玛咖块根流化床干燥特性及动力学研究

本试验采用流化床工艺干燥玛咖块根,考察了不同进气温度、空气流量、物料粒径3个主要因素对玛咖块根湿基含水率、失水速率曲线的影响,得到了玛咖块根流化床干燥各因素条件下的失水变化规律。并根据得到的实验数据建立了玛咖块根流化床干燥的动力学模型,并对得到的模型进行统计检验及验证。结果表明：玛咖块根流化床干燥的最佳模型为Page模型,拟合方程为：ln（-lnMR）＝-6.499+0.014 3T+0.0154V+0.708L+(1.556-0.001 46T-0.003 11V-0.185 L）lnt。该拟合方程能较好地描述玛咖块根流化床干燥过程,并能准确预测各阶段玛咖块根的含水率及失水速率。     

番木瓜片的热风干燥特性与动力学模型

以热风温度、风速、装载量和切片厚度为试验因素,研究不同条件下番木瓜片热风干燥的干燥时间曲线和干燥速率曲线,确定干燥最佳工艺参数组合,并建立热风干燥动力学模型。结果表明:番木瓜热风干燥过程同时受到热风温度、热风风速和切片厚度等条件的影响,装载量的大小对番木瓜片失水和干燥速率的影响并不显著。整个热风干燥过程只有降速干燥阶段,无明显的加速和恒速干燥阶段,干燥速率呈下降趋势。切片厚度对干燥速率影响极大,番木瓜片切片厚度4 mm的干燥时间比厚度8 mm的干燥时间缩短了近50%。番木瓜片热风干燥的动力学模型满足Page方程MR=exp(-rt~n),能较好地描述和预测番木瓜片热风干燥过程水分的变化。     

蔗渣固定床干燥初步研究

本文进行了蔗渣在固定床条件的两种干燥试验。实验发现，在带有金属惰性填料的情况下的固定床干燥可获得较高的干燥速率。本实验发现，干燥介质温度对于燥速率有重要的影响，干燥介质的速度在低速范围内变化对于燥过程影响较大，当达到一定的数值以后影响不大。     

咖啡豆的热风干燥特性及其干燥过程中风味成分变化规律研究

以海南当地的咖啡鲜果为原料,测定其干基含水率和干燥速率,探索咖啡豆在不同干燥温度和载重量条件下热风干燥对干燥速率的影响,以及干燥过程中咖啡豆挥发性成分的变化规律,并建立咖啡豆热风干燥的动力学模型。结果表明:干燥速率随温度的升高而升高,初始阶段干燥速率较快;由于咖啡鲜果单层摆放,不同载重量对干燥速率影响不显著;挥发性物质的种类随水分含量的降低而增多,其中醛类化合物相对百分含量逐渐降低,而酯类、酸类、醇类化合物相对百分含量均逐渐增加,烃类化合物略有增加;采用3种模型进行非线性回归拟合以模拟咖啡豆的干燥过程,结果表明单项扩散模型(Henderson and Pabis)的拟合度最好。     

芒果高温热泵间歇干燥特性的研究

为了提高芒果干制过程的能源利用率及干制品的品质,在真空渗透脱水预处理的基础上,研究不同热泵干燥温度（50、55、60 ℃）及间歇时间（1、2、4 h）下对芒果干燥特性的影响。结果表明：热泵干燥温度越高,水分比下降越快,干燥速率越大;热泵干燥、间歇时间越长,水分比下降越快,干燥速率越大;55 ℃干燥温度下,热泵间歇干燥的水分比下降的速度及干燥速率均高于连续干燥,干燥时间显著缩短。Midilli模型为最适宜模拟芒果高温热泵干燥特性的数学模型。     

