氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。     

不同氮肥管理对吉林春玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响

针对吉林春玉米氮肥施用中存在氮肥用量偏大,且具盲目性的现状,采用田间试验研究农民习惯施氮量和推荐施氮量下氮肥不同施用方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮素吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,推荐施氮量下,苗期和灌浆期春玉米干物质积累量显著高于习惯施肥,有机无机配合提高了春玉米干物质积累速率。施氮处理与不施氮相比均显著增加玉米子粒产量,增产11.2%～16.8%; 推荐施氮量下玉米子粒产量与习惯施氮量相当,但显著提高氮素的偏因子生产力和农学效率。在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,用30%有机肥氮替代化肥氮与100%化肥氮处理的产量相当,对氮素利用效率也没有影响,并降低收获期土壤无机氮含量。说明合理施用氮肥不但能够维持玉米产量,还可减少氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用效率;有机肥部分替代化肥氮是吉林春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

有机肥替代部分化肥对干旱区滴灌玉米养分吸收及产量影响

新疆是玉米高产区,但高产往往建立在化肥大量施用的前提下,研究有机肥替代部分化肥对新疆北疆干旱区滴灌玉米植株养分吸收及产量的影响,可为该地区化肥施用减量、生产成本降低、养分效率提高的新型施肥模式提供科学依据。通过田间小区试验,比较化肥和有机肥氮磷钾养分投入合计量相同,且生物有机肥替代8%、16%、24%化肥氮,或生物有机肥、牛粪、羊粪、玉米秸秆替代16%化肥氮对玉米养分吸收、产量、氮素效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,有机肥替代部分化肥可增加玉米干物质花后积累比例3.23%～11.81%,氮、钾养分花后吸收比例最大分别增加19.45%、15.44%,增加玉米产量8.50%～21.00%。有机肥替代部分化肥下总氮素表观利用率、偏生产力、生理利用率、贡献率较单施化肥最大分别增加了12.04%、9.36%、29.64%、12.63%,经济效益最大增加65.08%。较短年限内以生物有机肥氮替代8%或以牛、羊粪氮替代16%化肥氮是此研究推荐的施肥方案。     

长期定位试验中氮肥与磷肥有机肥联合施用通过刺激根的生长增加玉米产量和养分吸收

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.     

Integrated Fertilizer Management: Influence on Soil Nitrogen,Available Phosphorus,Potassium, Nutrient Uptake and Maize Yield

A field experiment was conducted on an Alfisol (kandic paleustalf) in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria, for two seasons to assess the influence of inorganic and organic fertilizers on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nutrient uptake and maize yield. The treatments consisted of three rates of organic fertilizer 0, 5 and 10 t ha^?1 in the form of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer (20:10:10) applied at 0 and 120 kg ha^?1. Maize (Zea mays) was used as the test crop. The results showed that the combined application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure and 120 kg ha^?1 NPK fertilizer enhanced the uptake of N, P and K better than other treatment combinations. Application of 10 t ha^?1 poultry manure alone gave the highest grain yield, which was 67.02% higher than the control in the first season. Complementary application of 5 t ha^?1 poultry manure with 120 kg ha^?1 NPK 20–10-10 was recommended for grain yield.     

Enhancing phosphorus availability,soil organic carbon,maize productivity and farm profitability through biochar and organic–inorganic fertilizers in an irrigated maize agroecosystem under semi‐arid climate

Biochar amendments offer promising potential to improve soil fertility, soil organic carbon (SOC) and crop yields; however, a limited research has explored these benefits of biochar in the arid and semi‐arid regions. This two‐year field study investigated the effects of Acacia tree biomass‐derived biochar, applied at 0 and 10 t ha^?1 rates with farmyard manure (FYM) or poultry manure (PM) and mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizer combinations (100 kg P ha^‐1), on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity, P use efficiency (PUE) and farm profitability. The application of biochar with organic–inorganic P fertilizers significantly increased soil P and SOC contents than the sole organic or inorganic P fertilizers. Addition of biochar and PM as 100% P source resulted in the highest soil P (104% increase over control) and SOC contents (203% higher than control). However, maize productivity and PUE were significantly higher under balanced P fertilizer (50% organic + 50% mineral fertilizer) with biochar and the increase was 110%, 94% and 170% than 100%‐FYM, 100%‐PM and 100% mineral fertilizer, respectively. Maize productivity and yield correlated significantly positively with soil P and SOC contents These positive effects were possibly due to the ability of biochar to improve soil properties, P availability from organic–inorganic fertilizers and SOC which resulted in higher PUE and maize productivity. Despite the significant positive relationship of PUE with net economic returns, biochar incorporation with PM and mineral fertilizer combination was economically profitable, whereas FYM along biochar was not profitable due to short duration of the field experiments.     

