Sensitivity of barley varieties to weather in Finland

Global climate change is predicted to shift seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns. An increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves and prolonged droughts is predicted, but there are high levels of uncertainty about the nature of local changes. Crop adaptation will be important in reducing potential damage to agriculture. Crop diversity may enhance resilience to climate variability and changes that are difficult to predict. Therefore, there has to be sufficient diversity within the set of available cultivars in response to weather parameters critical for yield formation. To determine the scale of such 'weather response diversity' within barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), an important crop in northern conditions, the yield responses of a wide range of modern and historical varieties were analysed according to a well-defined set of critical agro-meteorological variables. The Finnish long-term dataset of MTT Official Variety Trials was used together with historical weather records of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The foci of the analysis were firstly to describe the general response of barley to different weather conditions and secondly to reveal the diversity among varieties in the sensitivity to each weather variable. It was established that barley yields were frequently reduced by drought or excessive rain early in the season, by high temperatures at around heading, and by accelerated temperature sum accumulation rates during periods 2 weeks before heading and between heading and yellow ripeness. Low temperatures early in the season increased yields, but frost during the first 4 weeks after sowing had no effect. After canopy establishment, higher precipitation on average resulted in higher yields. In a cultivar-specific analysis, it was found that there were differences in responses to all but three of the studied climatic variables: waterlogging and drought early in the season and temperature sum accumulation rate before heading. The results suggest that low temperatures early in the season, delayed sowing, rain 3-7 weeks after sowing, a temperature change 3-4 weeks after sowing, a high temperature sum accumulation rate from heading to yellow ripeness and high temperatures (?25°C) at around heading could mostly be addressed by exploiting the traits found in the range of varieties included in the present study. However, new technology and novel genetic material are needed to enable crops to withstand periods of excessive rain or drought early in the season and to enhance performance under increased temperature sum accumulation rates prior to heading.     

早籼叶片性状的研究

以19个早籼品种为材料,考察测定了不同生育时期的叶片性状共62项.在方差分析的基础上,根据性状育种值进行逐步回归分析和通径分析.结果表明:对早籼产量起重要作用的性状是;成熟期剑叶长、剑叶长宽比、剑叶面积、剑叶体积;蜡熟期剑叶角度、倒二叶宽、倒二叶自然长;单株生物产量和谷草比.经验证,由上述重要性状与产量所建立的回归方程其预测平均准确率为97%.在早籼高产育种中重点应放在提高生物产量上.     

Dependence of Various Oat Ecotypes’ Yield Capacity on Climatic Factors in the Middle Amur Region

The experiments took place in the Middle Amur region, which is characterized by uneven soil and climatic conditions. The climate of this area of Russia is characterized by drought during tillering time and an excess of moisture during anthesis, grain ripening, and harvest. The impact of climatic factors on yield formation in oats of various origin were studied. The donors of economically important traits to be used in fodder cereals’ breeding were selected. We found correlations between yield of oats and environmental factors, such as sum of air temperatures at the soil level and precipitation. The oat samples with the best agronomic traits were recognized as promising and were involved in the breeding process as paternal parent forms.     

关于早熟大豆育种亲本选配问题

在确立早熟大豆育种目标时,必须充分考虑推广地区的生态和自然因素,同时兼顾其他农艺性状。在早熟大豆育种的亲本选配上,应选择双亲生育日数差值小、花期短、鼓粒快、株体繁茂、耐低温的早熟种质资源作为杂交亲本;在杂交亲本组配方式上,以早熟、丰产、抗病品种间杂交为最佳组合方式;大豆生育期性状属于简单的数量性状,以基因累加效应为主,通过有性杂交获得早熟性基因累加的超亲遗传后代,进而创造出更早熟的杂交后代材料。     

黄早4玉米自交系改良选育及应用研究

本研究利用具有抗斑病和早熟特性的525自交系,在强化环境条件下,通过基因导入、回交改良的育种方法改良黄早4自交系.育成适合京、津等地种植的早熟、抗病、综合性状优于掖单4号的玉米杂交种“津农5号”.它将为京、津等地夏玉米高产、稳产提供保证.     

