黄麻(新、引进)品种在闽南地区的产量(鉴定)试验

通过对中国农科院麻类所新选育的 3个黄麻圆果种和 12个国外引进的黄麻优异品种进行 2002- 2005年品种比较试验,结果表明 C90- 2、 C90- 6、 C89- 6比对照种粤圆五号增产 14.97%- 19.34%,均达极显著水平.O- 3、 O- 1、 O- 3(红茎)比对照种宽叶长果增产 32.02%- 34.21%,均达极显著水平.O- 4(Ⅱ )比对照种增产 12.28%达显著水平.C- 1、 C- 5比对照种粤圆五号增产 11.90%和 7.82%.且主要经济性状优良,抗病力强.黄麻品种 C90- 2、 C90- 6、 C89- 6、 O- 3、 O- 1、 O- 3(红茎)、 O- 4(Ⅱ )、 C- 1和 C- 5适合于福建闽南麻区推广种植.     

引进圆果黄麻新品种区域试验鉴定与评价

本研究对国外引进的6个圆果黄麻优良品种进行了2年5点丰产性、适应性试验和抗病性及纤维品质鉴定与评价。结果表明：引进品种比对照种粤圆五号增产的有3个，占50．0％，其中2个品种增产达到极显著水平。C-1丰产性最好，比对照种增产10．6％，经济性状优良。C-3的稳定性与适应性较好。纤维支数高于500公支的特优异品种2个。引进品种的抗炭疽病能力与我国抗病品种基本相当，其中C-1、C-2、C-5和C-6属于高抗品种，没有发现免疫材料。     

黄麻圆果种新品种中黄麻1号的选育研究

中黄麻-号（原名C90-2）系1984年利用黄麻优良新品系71-8和79-51进行有性杂交，再与79-51两次回交，采用系统选择与定向选择相结合的方法，经六代选择于1990年育成的黄麻新品种。该品种有植株高大、高抗炭疽病、丰产稳产性好、适应性广等特征，适宜在全国各主要麻区推广种植。在1993-1994年品系比较试验中，两年平均纤维产量2814．00kg／hm^2，比对照增产14．32％，差异极显著；2002-2003年全国黄麻多点区域试验，纤维产量2808．00kg／hm^2，比对照品种粤圆五号（2472.15kg／hm^2）增产13．59％，增产极显著；纤维品质优良，纤维支数439支，纤维强力401牛顿／克，优于对照品种。     

福建省2003-2004年红麻新品种（系）区试试验总结

2003-2004年福建省红麻新品种联合区试试验，由福建农林大学和福建省农科院提供的参试红麻新品种8个，以粤743和红引135为对照，在福建省5县市设点鉴定，对参试各品种的原麻产量进行方差和差异显著性分析，采用Finlay的品种稳定性分析方法对各参试品种进行丰产稳产性估算，结果表明供试中福红992产量居区试首位，平均每公顷原麻产量达7778kg，比对照粤743增产25．7％；其次为福红15号、福红14号、福红11号、福红13号平均每公顷原麻产量分别为7295kg、7283kg、7241kg和7189kg，分别比对照粤743增产17．9％、17．7％、17．0％、和16．2％，增产均达极显著水平；而金光2号和闽红964也比对照粤743增产9．6％和8．3％，也达极显著水平。各参试品种的主要农艺性状、品种稳定性、抗病性和品质也优于对照。     

引进圆果黄麻新品种区域试验鉴定与评价

本研究对国外引进的6个圆果黄麻优良品种进行了2年5点丰产性、适应性试验和抗病性及纤维品质鉴定与评价.结果表明引进品种比对照种粤圆五号增产的有3个,占50.0%,其中2个品种增产达到极显著水平.C-1丰产性最好,比对照种增产10.6%,经济性状优良.C-3的稳定性与适应性较好.纤维支数高于500公支的特优异品种2个.引进品种的抗炭疽病能力与我国抗病品种基本相当,其中C-1、C-2、C-5和C-6属于高抗品种,没有发现免疫材料.     

