Response of Cotton to Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Fertilization: Yield Components,Water‐Use Efficiency,Nitrogen Uptake,and Recovery

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, water‐ and N‐use efficiency responses to N, and irrigation methods in northern Syria were evaluated. Field trials were conducted for two growing seasons on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf. Treatments consisted of drip fertigation, furrow irrigation, and five different rates of N fertilizer (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha). Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Seed cotton yield was higher than the national average (3,928 kg/ha) by at least 12% as compared to all treatments. Lint properties were not negatively affected by the irrigation method or N rates. Water savings under drip fertigation ranged between 25 and 50% of irrigation water relative to furrow irrigation. Crop water‐use efficiencies of the drip‐fertigated treatments were in most cases 100% higher than those of the corresponding furrow‐irrigated treatments. The highest water demand was during the fruit‐setting growth stage. It was also concluded that under drip fertigation, 100–150 N kg/ha was adequate and comparable with the highest N rates tested under furrow irrigation regarding lint yield, N uptake, and recovery. Based on cotton seed yield and weight of stems, the overall amount of N removed from the field for the drip‐fertigated treatments ranged between 101 and 118kg and 116 and 188 N/ha for 2001 and 2002, respectively. The N removal ranged between 94 and 113 and 111 and 144 kg N/ha for the furrow‐irrigated treatments for 2001 and 2002, respectively.     

Yield and water use efficiency of hybrid Bt cotton as affected by methods of sowing and rates of nitrogen under surface drip irrigation

Field experiments were conducted for two years to find out the appropriate sowing configuration and rate of nitrogen (N) for sustained yield and improved water use efficiency of hybrid Bt cotton irrigated through surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation under normal sowing, in which equal quantities of water and N were applied as check-basin irrigation, resulted in an increase of 389 and 155 kg ha^?1 in seed cotton yield compared with check-basin irrigation during the first and second year, respectively. Normal paired row sowing under a drip irrigation system, in which only 50% of irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, produced a yield similar to normal sowing under drip irrigation during both years, resulting in 22% higher water use efficiency. Dense paired row sowing under drip irrigation, in which only 75% irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, increased the mean seed cotton yield by 5% and water use efficiency by 19%. Decrease in the rate of nitrogen application (from 150 to 75 kg N ha^?1) caused a decline in seed cotton yield and water use efficiency under all the methods of sowing, but the reverse was true for agronomic efficiency of N.     

Nonstructural carbohydrates in leaves subtending cotton bolls,fibers and embryos in response to nitrogen stress

A field study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 where cotton was exposed to three N regimes: (1) the control without N application (low N); (2) 260 kg N ha^?1 (medium N); (3) 520 kg N ha^?1 (high N). Boll size, lint mass per boll, seed mass per boll, fiber length and strength were significantly decreased under N deprivation in the two years. The increased carbohydrate levels of LSCB (leaf subtending the cotton boll) led to decreased carbohydrate levels of fibers in the low N relative to the other N treatments. The low N embryos exhibited lower starch concentrations at 17 and 31 DPA (days post anthesis), and TNC (total nonstructural carbohydrate) concentrations at 17, 31, 45 and 52 DPA compared to medium N embryos. Starch levels in LSCB had negative associations with those in fibers at 17, 31 and 45 DPA, but positive associations with those in embryos at 24 and 45 DPA. Fibers expressed negative associations with embryos in glucose level at 24 and 38 DPA, and in TNC levels at 17 and 45 DPA. The study suggests that carbon assimilate levels in fibers and embryos could explain the difference in boll yield components and fiber quality.     