Features of Bioecology of Sea Buckthorn Flies <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhagoletis batava</Emphasis> Hering in the Central Non-Chernozem Region of Russia

Sea buckthorn fly Rhagoletis batava Hering (Diptera; Tephritidae) was first recorded in the Central Non-Chernozem Region of Russia in the early 21st century. The pest adapted in a short time and there are periodically massive outbreaks of reproduction. In some years, this phytophage damages more than 80% of susceptible sea buckthorn cultivars’ fruits. However, the bioecology of R. batava in the specified area has not been studied, which hampers the timely implementation of protective measures and ensuring of their high efficiency. The beginning of flight of flies, oviposition, and larval hatching strongly depend on weather conditions and they occur with a difference in the calendar period up to 25–30 days in different years. In the years of research, the sum of effective temperatures above 10°C at the beginning of flight of flies ranged from 252.1 to 319°С, from 339.5 to 390.3°C at the beginning of oviposition, and from 428.3 to 471.0°C at the beginning of larval hatching. The duration of the summer period in the exploration area ranges from 48 to 57 days. To track the dynamics of the summer and to more accurately determine the beginning of the individual phases of development of the pest, it is necessary to use yellow two-sided glue traps and fruit inspection under a microscope.     

蔬菜多倍体育种及其应用

多倍体在蔬菜育种中具有重要的地位,开发利用前景广阔。蔬菜多倍体育种已有70余年的历史,但迄今仅有西瓜、萝卜、白菜、马铃薯等少数多倍体品种在生产上推广应用。多倍体植物自身特点和育种技术相对落后仍然是限制多倍体育种发展的主要问题。系统地介绍了蔬菜多倍体形成的途径,重点讨论了蔬菜多倍体育种中存在的障碍及其克服方法,并分析总结了蔬菜多倍体的成功应用,展望了蔬菜多倍体育种的发展前景。     

菜用大豆籽粒发育过程中Vc及矿物质含量分析

【目的】了解菜用大豆籽粒发育过程中Vc及矿物质含量的变化规律,为优质菜用大豆的选育和生产提供理论依据。【方法】以熟期相近的9份菜用大豆品种为供试材料,在菜用大豆籽粒发育期分析籽粒Vc及钾、镁、钙、铁等矿物质元素的含量变化。【结果】随着菜用大豆籽粒的不断发育,其Vc含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在花后50 d最高;钾元素含量呈一直下降的变化趋势,而钙元素含量呈逐渐上升的变化趋势;籽粒百粒鲜重、镁和铁元素平均含量呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,其最高值出现在花后55 d。【结论】菜用大豆籽粒百粒鲜重、镁和铁、Vc含量的变化规律较相似,而钾和钙元素的含量变化规律有所不同。     

中国菜用大豆研究进展

菜用大豆属豆科,大豆属,栽培大豆种,通常是指R6期￣R7期籽粒饱满,荚色翠绿时采青食用大豆的总称。简述了菜用大豆在中国的发展历史和品种选择标准;对近年来菜用大豆的品种资源与遗传育种研究进展、栽培技术研究进展和种子处理与贮藏技术方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

我国菜用大豆研究进展与生产利用现状

中国有种植菜用大豆的悠久历史。近十几年来,中国逐步成为世界上菜用大豆的主要出口国。笔者论述了菜用大豆的国际市场需求动态、科研生产现状及未来研究发展趋势,为拓展我国菜用大豆的消费市场和发展出口创汇生产及开展高产、优质、抗病育种提供参考建议。     