甘蔗新品种粤糖2000-236宿根蔗试验总结

通过一年新植和一年宿根试验，结果表明，粤糖2000-236品种是一个萌芽好、分蘖力较强、蔗茎粗大、较耐旱、抗倒抗风、成茎率高、有效茎多、抗病虫害、宿根性好、特早熟以及高糖高产稳产的新良种。本试验宿根蔗粤糖2000-236品种比对照新台糖10号（CK1）增产蔗茎16．39％，比新台糖16号（CK2）增产28．18％。甘蔗蔗糖分粤糖2000-236比CK1和CK2分别提高1．42％和1．43％，亩含糖量分别比CK1和CK2提高28．56％和41．60％，增产增糖十分显著。应加大该品种的推广力度，良种良法一齐抓，以便充分发挥该品种的种性，提高蔗糖生产工农业整体效益。     

黄麻圆果种新品种中黄麻1号的选育研究

中黄麻1号(原名C90-2)系1984年利用黄麻优良新品系71-8和79-51进行有性杂交,再与79-51两次回交,采用系统选择与定向选择相结合的方法,经六代选择于1990年育成的黄麻新品种.该品种有植株高大、高抗炭疽病、丰产稳产性好、适应性广等特征,适宜在全国各主要麻区推广种植.在1993-1994年品系比较试验中,两年平均纤维产量2814.00kg/hm2,比对照增产14.32%,差异极显著;2002-2003年全国黄麻多点区域试验,纤维产量2808.00kg/hm2,比对照品种粤圆五号(2472.15kg/hm2)增产13.59%,增产极显著;纤维品质优良,纤维支数439支,纤维强力401牛顿/克,优于对照品种.     

几个甘蔗新品种比较试验初报

经过一年新植蔗品种比较试验，参试的甘蔗品种粤糖93．159、新台糖23号、新台糖24号、新台糖25号、台糖90-7909、大禹131、巴西45，以新台糖22号作对照，结果表明：粤糖93-159蔗茎产量和蔗糖份表现突出，比对照增产率15．73％，增糖率28．97％，可因地制宜进一步推广。大禹131、新台糖23号、新台糖25号公顷含糖量分别比对照增产5．34％、1．63％和0．5％，应继续扩大表证示范试验。     

高产优质红麻新品种闽红964的选育

闽红964系从(闽红82/34×红麻917)F3×芙蓉红麻369有性杂交系统选育而成的红麻新品种.该品种2003-2004年参加福建红麻新品种联合区域试验,平均原麻产量6699.0 kg·hm-2,分别比对照红引135和粤74/3增产30.7%和8.3%,均达极显著标准.闽红964植株高大、茎粗、有效株数多、抗病力强、高产稳产、适应性广.该品种纤维品质和抗病性亦均优于对照,具有较好的推广应用前景.     

高产、抗病、适应性广的红麻新品种“中红麻10号”的选育

中红麻10号（原名“KB2”）系利用国外优良红麻种质“EV41”与国内抗病材料“72－44”有性杂交选育而成的不早花裂叶型红麻新品种。在1993－1994年湖南省区域试验中平均亩产纤维303．85kg比对照湘红麻1号（7804）248．20kg增产22．4％（春播）；在1994－1995年广西区试中比当地适应性强的“系选青皮三号”平均增产13．2％；在1997－1998年全国红麻区试中平均亩产纤维248．58kg，比新对照粤74－3增产15．8％；干茎产量比对照青皮三号平均增产25．4％，其增产幅度均达极显著水平，KB2的平均增产幅度在参试新品种中居首位，韧皮含量和硫酸盐纸浆得率比对照青皮三号提高3．6和1．42个百分点，也高于粤74－3；束纤维品质、单纤维长度和抗炭疽病性亦优于对照品种、抗全性明显强于对照，表明“KB2”是一个集高产、抗病、抗体、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、造纸兼用的红麻优良新品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.