有机肥替代20%化肥提高黑钙土养分有效性及玉米产量

  【目的】  化肥减量并配施有机肥是减少肥料损失、提高化肥利用率的有效途径。研究在秸秆条带还田下化肥减量配施不同有机肥对东北地区黑钙土速效养分和玉米产量的影响,以实现玉米高效和可持续生产。  【方法】  于2018和2019年,连续两年在农安试验基地黑钙土上进行玉米田间试验。本试验在秸秆条状还田下,共设置4个处理,即当地常量施肥 (T1)、化肥减量20% (T2)、化肥减量20%配施鸡粪2988 kg/hm2 (T3) 和化肥减量20%配施牛粪5098 kg/hm2 (T4),T1、T3和T4处理的总氮投入量相同。在玉米拔节期和收获期,分别测定土壤pH、有机碳和速效氮磷钾含量,在收获期测产。  【结果】  与T1处理相比,T2处理连续两年玉米产量均未显著降低,土壤有机碳和速效氮磷钾含量与常量施肥处理大体接近;T3和T4处理显著增加了土壤有机碳和速效养分含量。其中,T3处理2018年土壤有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别较T1增加了15.20%、12.20%、16.70%、7.75%,2019年分别增加了13.0%、18.5%、34.2%、18.5%。玉米产量连续两年均以T4处理效果最优,2018和2019年分别较T1增产5.6%和20.8%,T3处理的增产幅度分别为3.75%和15.40%。  【结论】  在秸秆条状还田下,化肥减量配施有机肥可以增加土壤中有机碳和速效氮、磷、钾含量,可实现玉米增产增收。在黑钙土上配施鸡粪的效果优于牛粪。     

好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产,还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响,为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理,及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘先玉335’为供试材料,在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥 (CK),100%化肥氮 (CF),100%自然堆肥猪粪氮 (PM),100%好氧发酵猪粪氮 (PC),50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮 (FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。  【结果】  在等氮条件下,与CF处理相比,FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高,其中FM处理显著增产13.2%,PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高,两年平均为304.6 kg/hm2,较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%;PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF 处理相比,FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2% (P < 0.05),PC、PM处理与CF 处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期,FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高,与 CF 无显著差异;在成熟期,FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%,而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外,施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,与CF处理相比,PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%;FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。  【结论】  在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比,50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量,还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异,但可增加土壤全氮和有机碳含量,有利于土壤培肥,而施用好氧发酵猪粪的效果又优于施用自然堆肥。     

Nutrient uptake and residual effect of organic treatments applied to vegetable–rice system in an acid soil

Direct and residual effects of organic treatments and in combination with inorganic fertilizers applied to acid soils were studied in the okra–rice system. Among the treatments studied, vermicompost (V.C) and poultry manure improved soil pH and exhibited liming effect, whereas inorganic fertilizer decreased soil pH. Inorganic fertilizer contributed to 78% of net return in okra but the residual effect was observed in inorganic and V.C combination. Soil available nitrogen and potassium had increased at 100% recommended dose, compensated crop uptake at 75%, but depletion was observed at 50%. Uptake of nitrogen was higher for okra from inorganic fertilizer but higher phosphorus and potassium uptake from V.C was observed for rice. Organic treatments showed better correlation between soil pH and zinc (Zn) uptake by okra and significant residual effect on rice. But it reduced the solubility of iron (Fe) and its uptake by okra and indicated a negative correlation between pH and diethylene triamine penta acetic acid-extractable Fe²⁺.     

Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands II. Maize yields and nutrient uptake

 The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry matter ha^–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha^–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha^–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (>4 t ha^–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results. Received: 27 January 1997     

Effects of cattle manure on selected soil physical properties of smallholder farms on two soils of Murewa,Zimbabwe

The effects of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer application on soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon were determined on clay and sandy soils of the Murewa smallholder farming area, Zimbabwe. Maize was grown in four fields termed homefields (HFs) and outfields (OFs) because of spatial variability induced by management practices and with the following fertility treatments: control (no fertility amelioration), 5, 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure + 100 kg/ha N applied annually for seven consecutive years. The addition of cattle manure resulted in significant (P < 0.01) increases in SOC, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon in clay soils from at least the 5 t/ha cattle manure rate and was comparable between HFs and OFs on clay soils. Aggregate protected carbon in clay soils was significantly higher from the 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure rates compared to the 5 t/ha cattle manure treatment. In contrast, only SOC was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with the addition of cattle manure on the sandy soils, while bulk density, macro‐aggregate stability and aggregate protected carbon were not significantly changed. Bulk density was also not significantly (P > 0.05) different on the clay soils. A significant and positive linear relationship (r² = 0.85) was found between SOC and macro‐aggregate stability, while an r² value of 0.82 was obtained between SOC and aggregate protected carbon on the clay soils. However, no regressions were performed on data from the sandy soils because of the lack of significant changes in soil physical properties. Application of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer significantly increased (P < 0.05) maize grain yield on both soil types. Results show that inorganic N‐fertilizer combined with cattle manure at 5–15 t/ha per yr is necessary to increase maize yields and SOC on sandy soils in Murewa, while at least 15 t/ha per yr cattle manure is required on the clay soils to improve physical properties in addition to maize yields and SOC.     

不同有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响

【目的】探讨本地区主要类型有机肥与化肥配施对作物产量及农田氮肥气态损失的影响,为不同类型有机肥的科学施用提供理论依据。【方法】2014年10月—2015年9月在山东省中国农业科学院禹城试验基地进行了冬小麦–夏玉米田间小区试验,供试小麦品种为‘济麦22’,玉米品种为‘郑单958’。在常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/季) 基础上,设化肥 (CF)、鸡粪 (CHM)、猪粪 (PM) 和牛粪 (CM) 单施以及化肥分别与3种有机肥配施处理 (化肥氮分别占25%、50%、75%),13个处理;加倍施氮量下,有机肥和化肥单施 (DCF、DCHM、CPM、DCM) 4个处理;1个不施肥处理 (CK),共计18个处理。测定了小麦和玉米产量、N₂O排放通量和NH₃挥发通量。【结果】常规施氮量 (N 225 kg/hm2) 下,单施鸡粪或猪粪的小麦、玉米产量与化肥相当,单施牛粪比化肥处理减产。分别与CF、CHM、PM、CM相比,DCF、DCHM、DPM处理无增产效果,DCM处理玉米表现为增产。猪粪和鸡粪与化肥各配施比例处理的小麦、玉米产量间无显著差异,且均与单施化肥处理相当;牛粪与化肥配施处理的小麦产量随化肥配施比例的提高而提高,玉米产量各配施比例处理间无显著差异。CF处理周年NH₃挥发量为39.63 kg/hm2,是单施有机肥处理的37～53倍;单施化肥处理的NH₃排放系数接近9%左右,单施有机肥处理的NH₃排放系数只有0.2%左右。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年NH₃挥发总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到75%时,周年NH₃挥发总量与单施化肥处理相当。CF处理的周年N₂O排放总量为2.85 kg/hm2,高于单施有机肥处理,三种有机肥N₂O周年排放量由大到小依次为猪粪 (2.51 kg/hm2)>鸡粪 (1.91 kg/hm2)>牛粪 (1.85 kg/hm2) 处理;加倍施用化肥和有机肥的N₂O排放量平均为常规施氮量的1.5倍以上。有机肥与化肥配施的处理周年N₂O排放总量随化肥配施比例增加而明显增加,当化肥配施比例达到50%时,周年N₂O排放总量达到或超过了单施化肥处理。CF处理N₂O排放系数为0.4%左右,有机肥处理N₂O排放系数为0.3%左右。有机肥处理的NH₃挥发和N₂O排放主要发生在小麦季,化肥处理主要发生在玉米季。加倍施肥均会明显增加NH₃挥发总量和N₂O排放总量,但不影响二者的排放系数。【结论】不同粪肥与化肥配施对作物产量、田间N₂O排放和NH₃挥发的影响有明显差异。推荐施肥量下,鸡粪或猪粪不配施或配施少量化肥 (< 50%) ,牛粪配施75%左右的化肥可实现与化肥相当的作物产量,同时减少农田氮肥气态损失。     