不同播种季节对早熟菜用大豆农艺性状的影响

对12个早熟菜用大豆品种(系),进行春夏播试验,研究不同播季对主要农艺性状的影响,分析不同播季性状之间的相关性。结果表明,春季播种条件下几乎所有性状均高于夏播;农艺性状的变异系数小于夏播;单株荚数、全生育期等2个性状与单株产量达显著或极显著相关,而夏播条件下单株荚数、单株粒数等2个性状与单株产量达显著相关。初步探讨了产生遗传差异的原因及分季播种条件下有关性状的选择,为早熟菜用大豆育种在不同环境条件下的性状选择与鉴定提供依据。     

Genetic Diversity of Maturity Related Genes of Soybean During One Centurial Artificial Selection in Northeast China

Maturity period is a critical trait in soybean breeding and determines the particularly ecological region of a cultivar.In present study,118 soybean varieties spanning three artificial breeding periods(1923-1970,the early breeding period;1971-1990,the mid-breeding period;and 1991-2010,the current breeding period)in northeast China were selected.Fourteen DNA-specified markers including cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences(CAPS),derived CAPS(d CAPS)and fragment length polymorphism(FLP)markers were filtered to analyze the genetic diversity from E1 to E4.The results were as the followings:the soybean varieties with more gene frequencies showed more gene diversities.Among the E genes,E1 and E3 genes showed more allelic diversities than E2,and E4 only had diversity in the early breeding period.During the artificial process,some alleles of E genes disappeared and some new ones were generated.More gene diversities were observed in soybean germplasms,and new excellent germplasms could be explored to improve yield traits in artificial breeding programs.Furthermore,six different E gene combinations were observed in the early breeding period,five in the mid-breeding period and 11 in the current breeding period.Three elite genotypes were identified through a century artificial selection,while new genotypes were also found in different breeding periods.Of them,e1-nle2e3-tr E4 was a new soybean genotype of extremely early maturity in the current breeding period,which was widely suitable for planting in 00 and 000 maturity groups.Moreover,significant correlation was found between E2 and E3,suggesting that light length and light quality were two key factors for soybean maturity in northeast China.The understanding of the E genes variation underlying soybean maturity could facilitate the procession to breed elite varieties adapted for diverse regions.     

菜用大豆品种毛豆292鼓粒与需水特点

通过3种灌水处理研究了菜用大豆品种毛豆292的鼓粒和需水特点.结果表明,在干旱条件下始花期和鼓粒初期各灌水1次,能明显加快籽粒鼓粒速度,延长鼓粒持续期,促进籽粒饱满,增加标准荚数,提高鲜荚产量和标准荚产量.     

菜用大豆(Soybean)引种试验研究

[目的]筛选适宜大规模栽培的大豆优良株系。[方法]对引进的5个菜用大豆株系在种植生态条件下的植物学特征,农艺性状等进行评价及筛选。[结果]结果表明,通过比较分析,4号株系表现的生育期短,干耔产量较低,结荚个数较少;可利用的鲜粒,鲜荚较大,籽粒饱满,秕荚率低;矮株抗倒伏,6月份收获鲜荚。[结论]大豆可考虑引进栽培。     

小麦干物质积累与穗粒重形成的研究

本试验研究了11个品种(系)穗粒重形成过程中的干物质累积分配特性。小麦开花后穗粒重形成可分为初期(即穗粒形成期,开花至花后10天)、中期(花后10天至30天),和后期(花后30天至成熟)三个阶段穗粒重与中、后期的灌浆速率密切相关,其相关数分别为0.9757和0.8518后期灌浆速率存在较大的遗传变异性,可供育种家利用。本研究指出,重穗育种应在增加同化源的基础上,着重提高穗粒数。     

菜用大豆贮藏保鲜工艺的研究与应用

菜用大豆(毛豆)含水量高,极易失水萎蔫或腐烂变质,选育适应市场需求,又宜于保鲜贮藏的品种,采用速冻冷藏的方式,开发、应用天然保鲜剂和生物技术,可提高菜用大豆的经济价值和拓宽国内外市场。     