糖厂滤泥薄层干燥特性实验研究

采用薄层干燥方式研究糖厂滤泥的热风干燥特性。在标准隧道式热风干燥实验装置上通过改变热风温度、流速以及滤泥滤饼的厚度进行实验,测定滤泥的失水变化,获得干燥曲线。结果表明,滤泥滤饼厚度、热风温度和热风流速均对干燥速率有重要影响。其中滤饼厚度对干燥速率影响最大;高温高速有利于提高干燥速率,但是会降低恒速干燥的临界含水分,风速对临界含水分影响不大。最适热风温度和风速分别为90℃和8m/s。滤泥在热风温度为90℃、流速为8m/s,滤饼厚度为4mm进行干燥时,其临界含水量约为干基含水量0.33。     

栀子果太阳能-热泵联合干燥特性及动力学模型研究

本研究利用太阳能辅助热泵技术干燥栀子果,采用7种干燥模型对干燥特性实验数据进行非线性回归拟合求解,探讨在装载密度、干燥温度和物料厚度为条件因素下栀子果太阳能-热泵联合干燥过程中水分变化规律,确定最优干燥模型。结果表明：随着装载密度的增加,栀子果干燥时间逐渐增加,干燥速率呈先增后减的趋势;不同干燥温度和物料厚度对栀子果干燥速率有显著性影响。Verma模型较适用于描述栀子果在太阳能-热泵联合干燥过程中的水分变化规律,模型中R²拟合值最大可达0.9998,误差平方和（SSE）变化范围为0.0001~0.0088,方误差的根（RMSE）为0.0024~0.3161。研究结果为开发高效节能、营养丰富的干燥栀子果提供关键技术支持。     

玉米种子干燥伤害生理的研究

本文对玉米种子干燥过程中所受伤害的机制进行了综述，并论述了玉米种子干燥伤害发生的时间及玉米种子成熟度和干燥温度对种子干燥的影响等问题。在种子干燥过程中，细胞膜和细胞器膜的稳定性对保护玉米种子不受干燥伤害起十分重要的作用。     

冻干咖啡粉的研制及风味品质特性研究

冻干咖啡粉的研制可提高咖啡产品的商业价值和咖啡行业经济效益。以单因素加热板温度、物料装载厚度和干燥室压强对干燥速率的影响,确定最佳范围后进行响应面实验设计得到咖啡粉最佳干燥工艺参数并对优化条件下的冻干咖啡粉进行品质分析。通过响应面得到冻干咖啡粉理想参数条件为：加热板温度76.19 ℃,物料装载厚度1.58 cm,干燥室压强76.84 Pa,实际干燥速率为0.23 h ^-1,理论干燥速率为0.22 h ^-1;并且3个因素对干燥速率的影响排序为加热板温度>物料装载厚度>干燥室压。品质分析得出冻干咖啡粉的含水率达到3.82%,色差、气味、口感均无显著性差异（P<0.05）。通过咖啡冻干加工工艺参数的优化,为冻干咖啡粉工业化生产提供技术支持。     

"胶乳法"氯化天然橡胶恒压过滤特性研究

通过恒压过滤实验，用比阻法和可压缩系数法研究了“胶乳法”氯化天然橡胶悬浮液过滤的难易。同时，研究了滤液温度和浓度对过滤速率的影响。     

Structural,rheological and gelatinization properties of wheat starch granules separated from different noodle-making process

In this study, three typical wheat cultivars (ZM366, AK58, and ZM103) with high, medium, and low gluten strength, respectively, were selected as the raw material. The starch granules separated from different stages of the noodle-making process, including kneading, resting, sheeting, cutting, and drying, were used to explore the structure, dynamic rheology, and quality of the noodles. The D50 (median diameter) of the starch granules decreased during the noodle-making process, and the reduction was enhanced by an increase in the gluten strength of the flour. Between steps 4 and 5 of the noodle-making process, the solubility of ZM103 variety increased from 4.3% to 5.0% at 80 °C, while the peak viscosity decreased from 3626 to 3386 mPa s, which resulted in a decrease in the cooking loss of noodles. Similar trend was observed in the ZM366 and AK58 varieties. The gelatinization enthalpy was reduced, suggesting that the crystalline regions of the starch granules were destroyed during the kneading process. Between steps 4 and 5 of the noodle-making process, the elastic modulus of the starch granules significantly increased, while the temperature at which maximum elastic modulus was decreased, indicating an increase in the crystalline stability of starch during the drying process. Correlation analysis indicated that the changes occurred to the gelatinization property was primarily due to the change in the particle size.     