Effects of Continuous Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Manure on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Maize–Wheat under Rainfed Conditions of the Western Himalayas

Long-term effects of continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manure on soil fertility and productivity of a maize–wheat system were investigated in the ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment, during rabi (2007–2008) and kharif (2008) seasons at the research farm of Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University–Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan. After 16 cropping cycles, bulk density decreased in plots where farmyard manure (FYM) was applied, whereas pH decreased in all the treatments. The organic carbon content of the soil increased in all the treatments except 100% nitrogen (N). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased in all the treatments over the initial status of the soil. Available N showed buildup over the initial status in most of the treatments. Available phosphorus (P) declined from initial status in treatments where only N was applied alone or with FYM. There was reduction in available potassium (K) status in all the treatments except 100% NPK. Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizers improved content of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) over initial status compared to imbalanced application of fertilizers. Continuous use of imbalanced inorganic fertilizers resulted in lesser crop yields and nutrient uptake compared to that with the application of balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYM.     

等氮配施有机肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物产量与养分平衡的影响

基于自2006年在广西喀斯特峰丛洼地区开展的长期玉米/大豆套作定位施肥试验,选择2010—2014年监测数据,探讨等氮量投入条件下,不同比例有机肥替代无机氮肥对喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作系统作物产量及土壤养分的影响,为喀斯特峰丛洼地农田作物高效施肥及提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。试验选取4个处理:对照(不施肥,CK)、平衡施用化肥(NPK)、有机粪肥替代30%化肥氮(C7M3,按氮素计算,不足30%的PK用无机肥补充,肥料总量与NPK处理相同,有机粪肥为牛粪,下同)、有机粪肥替代60%化肥氮(C4M6,按氮素计算,不足60%的PK用无机肥补充),每个处理4次重复。于2010年、2012年、2014年大豆收获后采集土壤样品,测定土壤养分状况。结果表明:1)施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量均高于CK处理,其中C4M6处理有机质含量显著高于NPK处理(P0.05),全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随着有机粪肥施用量的增加而增加。2)长期不同施肥处理玉米和大豆产量分别是不施肥处理的4.15~4.36倍、2.47~2.58倍。不同施肥处理的增产效果为C4M6NPKC7M3,但施肥处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)长期不施肥CK处理玉米产量随着试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅为5.45 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),大豆产量却表现出增加趋势,增幅为1.50 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。长期施肥处理中,玉米和大豆产量总体呈增加趋势。4)施肥处理中,玉米季表现为钾素亏缺(NPK处理除外),大豆季表现为氮素亏缺。综合两季作物,只有C4M6钾素表现亏缺,亏缺量为7.9 kg·hm~(-2)。磷素在各施肥处理中盈余量较大,分别为81.2 kg·hm~(-2)(NPK)、83.4 kg·hm~(-2)(C7M3)和74.8 kg·hm~(-2)(C4M6)。综上,在喀斯特峰丛洼地玉米/大豆套作制度下,基于作物产量及土壤养分表观平衡特征提出有机粪肥可以代替部分化肥施用,在玉米季适当"减氮、稳磷和增钾",大豆季"稳氮、减磷和减钾"的施肥措施。     