灌溉水盐度对滴灌棉田土壤氨挥发的影响

【目的】氨挥发是农田氮素损失的重要途径之一,咸水灌溉直接或间接影响土壤的理化性质,进而影响土壤氨挥发,但目前对于咸水灌溉下氨挥发的报道还较少。因此通过田间试验研究尿素滴灌施肥条件下,淡水和咸水灌溉对棉田土壤氨挥发的影响。【方法】试验设置淡水和咸水两种灌溉水,其电导率(EC)分别为0.35和8.04d S/m(分别用CK和SW表示),氮肥(N)用量为240 kg/hm2。氨挥发的收集采用密闭室法,用稀硫酸作为氨的吸收液,测定用靛酚蓝比色法。【结果】1)灌溉施肥后,咸水滴灌棉田土壤盐分、脲酶活性和铵态氮含量均显著高于淡水滴灌。SW处理土壤电导率(EC1∶5)较CK平均高出4.53倍。灌溉施肥后SW处理土壤脲酶活性迅速增加,第4天达到最大,随后降低,SW处理脲酶活性较CK处理平均增加了20.6%。SW处理土壤铵态氮含量明显高于CK处理,尤其是灌溉施肥后第2天,SW处理铵态氮含量比CK处理增加了66.1%。2)SW处理棉田土壤p H值低于CK处理,但在灌溉施肥周期内都呈先增加后降低趋势,p H的变化在7.6~8.0之间。3)SW处理抑制了硝化作用,SW处理土壤硝态氮含量较CK处理显著降低。SW处理土壤硝态氮含量平均较CK低7.68%。4)3个灌溉施肥周期的平均温度分别为24.6℃、26.05℃和24.9℃,因此在第2个和第3个灌溉施肥周期氨挥发高,第1个灌溉施肥周期的总降水量最大,分别比第2和3个灌溉施肥周期高3.7 mm和10.2 mm,但降水量远远小于灌溉量,因此对于氨挥发影响不大。5)总体上,土壤氨挥发损失量在灌溉施肥后1~2天最大,占氨挥发总量的45.7%~79.3%,随后呈降低趋势;灌溉施肥后第1天土壤氨挥发最大,在3个灌溉施肥周期,SW处理第1天的氨挥发较CK分别增加70.7%、69.43%和60.8%。SW处理棉田土壤氨挥发显著高于CK处理。在三个连续灌溉施肥周期内,SW处理棉田土壤氨挥发累积总量为10.98 kg/hm2,CK处理为7.57 kg/hm2,SW处理较CK处理增加了45.1%。【结论】咸水灌溉促进了脲酶活性,但抑制了土壤的硝化作用,导致铵态氮含量增加,加剧了氨的挥发。温度升高促进土壤氨挥发,少量降雨对氨挥发影响不大。因此,滴灌施肥条件下,咸水灌溉会增加氨挥发损失。     

Optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization for drip-irrigated wheat under semi-arid conditions

Limited water availability in arid and semi-arid wheat production systems increases the need of applying efficient drip irrigation systems. However, there is little information available about the optimum level of nitrogen (N) fertilization for drip-irrigated wheat. A two-years field study in the semi-arid region of Upper Egypt was carried out in a randomized complete block design to investigate the response of drip-irrigated wheat to three levels of N fertilization (N₁₂₀ = 120, N₁₈₀ = 180, and N₂₄₀ = 240 kg ha^?1). N₂₄₀ increased the uptake of N, P, and K by 66.3, 48.6, and 43.5%, respectively, as compared to N₁₂₀. The application of N₂₄₀ increased the grain yield by 28.4 and 40.4% and water use efficiency by 27.6 and 41.8% the first and second season, respectively, as compared to N₁₂₀. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to fertilize drip-irrigated wheat by 240 kg ha^?1.     