分子标记在大豆遗传育种中的应用

大豆起源于我国,是重要的植物蛋白质和食用油脂的来源,同时也是世界上重要的粮食与经济作物。大豆的遗传研究一直受到很高的重视,但与其他作物相比,仍明显滞后。育种专家一直在开发提高育种效率的技术。DNA分子标记被认为是实现这一目标的主要技术之一。文中综述了分子标记在大豆育种中的应用情况,并对存在的主要问题进行了探讨,为大豆的进一步开发利用提供了依据。     

大豆超早熟育种问题的研究

本文通过对大豆早熟性基因源的鉴定分析,极早熟品种在个体发育中生育期与各生育阶段的相关性测定以及早熟性遗传变异规律的研究,结合超早熟育种实践,指出超早熟育种首要问题是自不同生态区最广泛地搜集血缘关系较远的极早熟或早熟品种(000或00成熟期组)。经系统鉴定,筛选双亲生育日数差值小、花期短、鼓粒快、株体繁茂、中日性、耐低温和极早熟种质资源作亲本。以极早熟、丰产、杭病品种间杂交为最佳组合方式,通过有性杂交获得早熟性基因累加超亲遗传个体,从而创造更早熟的杂交后代材料,于F_2和F_3世代,以早熟、抗病性为主进行混合选择,严格淘汰晚熟、感病组合及单株。F_4世代以丰产性为主,从早熟,抗病后代群体中大量选拔丰产单株,下年进行株系鉴定。并指出,50°N高寒地区建立选育基地,在当地生态条件下进行选育,更有利于超早熟品种的育成。     

Effects of constant and stage-specific-alternating temperature on the survival,development and reproduction of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Migratory insects make diverse adaptive strategies in response to changes in external environment. Temperature has an impact on the survival, development, reproduction, and migration initiation of insects. Previous research has primarily been focused on the effects of constant temperature on populations, but changing temperature has received less attention. Three constant temperature treatments(20, 25 and 30°C) and three pupal-alternating temperature treatments(20–25, 25–20 and 25–30°C) were set up to study the relationship between temperature and population development by age-stage, two-sex life table analysis in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker, a notorious migratory pest in grain crops. The 25°C treatment was considered optimal with 20 and 30°C as low suitable temperature and high temperatures, respectively. The survival rate was relatively low before third instar larvae at 20°C(63.0%) and 20–25°C(70.1%), and extreme low after pupal stage at 30°C(20.6%). Developmental duration of each stage was negatively correlated with temperature. The adult preoviposition period, when most migratory insects initiate migration, was the shortest at 25°C(2.69d) but was lengthened at both low suitable(7.48d for 20°C, 6.91d for 25–20°C and 4.57d for 20–25°C) and high temperatures(3.74d for 25–30°C and 5.00d for 30°C). Both low suitable and high temperature decreased lifetime fecundity, net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase, with variability observed across developmental duration and stage during non-optimal temperature. The results expand knowledge of the relationship between changing temperature and armyworm population development, and adaptive strategies in complex ambient environment.     

8个新疆大豆主栽品种产量与主要产量性状关联度的研究

[目的]新疆属于大陆性气候,绿洲灌溉农业,目前大豆种植面积逐年扩大,单产逐年提高,发展新疆大豆生产极为重要.大豆产量性状是由株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等多个性状构成.同时产量性状又是一个综合性状,受株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等诸多因素影响.研究新疆大豆主栽品种产量与主要产量性状关系,为新疆大豆新品种选育、品种改良提供参考指标.[方法]通过在新疆北部种植的8个主栽品种2010年在石河子地区的种植结果进行灰色关联分析.[结果]应用灰色系统理论对新疆北部8个主栽品种产量与产量性状进行综合分析.[结论]大豆产量与主要产量性状的关联度由大到小排序,次序为:百粒重＞单株粒数＞主茎节数＞单株荚数＞株高.该结果对大豆育种目标的制定、品种改良具有实际意义.