基于最佳经济效益的冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系有机肥氮替代率的长期演变

【目的】 探索长期不同有机无机肥配施方式下,小麦、玉米周年产量、经济效益及有机肥料氮和化肥氮配比变化规律,为小麦–玉米轮作体系氮肥资源管理提供技术支撑。 【方法】 长期定位田间试验(2007—2017年)在山东德州进行,种植方式为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作,2007—2009年小麦品种为烟农19、玉米品种为浚单20,2010—2017年小麦品种为济麦22、玉米品种为郑丹958。试验设4 个有机肥(牛粪)氮用量(N 0、45、120、240 kg/hm2)和6个化肥氮用量(N 0、45、90、120、180、240 kg/hm2),完全区组设计,三次重复。化肥氮50%用作基肥,50%在小麦拔节或玉米大喇叭口期做追肥。有机肥或只在冬小麦基施,或分为两份,分别在冬小麦、夏玉米基施。磷、钾肥(P₂O₅ 300 kg/hm2、K₂O 300 kg/hm2)在小麦或玉米播种前一次性基施。小麦、玉米收获期测产,采集植株样品。根据每年小麦、玉米总产出效益计算最经济的有机肥氮与化肥氮配比,分析有机肥氮与化肥氮配比随时间的演变规律。 【结果】 1)关于10年小麦和玉米周年平均产量,单施化肥、单施有机肥处理均低于化肥有机肥配施处理。氮用量低于180 kg/hm2的单施化肥处理小麦和玉米周年产量都随着时间的推移逐年下降,氮用量高于180 kg/hm2 的处理产量基本保持稳定;有机肥料氮配合化肥氮,随着时间推移产量逐年升高。2)最大产值目标下,10年来有机肥氮的比例从60%左右下降到50%,有机肥氮和化肥氮的配比接近于1∶1;最佳经济效益目标下(边际产投比5∶1),当有机肥氮和化肥氮等价格时,最佳有机肥氮的比例从2007、2008的0%上升到2017年的50%左右;按实际肥料价格(有机肥氮是化肥氮的2倍)计算的最佳有机肥料氮比例,2007—2009年的最佳有机肥氮比例为0%,以后逐年上升,2017年提高到30%左右。 【结论】 长期定位试验结果表明,有机肥氮与化肥氮配施能获得比化肥氮或有机肥氮单施更高的产量和经济效益。按照有机氮的价格是化肥氮的2倍计算,有机无机肥配合施用时间越长,实现最佳经济效益目标的有机肥氮占的比例越高,在本试验条件下,有机无机配施10年后,有机肥氮的最高比例为34%。      

Effects of Farmyard Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Sorghum Growth,Yield, and Nitrogen Use in a Semi-Arid Area of Ethiopia

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of the combined use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of sorghum and on soil chemical properties in a semi-arid area in northeastern Ethiopia. Twelve treatments comprising factorial combinations of four levels of farmyard manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha^?1) and three levels of inorganic fertilizers (0%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended rate) were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications over a period of six years. The results revealed significant improvements in the growth and yield of sorghum due to the main and interaction effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application. The combined application of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers increased post-anthesis dry-matter production by 147%–390% and grain yield by 14%–36%. The main effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers increased stover yield by 8%–21% and 14%–21%, respectively. Farmyard manure application increased total nitrogen (N) uptake by 21%–36%, grain protein yield by 8%–11%, and grain protein concentration by 20%–29%. Application of farmyard manure along with 50% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer rate resulted in a grain yield equivalent to, or greater than that for 100% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer rate, thus effecting a 50% savings of inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizer. Application of 5, 10, and 15 t farmyard manure ha^?1along with 100% of the recommended fertilizer rate and 5, 10, and 15 t farmyard manure ha^?1 along with 50% of the recommended fertilizer rate can be recommended for farmers who can and cannot afford to buy inorganic fertilizers, respectively.     

Sediment and Nutrient Losses from Field-Scale Cropland Plots Treated With Animal Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer

A field-scale plot study was conducted at Virginia Tech's Prices Fork Research Farm, to evaluate the transport of nutrients in runoff from manure and fertilizer applied at P-based agronomic rates to cropland planted to corn. Simulated rainfall events representing 2- to 10-year storms in southwest Virginia, occurring 1 and 2 days following manure and fertilizer application were used to generate runoff. Plots were treated with surface applied poultry litter, surface applied and incorporated dairy manure, incorporated inorganic fertilizer, and no fertilizer (control). Application rates were based upon agronomic phosphorus (P) requirements of corn. The concentration of total suspended solids and nutrients decreased from the first to the second simulated rainfall event; however, the edge-of-field mass loss or yield increased due to increased runoff volume. Surface application of dairy manure resulted in 25–50% lower runoff volumes and 35–60% lower total suspended solid yields when compared to surface applied poultry litter. Surface applied poultry litter produced the greatest total P and dissolved reactive P losses. Results of this study suggest that manure applied based on crop P requirements can still yield significant edge-of-field nutrient losses, if rainfall occurs soon after application.     