施氮量对棉铃干物质和氮累积及分配的影响

以高品质棉（科棉1号）和常规棉（美棉33B）品种为材料,2005年在江苏徐州（11711E, 3415N）、2007年在河南安阳（11413E, 3604N）设置施氮量（低氮N 0 kg/hm2,适氮N 240 kg/hm2,高氮N 480 kg/hm2）试验,研究施氮量对棉铃干物质、氮累积分配和棉铃（纤维、棉子）品质的影响。结果表明:施氮可改变棉铃各部分干物质和氮素的累积特征,进而影响棉铃重和棉铃品质。在本试验N 240 kg/hm2水平下,单铃棉子和纤维的干物质累积量最大,棉铃各部分（铃壳、纤维、棉子）氮含量适中、氮累积量最高,最终铃重最大,棉纤维和棉子品质最优;在不施氮（N 0 kg/hm2）时,棉铃干物质和氮快速累积期开始较早、累积速率较低,最终干物质和氮累积量均较低,铃重最低,棉纤维和棉子品质最差。在N 480 kg/hm2水平下,棉铃各部分（铃壳、纤维、棉子）的氮含量和累积量提高,且在成熟棉铃中棉纤维干物质的分配系数下降,棉子中的氮分配系数提高,最终棉子中蛋白质含量上升,铃重和棉纤维比强度、棉子油分含量均降低。综上所述,施氮量过低影响棉铃干物质和氮素的累积,而施氮量过高则主要影响棉铃干物质和氮素在铃壳、棉子和纤维间的分配,二者均导致最终的铃重降低、棉纤维和棉子品质变劣。     

遮荫条件下氮肥运筹对棉花生长和氮素积累的影响

【目的】果棉间作下棉花贪青晚熟现象明显,霜前花率低,产量下降严重,而合理的氮肥追施可以调控作物生育进程,优化各器官生物量和氮素的积累分配。为此,本文探讨果棉间作下棉花适宜的氮肥追施模式,以期为间作棉合理施氮提供理论依据。【方法】以中棉所49为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为遮荫50%(S50)与不遮荫(CK),副区为3个氮肥追施方式,即N1(氮肥前移)、 N2(正常追肥)、 N3(氮肥前移比例大于N1),总施氮量N 320 kg/hm2,随机追施量为160 kg/hm2,追施时期与比例见表1。研究其对棉花生物量、 氮素动态累积特征的影响。【结果】遮荫50%(S50)与不遮荫(CK)相比,营养器官生物量理论最大值和最大生长速率较大; 生殖器官生物量理论最大值、 最大生长速率和生长特征值较小; 总氮快速积累提前5~8 d; 单株铃数、 单铃重和衣分显著降低,皮棉产量平均减少35.61%。遮荫50%时,以N1处理地上部营养器官和生殖器官生物量进入快速增长期的起始日和结束日、 最大生长速率出现日提早,生殖器官生物量理论最大值表现为N1＞N2＞N3; 氮积累量理论最大值、 快速积累持续时间及生长特征值最大; 有利于营养器官对氮的净吸收、 净转移和对棉纤维的贡献; 单株铃数、 单铃重最高,皮棉产量比N2、 N3提高18.90%和29.07%。不遮荫时,以N2处理地上部营养器官生物量的最大生长速率和生长特征值最大; 氮积累量理论最大值、 氮快速积累持续时间及生长特征值也最大; 皮棉产量比N1、 N3提高13.03%和23.67%。【结论】遮荫50%条件下,氮肥追施适度前移(N1),即提前至盛蕾期(6月中下旬)开始追肥,在盛铃期(8月上旬)前结束,可改善遮荫条件下棉花快速生长期的生长特征值,显著增加生物量和氮素积累量,有利于营养器官对氮的净吸收、 净转移和对棉纤维的贡献,最终增加单株铃数、 单铃重和产量。     

Establishing indicator leaf and its threshold values for need based nitrogen management using chlorophyll meter and leaf color chart in Bt cotton

Over application of fertilizer N to cotton is not only a potential threat to environment but also leads to increased costs of cultivation. The study aimed to establish the indicator leaf and its critical greenness for in-season management of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in Bt cotton using chlorophyll (SPAD) meter and leaf color chart (LCC). The response of three varieties and N treatments viz. 0, 30, 60, 90,120, 150 and 180?kg N ha^?1 applied in two splits {(50% at thinning and 50% at first flowering) and three splits (50% at thinning, 25% at first flowering and 25% at boll formation)} was studied through split plot design. SPAD values and LCC scores of first, second, third and fourth fully opened leaves from the top of the main stem was recorded at first flowering and boll formation. The physiological efficiency and harvest index was highest for 90?Kg N ha^?1 applied in two splits. Beyond 120?kg N ha^?1, the N use efficiency parameters were higher for the N treatments applied in three split compared to the respective two split N treatments. The fourth leaf from the top in terms of SPAD values and LCC scores correlated best with N concentration compared to other leaves at all growth stages. The calculated critical SPAD values for the fourth leaf were 45 and 41 at first flowering and boll formation, respectively. Critical score of fourth leaf was 4.1 and 4, respectively at first flowering and boll formation, respectively. It is suggested that color of the fourth leaf from the top of Bt cotton can well indicate N supply from the soil and can help in need based N management.     