“胶乳法”氯化天然橡胶干燥过程水分传递特性的研究

South China Tropical Agriculture Product Processing Research Institute, CATAS, Zhanjiang,Guangdong 524001;Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Natural Rubber Processing,Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001     

The technology of potato granule manufacture

The production of potato granules, a dehydrated mashed potato product, is in line with a growing trend in the processing of foods toward concentration and improved convenience for use. Several methods for producing potato granules have been developed during the past 30 years. The only one of these methods currently in commercial use in this country is the “add-back” process. This process involves a recycling (adding back) of dried potato granules and mixing the recycled material with freshly mashed potatoes to form a friable moist mixture below 40 per cent moisture content. The moist mixture is held for a period during which moisture equilibration takes place and a reduction in starch solubility and swelling capacity occur. After drying under suitable conditions, the individual cells remain separated and substantially undamaged. Physical damage to the product may cause release of free soluble starch, which manifests itself as an undesirable rubberiness in the reconstituted product. Investigations have revealed relationships of several variables in the process to this specific attribute of quality and to others (e.g., product yield and package density) and have provided useful information for process adjustment to improve the acceptability of potato granules.     

变温压差膨化技术制取花生裹衣食品的研究

以糖、面粉、米粉和变性淀粉为复配料,采用变温压差膨化技术制备花生休闲食品。通过改变膨化温度、抽空时间、抽空温度、膨化压力和停滞时间等因素,考察各因素对花生休闲食品质量品质的影响,确定了变温压差膨化的最佳工艺条件:膨化温度为100℃;膨化压力差为0.2 Mpa;停滞时间为10min;抽空温度为80℃;抽空时间为150min。结果表明,采用以上工艺条件生产的花生膨化产品的硬度比超市花生豆明显降低了69.04%,脆度增加了52.21%,酥脆可口,营养味美。     

Effect of drying condition on the electrostatic characteristics of the laundry

This paper suggests the optimal conditions to prevent electrostatic charge in the laundry by the evaluation of the electrostatic characteristics during the drying process. Cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics were used as test specimens, employing the standard washing cycle. The electrostatic characteristics of the laundry were measured after the automatic drying process. This paper investigates the optimal conditions for preventing electrostatic charges in laundry by evaluating the electrostatic characteristics that occur during the drying process. Cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics were used as the test specimens, employing a standard washing cycle. The electrostatic characteristics of the laundry were measured immediately after the automatic drying process. The results, showed that the moisture content decreased and the electrostatic charge increased with drying time. The specimen fabrics had already dried up before completion of the standard drying cycle. Consequently, the excessive drying generated an electrostatic charge due to removal of the traces of remaining moisture and the resulting excessive friction. For cotton fabrics, the electrostatic charge was under 1000 V even for the maximum drying time due to the intrinsic high moisture regain of cotton. On the other hand, the electrostatic charge produced for nylon fabrics increased rapidly with the drying time, and amounted up to approximately 8000V after 120 minutes. The results also indicated that the electrostatic charge could be decreased by drying fabrics of only one kind. When mixed kinds of fabrics were dried, the electrostatic charge increased remarkably. Therefore, it is suggested that laundry be classified and washed according to the kinds of fiber, and not be dried excessively to reduce electrostatic charge. In addition, the proper use of a softener is effective in reducing the electrostatic charge.     

Simulating the formation of bread crust in a DMTA rheometer

Water evaporates very fast from the surface layers of dough, enhanced by high heating rates at the beginning of baking. The rheological properties of the surface layers play an important role during the baking process, especially in local and overall expansion and water loss. The aim of this study was to determine the rheological properties of bread dough in the heat-moisture dynamics of the baking process, especially in surface drying and delayed drying conditions. The DMTA method was used in tensile mode in order to expose the samples to fast dehydration to simulate real bread crust. The degree of starch gelatinization was demonstrated by the disappearance of the “Maltese cross” (polarized light microscopy). Temperature and water content were monitored during baking. The modulus evolution depended on both the heat and moisture evolution (i.e. immediate or delayed in the present study). In contrast to reports in the literature, starch gelatinization was observed even under drying conditions. Nevertheless, comparison between samples under drying and under delayed drying conditions suggested that water content prevailed in the rheological changes.     