Effect of short-term supply of farmyard manure on maize growth and soil parameters in pot culture

Farmyard manure (FYM) improves various soil parameters and to a large extent, the availability of water and nutrient to crops when it is applied to the soil. This study aims to further investigate the short-term effects of different levels of FYM on maize plants and soil parameters. Maize plants grown in pot culture were treated with no FYM (control), recommended NPK (inorganic fertilizers), and FYM at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 t ha^?1 along with recommended NPK, and the cultures were analyzed 8 weeks after germination. Soil bulk density and soil pH decreased with the increasing levels of FYM, whereas soil porosity, soil organic matter (SOM), soil water content, plant height, root and shoot yield, and NPK uptake of maize were increased compared with the control or recommended NPK, respectively. The present results indicate that short-term application of higher FYM levels improves soil properties. Furthermore, the application of FYM at only higher rates significantly increases the nutrient uptake of maize plants due to improved soil properties. The supply of different amounts of nutrients increases biomass and nutrient uptake in plants.     

肥料配施枯草芽孢杆菌对夏玉米产量及养分利用的影响

目的枯草芽孢杆菌能增加土壤养分、改善土壤结构、提高化肥利用率,并能促使土壤中的有机质分解,促进作物生长,提高产量。研究枯草芽孢杆菌与肥料配施对夏玉米产量、肥料吸收利用的影响,为提高肥料的增产效果、降低农业面源污染提供理论指导。方法2016和2017年以登海605(DH605) 为试验材料,设置不施氮肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (N)、单施牛粪 (M)、牛粪 + 枯草芽孢杆菌 (MB)、化肥 + 枯草芽孢杆菌 (NB) 5个处理,分析了夏玉米产量和肥料吸收利用状况。结果牛粪配施枯草芽孢杆菌处理的籽粒产量及肥料利用效率最高,显著高于单施牛粪处理。与单施牛粪相比,牛粪配施枯草芽孢杆菌两年产量平均增幅为20.2%,植株氮、磷、钾积累量平均增幅分别为30.8%、63.5%、30.8%,肥料偏生产力平均提高20.7%;化肥配施枯草芽孢杆菌两年产量平均值比单施化肥提高2.55%,植株氮、磷、钾积累量平均增幅分别为12.5%、10.6%、3.84%,肥料偏生产力平均提高3.18%。牛粪配施枯草芽孢杆菌的经济效益比单施牛粪提高16.9%,化肥配施枯草芽孢杆菌的经济效益与单施化肥基本相同。分析表明,植株干物质积累量和氮素积累量,尤其是花后干物质和氮素积累的增加是增产增效的主要原因。其中牛粪配施枯草芽孢杆菌的效果要优于化肥配施枯草芽孢杆菌。结论肥料配施枯草芽孢杆菌能显著增加夏玉米的干物质积累量及产量,促进肥料的吸收利用。在施用氮肥的基础上,配施适量的枯草芽孢杆菌不仅能实现增产增效的目的,还能提高玉米的经济效益。有机肥配施枯草芽孢杆菌是实现夏玉米节肥增效的有效措施之一。     

种植翻压二月兰配施化肥对春玉米养分吸收利用的影响

研究了华北地区种植翻压冬绿肥二月兰（Orychophragmus violaceus L.）后,在当地习惯施肥基础上玉米减量施肥措施对春玉米产量及养分吸收利用的影响。试验设不施肥（F0）、 习惯施肥（F100）、 单施绿肥（F0+G）以及绿肥与不同比例的化肥配施（化肥习惯用量的70%、 85%、 100%）（F70+G、 F85+G、 F100+G）6个处理。结果表明,施用化肥和化肥绿肥配施均能显著提高春玉米产量,增加地上部总养分量和不同器官养分的累积量,改善养分在不同器官中的分配比例。与F0比较, F100、 F70+G、 F100+G 和F85+G处理的春玉米产量分别增加101.4、 108.4、 115.5和130.4 g/plant,增幅达120.9%、 129.2%、 137.6%和155.3%。翻压绿肥后,化肥减量15%的处理（F85+G）春玉米子粒产量增加29.0 g/plant、 地上部吸氮量增加0.65 g/plant,显著高于单施化肥处理F100;绿肥配施100%的化肥和化肥减量30%的处理（F100+G、 F70+G）玉米生物量、 养分吸收量与习惯施肥（F100）无明显差异。翻压绿肥配施不同比例化肥的 3个处理与F100相比玉米子粒养分累积量及分配比例没有明显差异。