地下滴灌施氮及灌水周期对青椒根系分布及产量的影响

地下滴灌是一项十分节水的灌溉技术,该文通过大田试验,研究了地下滴灌灌水周期和施氮量对青椒根系分布和产量的影响,以期获得较优的灌溉施氮制度。试验设置4、8 d两种灌水周期和0、75、150、300 kg/hm24个施氮水平。结果表明,当施氮量小于150 kg/hm2时,随着施氮量的增加,整根的根长、根表面积、根体积和根干质量和各层土壤的根密度均显著增加,但当施氮量增加到300 kg/hm2,整根特征参数均减少。施氮量一定时,4 d灌水周期条件下的青椒根系特征参数和产量高于8 d灌水周期。青椒产量与施氮量之间呈二次曲线关系,4 d灌水周期和150 kg/hm2施氮量组合获得最高产量。并发现小于2 mm的根系总长与产量之间呈明显的线性相关关系。     

Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Potato under Fertigation Utilizing a Nitrogen Tracer Technique

Abstract

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Nitrogen fertilizer (¹⁵N‐labeled urea) and irrigation methods (drip and furrow) were evaluated on spring and fall potato cultivars under Syrian Mediterranean climatic conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the El‐Ghab Valley near Hama in fall 2000 and spring 2001 on a heavy clay soil. Four N‐fertilizer applications (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha) were applied in five equally split treatments for both irrigation methods. Potato was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth reached 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Higher marketable tuber yield of spring potato was obtained by fertigation compared to furrow irrigation; the magnitude of tuber yield increases was 4, 2, 31, and 13%, whereas for fall potato the tuber yield increases were 13, 27, 20, and 35% for N fertilizer rates of 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha, respectively. Shoot dry matter and tuber yields at the bulking stage were not good parameters to estimate marketable tuber yield. The effect of N treatments on potato yield with furrow irrigation and fertigation was limited and not significant. Drip fertigation improved tuber yield of fall potato relative to national average yield. Nitrogen uptake increased with increasing N input under both irrigation methods. Reducing N input under both irrigation methods improved N recoveries. Increasing N input significantly increased total N content in plant tissues at the bulking stage. Spring potato yields were almost double those of fall potato under both irrigation methods and all N treatments.

Nitrate (NO₃) movement in the soil solution for fall potato was monitored using soil solution extractors. Furrow irrigation resulted in greater movements of NO₃‐N below the rooting zone than drip fertigation.

Harvest index did not follow a clear trend but tended to decrease upon increasing N fertilization rates beyond 140 kg N/ha under both irrigation methods. Drip fertigation improved field water‐use efficiencies at the bulking and harvest stages. Fertigation increased specific gravity of potato tubers relative to furrow irrigation. Higher N input decreased specific gravity of potato tubers under both irrigation methods.     

Influence of nitrogen nutrition on yield and growth of an everbearing strawberry cultivar (cv. Evie II)

Strawberry plants are relatively unresponsive to nitrogen (N) fertilization. Supraoptimal N application also results in excessive vegetative growth, which competes to reproductive growth. Two strawberry field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years using fertigation to investigate the effect of different nitrogen (N) application rates on yield and growth of an everbearing strawberry (cv. Evie II). N was injected weekly into the drip irrigation system at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 kg N/ha/week the first year and 0, 1, 2, and 3 kg N/ha/week the next year. Fruit yield and fruit number were not affected the first year, but were increased the second year due to N application. However, there was no effect of N nutrition on average berry weight for both years. It was concluded that N fertilization may increase yield and fruit number, but average berry weight remains unaffected.     