螺杆挤压膨胀干燥对天然橡胶结构与性能的影响

天然橡胶的生产主要采用传统的热风干燥,但天然橡胶是热的不良导体且自粘性强,导致热风干燥普遍具有干燥效率低、胶料发粘和夹生等问题,这对产品的性能带来不利影响。而螺杆挤压膨胀干燥工艺作为一种新干燥工艺,已被广泛应用于合成橡胶工业,具有干燥效率高、自动化水平高和工艺稳定等特点,在天然橡胶（NR）生产加工中具有良好的发展和应用前景。本研究对比了传统热风干燥（NT）和螺杆挤压膨胀干燥（NCT）2种工艺制备NR的结构,分析NCT的性能特点,以探讨螺杆挤压膨胀干燥工艺运用在天然橡胶生产加工中的可行性。结果表明：在生胶层面,螺杆挤压膨胀干燥工艺由于干燥温度低、干燥用时短,能够有效降低NR分子链在干燥过程中受到的热氧降解,因此NCT相比NT而言具有更高的塑性初值、门尼粘度和凝胶含量,且对于蛋白质、挥发分等非胶组分的影响较小;对于纯胶配方硫化胶,NCT相较NT而言表现出更快的硫化速率。通过使用Mooney-Rivlin方程对硫化胶内部网络结构进行了拟合,发现NCT硫化后的有效交联密度和化学交联网络的数量相对较低,这使得NCT的拉伸强度、撕裂强度和模量等常规力学性能低于NT,疲劳性能方面也表现出了相对较高的压缩生热和蠕变。对于炭黑配方硫化胶,NCT与NT的常规力学性能无明显差异,这可能是由于硫化促进剂N-叔丁基-2-苯并噻唑次磺酰胺的硫化速率较快所导致。但在动态力学性能方面,NCT的疲劳寿命更长,表现出更优异的动态疲劳性能,这与螺杆挤压膨胀干燥工艺能改善炭黑分散性有关。     

糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发和胚乳消亡的比较研究

为探明糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发和胚乳消亡的差异,以典型糯大麦品种白青稞和甘垦5号以及非糯大麦品种扬农啤10号和苏裸麦1号为材料,采用组织化学染色、树脂半薄切片和光学显微镜观察等方法,研究了糯大麦与非糯大麦胚乳的消亡和淀粉体形态变化。结果表明,在种子萌发过程中,糯大麦种子萌发较好,发芽率较高;糯大麦和非糯大麦颖果胚乳的消亡过程基本相同,呈现出一定的时序性,均是从近胚端的腹部开始消耗,逐渐延伸至背部,最后沿腹沟延伸至远胚端;在大麦种子萌发过程中,近糊粉层中淀粉体最先消亡,小淀粉体早于大淀粉体被消耗;与非糯大麦相比,糯大麦胚乳淀粉体的消亡时间较早、消亡速率较快。概言之,糯大麦与非糯大麦种子萌发过程中胚乳的消亡规律基本相同,但糯大麦种子萌发好,胚乳消亡快。     

番木瓜片的微波真空干燥特性与动力学模型

研究了番木瓜片在不同微波功率、相对压力、切片厚度和装载量等干燥参数条件下的微波真空干燥特性,并建立微波真空干燥数学模型。结果表明:番木瓜片微波真空干燥过程可分为加速、恒速和降速过程;番木瓜片的干燥主要集中于恒速干燥阶段;番木瓜片的微波真空干燥过程同时受到微波功率、相对压力、切片厚度和装载量的影响;Page方程关于番木瓜片干基含水量和水分比的预测值与试验值均拟合较好,能较准确地反映番木瓜片微波真空干燥过程中的水分变化规律。