现状及对策建议

油菜种业是食用油产业链上游关键链条,对食用油安全起到至关重要的作用。概述了我国油菜种业发展现状,分析了我国油菜种业目前存在跨国种业集团的严峻挑战、育繁推严重脱节、企业商业化育种落后、种子生产保障能力不强、种子生产基础设施设备薄弱等问题,并从政策、机制、投入等方面提出了相应对策建议,以期为油菜种子生产和推广奠定基础。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling seed pigments of rapeseed

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important source of edible vegetable oil and feed protein; however, seed pigments affect the quality of rapeseed oil and the feed value of the residue from oil pressing. Here, we used a population of rapeseed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the black-seeded male parent cultivar Zhongyou 821 and the yellow-seeded female parent line GH06 to map candidate genes controlling seed pigments in embryos and the seed coat. We detected 94 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed pigments (44 for embryos and 50 for seed coat), distributed over 15 of the 19 rapeseed chromosomes. These included 28 QTLs for anthocyanidin content, explaining 2.41–44.66% of phenotypic variation; 24 QTLs for flavonoid content, explaining 2.41–20.26% of phenotypic variation; 16 QTLs for total phenol content, accounting for 2.74–23.68% of phenotypic variation; and 26 QTLs for melanin content, accounting for 2.37–24.82% of phenotypic variation, indicating that these traits are under multigenic control. Consensus regions on chromosomes A06, A09 and C08 were associated with multiple seed pigment traits, including 15, 19 and 10 QTLs, respectively, most of which were major QTLs explaining >10% of the phenotypic variation. Based on the annotation of the B. napus “Darmor-bzh” reference genome, 67 candidate genes were predicted from these consensus QTLs regions, and 12 candidate genes were identified as potentially involved in pigment accumulation by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis. These preliminary results provide insight into the genetic architecture of pigment biosynthesis and lay a foundation for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying seed coat color in B. napus.     

春性和半冬性甘蓝型油菜在春油菜区中的杂种优势研究

为了研究春油菜区生态条件下,春性和半冬性油菜亲本所组配的杂交组合之间的杂种优势差异。选用不同春化类型油菜品种(系)作为研究材料,按照不完全双列杂交Griffing(亲本+正交F1组合)设计,分析亲本及其杂交组合的表现。结果表明:不同类型亲本对F1的农艺性状影响程度不同,其中亲本对杂种F1的总角果数影响最大;在亲本春化类型的方差估算及性状遗传力分析中,含油量、单株产量、角果粒数和千粒质量在一般配合力中占的比例较大,说明受到亲本类型遗传较大;在冬春不同类型亲本的杂交组合中,含油量、单株产量和单株角果数的超亲优势平均值以春性类型的亲本和半冬性类型的亲本所测配的杂交组合为最大。因此,春性品种(系)与半冬性品种(系)组配的杂交组合比同类品种间组配的组合具有更强的杂种优势。