尿素浓度对喷灌夏玉米生长和产量的影响

喷灌施肥灌溉时叶片对尿素的直接吸收作用是提高氮肥利用率的潜在因素之一。以地面灌溉、尿素撒施处理为对照(CK),通过设置不同的尿素喷施浓度,研究夏玉米生理生态指标和产量的响应特征。结果表明,追施尿素后叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)增加,但不同尿素喷施浓度处理的夏玉米株高、SPAD无显著差异(P>0.05)。尿素喷施浓度对叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)和产量的影响具有较大的年际变化,2017年不同尿素喷施浓度处理的产量差异达到了显著水平,尿素喷施浓度为0.146%处理的产量(12.5 t/hm^2)显著高于尿素喷施浓度≥0.178%处理的产量(11.3 t/hm^2),2018年尿素喷施浓度为0.188%处理的LAI在喷灌施肥后的一段时间内出现了显著降低。喷灌施肥后,叶片吸收尿素对光系统活性和光化学效率的影响与SPAD有关,2017年SPAD较高时,喷施尿素后光系统活性和光化学效率呈先减小后增大规律,且尿素喷施浓度≤0.146%处理的抑制作用仅发生在施肥后1 d,尿素喷施浓度≥0.178%处理的抑制作用持续至施肥后3~5 d;2018年SPAD较低时,与CK处理相同,喷施尿素后所有处理的光系统活性和光化学效率均呈先增大后稳定规律。与CK处理相比,施氮量小于等于CK的喷灌处理的产量和水分利用效率与CK处理无显著差异,但氮肥偏生产力显著高于CK处理,证明了喷灌施肥灌溉的可行性及其节肥、增产潜力。     

不同沟灌方式对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用的影响

本文通过交替隔沟灌溉（AFI）、固定隔沟灌溉（FFI）、常规沟灌（CFI）的大田小区棉花实验,研究不同沟灌方式对棉花各器官氮素吸收和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明: AFI与CFI相比,棉花生物量、全氮含量、氮素吸收率（NAR）、氮肥吸收比例（Ndff）、氮肥利用率（NUE）随生育期变化,各器官全氮含量,NAR、Ndff 差异均不显著; 棉花各器官的NUE,苗期差异均不明显,蕾期以后茎的NUE平均降低 9.6%,叶平均降低18.1%,根和蕾铃差异不显著; FFI与CFI相比,苗期棉花生物量、全氮含量、NAR和Ndff各器官差异均不显著,蕾期以后生物量平均降低 22.5%～35.5%,全氮含量下降 23.9%～43.8%,NAR下降 35.0%～63.5%,Ndff下降 15.0%～39.7%,NUE下降 34.4%～46.7%。可见FFI方式显著降低棉花氮素吸收和利用效率,AFI 则变化不明显,因此沟灌棉花宜采用AFI方式,有利于大田棉花的水氮管理。     

棉花高产和磷高效的磷肥基施追施配合技术研究

【目的】 本文比较了不同磷肥基施、追施比例对棉花生物量、产量及养分吸收的影响，以优化新疆膜下滴灌棉花的磷肥施用技术。 【方法】 2009—2011年连续三年进行了田间试验。试验共设3个处理:不施磷肥，磷肥全部基施，磷肥滴灌追施 (2009、2010年为磷肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施，2011年为磷肥65%基施和35%滴灌追施)，追施的磷肥分2次在棉花蕾期和初花期随水施入。各处理的氮、钾肥用量相同，氮肥全部滴灌追施，钾肥全部基施。棉花成熟期测定了棉株生物量、籽棉产量和磷肥的利用率。 【结果】 施用磷肥显著提高了棉花地上部生物量，与不施磷肥相比，磷肥基施显著增加了棉花的叶、茎、籽和纤维的生物量，分别增加15%、9%、9%和11%，磷肥滴灌追施显著增加了叶、茎、壳、籽和纤维的生物量，分别增加21%、23%、21%、12%和13%。施用磷肥能够显著提高棉花产量，与不施磷肥相比，磷肥全部基施籽棉平均增产8%，磷肥滴灌追施籽棉平均增产13%，而磷肥滴灌追施的产量比磷肥全部基施提高5%。施用磷肥显著增加了棉花的磷素吸收量，磷肥全部基施的磷肥平均利用率为18%，而磷肥滴灌追施的磷肥平均利用率为23%。磷肥35%滴灌追施的增产率和磷肥利用率分别为18%和24%，50%滴灌追施处理两者分别为11%和22%。 【结论】 与不施磷肥相比，磷肥全部基施与部分磷肥滴灌追施都能显著提高棉花生物量和产量，增加磷素吸收量，而磷肥部分滴灌追施的效果优于磷肥全部基施，磷肥65%基施和35%滴灌追施的增产效果好于50%基施和50%滴灌追施。      

Yield,Petiole Nitrate,and Node Development Responses of Cotton to Early Season Nitrogen Fertilization

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization continues to be of primary importance in the economically successful production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Profit margins of producers might be expanded by increasing the uptake efficiency of applied N. Recently, N fertilization of crops grown in the Mississippi River Delta has been suspected to impact water quality in the Gulf of Mexico. Improving efficiency of N uptake could alleviate some environmental concerns by increasing the retention of N at the site of application. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of replacing preplant N applications with postemergent N applications on the growth and yield characteristics of cotton. Delayed applications of the recommended rate of N fertilizer (112 kg N ha^?1) were tested for four years under irrigated and dry land production conditions. The N rate was applied either preplant, after crop emergence, or at first square. Further, 112 kg N ha^?1 was split applied evenly at preplant + first square, and after emergence + first square. The five 112 kg ha^?1 N treatments were compared to an unfertilized control. Yield tended to be maximized with N treatments that included a first square application. Yields were usually lowest in the unfertilized control and the 112 kg N ha^?1 preplant treatments. Not surprisingly, both yield and plant growth was influenced more by irrigation than N fertilization. Years when drought conditions caused water stress and limited plant growth, dry land cotton had only limited response to the N fertilization treatments. Irrigated cotton responded to N treatments all years with increased growth and yield. Optimizing agronomic considerations, the best N fertilization timing was an after emergence + first square split application.

     

Efficient Use of Water and Nutrients Through Drip and Mulch in Apple

Fertigation offers vast potential for efficient use of water and nutrients in sustainable orchard management. Beside minimizing losses, their distribution within the rhizosphere is of utmost importance. In present investigations, most of feeder roots were observed within 30 cm soil depth. Under drip fertigation, wetting front extended horizontally up to 45 cm from emitter. However, the maximum moisture content remained confined within 30 cm distance. Vertically, soil moisture also remained higher in the 0–30 cm soil layers. Under surface irrigation, deeper soil layers registered higher moisture content. Available nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) under fertigation closely followed the moisture distribution pattern. Fertigation plus mulch resulted in 20% fertilizer and 15% water savings over fertigation without mulch. Beside 33% higher fruit yield and 25% water savings, and fertigation plus mulch resulted in 20 percent fertilizer and 40% water savings over surface irrigation.     

Productivity and Economics of Drip-Irrigated Banana (Musa Spp.) under Different Planting and Fertigation Techniques in Subtropical India

Banana is well known to be extremely demanding for water and nutrients, and supplemental application of these resources are prerequisites for higher yield. The study was undertaken to assess the effects of fertigation through drip on the growth, yield, quality, and economics of banana during 2007–2009. The experiment also aimed to find out a suitable method of planting for banana under drip irrigation system. Twelve treatments comprising two fertilizer sources, three fertilizer levels, and two planting systems were attempted. These treatments were compared with surface method of irrigation using conventional fertilizers applied as farmers practice. The results revealed that among the various treatments, 100% dose of water-soluble RDNPK and planting spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m with drip fertigation recorded better values for growth characteristics. Banana fruit yield was significantly higher in normal planting (82.86 t/ha) than paired row planting (75.75 t/ha). The fruit yield increased significantly in water-soluble fertilizers (81.01 t/ha) as compared with “nitrogen (N)” fertigation (77.59 t/ha) and it also increased significantly with an increase in fertilizer levels (100% fertigation), but high costs of these fertilizers lowered the B:C ratio and net returns as compared with fertigation using conventional fertilizers. The drip irrigation gave 3–14.5% increase in banana fruit yield and 52% water saving over surface irrigation. The quality of banana fruits was not affected significantly due to any of the treatments.     

Effect of drip fertigation system on nitrate control in spinach Spinacea oleracea L.

(pp. 9–16)

Nitrate is a major form of uptake and storage of nitrogen for upland plants. However, nitrate is harmful to human health · ingestion of a large quantity can lead to cancer or methemoglobinemia. The effectiveness of drip fertigation for reducing nitrate in spinach was investigated in this study. Fertilizer application can be controlled effectively by drip fertigation. Field experiments were conducted in September 2002 and June 2003 at the National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region. Two spinach cultivars were grown in each cultivation in a plastic greenhouse, and the plants were treated with 4, 8 or 12 g N m^?2 of fertilizer applied by drip fertigation, and with 8, 12 or 16 g N m^?2 of fertilizer applied as basal application. The nitrogen was applied at the rate of 0.15 g m^?2 per day for the first 15 days, and 0.25 g m^?2 for the following 23 days in 8 g N m^?2 treatment of drip fertigation.

The rate of growth and nitrogen absorption of spinach in the early growth stages was very slow, but they increased quickly from around day 23 after sowing. The amount of nitrogen absorbed by spinach was close to the amount applied in 8 g N m^?2 treatment. This treatment resulted in spinach with a low nitrate concentration without reduction in yield. Although the same results were obtained by treatment with 8 g N m^?2 of fertilizer by basal application, there was a tendency for nitrate concentration to fall further with drip fertigation. The rate of nitrate-nitrogen to total-nitrogen rose sharply when the total-nitrogen concentration was higher than 42 g kg^?1 DW in leaf blade and 18 g kg^?1 DW in leaf petiole. The total-nitrogen concentration was lowered a little and for that reason the rate of nitrate-nitrogen to total-nitrogen was lower in spinach treated with 8 g N m^?2 of drip fertigation than in spinach treated with 8 g N m^?2 of basal application. Thus, drip fertigation was considered to reduce nitrate more stably.     

棉花氮素营养状况的诊断研究

为进行棉花氮素营养诊断指标和追肥推荐,应用反射仪开展了不同氮肥用量对棉花倒四叶叶柄的硝酸盐浓度影响的研究。田间试验在新疆阿瓦提县丰收三场二连进行。设5个氮肥用量,分别为N.0、180、240、300、360kg/hm2。结果表明,畦灌条件下的陆地棉花期、花铃期和铃期的叶柄硝酸盐浓度和施氮量之间有显著正相关,用一元二次模型模拟氮肥与产量之间的关系,得到最佳经济施氮量为304.kg/hm2,对应的经济产量为2420.kg/hm2;初步确立花期和铃期叶柄硝酸盐诊断临界值分别为10463和6901mg/L。花期、花铃期和铃期时棉株叶柄硝酸盐浓度与产量间有极显著相关性。以此为依据,建立了棉花植株硝酸盐诊断的氮肥推荐模型,并根据该模型计算出棉花各生育期不同硝酸盐测试值所对应的氮肥追肥用量。     

灌溉施用氮肥后氮素在土壤中的转化及淋失状况: 土柱模拟研究

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation (the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI) on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation (SFI), and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer) in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N (NH₄⁺-N + NO₃^--N) in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control (without urea addition), on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH₄⁺-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH₄⁺-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH₄⁺-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH₄⁺-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.