Effect of nano-SiO2 on properties of wood/polymer/clay nanocomposites

Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNC) based on nano-SiO₂ were prepared by impregnation of styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), SiO₂ nanoparticles modified with γ-trimethoxy silyl propyl methacrylate (MSMA), and nanoclay into wood. The structure of modified SiO₂ nanoparticles and WPNC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD analysis showed the delaminated structure of SAN/SiO₂/clay-treated wood composites. The synergistic effect of nano-SiO₂ and nanoclay was investigated. Thermal stability of SiO₂ nanoparticles decreased after modification, while that of wood treated with SAN, SiO₂, and nanoclay improved. Morphological characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties, water uptake (%), dimensional stability, hardness, and flammability were found to improve due to incorporation of SiO₂ and nanoclay into wood polymer composites. Maximum improvement in properties was observed in the wood polymer composites containing SiO₂ and nanoclay at the ratio of 1:1.     

Effect of nanofillers on flame retardancy, chemical resistance, antibacterial properties and biodegradation of wood/styrene acrylonitrile co-polymer composites

Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) based on simul wood (Bombex ceiba, L.) were prepared by impregnation of styrene acrylonitrile copolymer, γ-methacryloyloxy trimethyl silane-modified TiO₂, SiO₂ nanoparticles and nanoclay intercalating mixture through vacuum impregnation. The impact of nanofillers on the physical properties, flame retardancy, water resistance, anti-swelling efficiency and biodegradability of the resultant WPNCs was investigated. Remarkable enhancement in wood properties such as flame retardancy, water resistance and anti-swelling efficiency was achieved with the treatment. The results showed that all the properties were maximum for wood samples treated with SAN/TiO₂ (0.5 %)/SiO₂ (0.5 %)/nanoclay (0.5 %). The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles in WPNC exhibited antibacterial activity. The resistance to biodegradation was observed by incorporation of nanofillers into wood.     

Preparation,physical properties and ultraviolet resistance of wood nanocomposites based on modified soybean oil and bentonite

ABSTRACT

Safer environmental requirements have resulted in significant interest in natural polymer-based materials to increase sustainability. In this perspective, wood polymer nanocomposites are of particular interest. Wood polymer nanocomposites were prepared from modified soybean oil, wood flour and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide modified bentonite using the compression-molding technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometric studies were used to confirm the successful modification of bentonite. Incorporation of 3?wt% of bentonite in the composites produced significant improvement in properties compared to those of 1 and 5?wt%. Furthermore, in comparison to the unfilled nanocomposites, nanoclay-filled ones showed an enhanced UV resistance property as judged by lower weight loss and carbonyl index. The decrease in mechanical properties of UV-exposed unfilled composites was more significant compared to those of nanoclay-filled composites. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to study the surface morphology and distribution of the bentonite into the composites. In addition, with the incorporation of bentonite, significant increase in thermal, mechanical and flame-retarding properties was observed.     

Effect of organoclay platelets on the mechanical properties of wood–plastic composites formulated with virgin and recycled polypropylene

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of organoclay platelet contents (0, 3 and 5 wt%) and polypropylene type (virgin and recycled) on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/wood flour composites. Composite samples were made by melt compounding and consequent injection moulding. The tensile, flexural and impact properties of resultant composites were determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of composites with 3 and 5% nanoclay content was also conducted. The results indicated that tensile and flexural properties of the composites increased with the addition of nanoclay particles up to 3 wt% and decreased thereafter. The impact strength of the composites, however, decreased with the incorporation of nanoclay. The mechanical properties of the recycled polypropylene-based nanocomposites were statistically comparable with those based on virgin polypropylene. XRD analysis revealed that the degree of intercalation in the nanocomposites containing 3% nanoclay was higher than in those containing 5%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that recycled polypropylene could be used instead of virgin polypropylene in the production of value-added products with no significant adverse effects on the mechanical properties.     

Chemical modification of simul wood with styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer and organically modified nanoclay

Simul wood (Salmalia malabarica) was chemically modified by treatment with styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and organically modified nanoclay. The physical properties of wood polymer composites (WPC) were improved due to the addition of GMA and nanoclay. XRD analysis indicated a decrease in crystallinity in WPC. FTIR study confirmed the presence of clay in WPC. The presence of clay in cell lumen and cell wall was evidenced by SEM study. WPC containing lower percentage of clay showed better thermal stability compared to WPC loaded with higher percentage of clay.     

Effect of chemical modification on the properties of wood/polypropylene composites

对以铝酸酯为偶联剂对木粉进行表面改性处理后制备的木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能和形态学特征进行了研究。结果表明:铝酸酯偶联剂可以增加木塑复合材料的抗冲击强度,但会对复合材料的抗拉强度和抗弯强度造成负面的影响。对木塑复合材料的动态力学性能和微分扫描热量分析研究表明,以铝酸酯作为偶联剂,对木塑复合材料的储存模量和损失模量有少许增加,同时可降低材料的熔点和熔解热。利用扫描电镜观察木塑复合材料的木材与塑料界面发现,经铝酸酯处理过的木材与聚丙烯复合界面之间具有更好的相容性。这些研究结果表明,在木塑复合材料制造过程中利用廉价的铝酸酯作为木材化学改性剂,对改善复合材料的性质同样起作良好的作用。图6 表2 参16。     

Properties of PP/wood flour/organomodified montmorillonite nanocomposites

In this research, composites based on polypropylene (PP), beech wood flour, and organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared and characterized for their properties. The blend nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing of PP/WF at 50% weight ratios with various amounts of OMMT (0, 3, and 6 per hundred compounds (phc)) in a Hakee internal mixer. Then the samples were made by injection molding. The influence of organomodified montmorillonite contents on clay dispersion, physical and mechanical properties of PP/wood flour composites were investigated. Results indicated that the flexural strength and modulus, tensile strength and modulus increased by addition of 3 per hundred compounds (phc) of organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT), but decreased with 6 phc OMMT addition. However, impact strength, water absorption and thickness swelling of the composites decreased with increasing nanoclay loading. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the nanocomposites formed were intercalated. Also, morphological findings showed that samples containing 3 phc of OMMT had higher order of intercalation.     

木粉增强P34HB生物复合材料的制备及其结构性能表征

【目的】通过木粉纤维增强生物塑料聚3-羟基丁酸酯-co-4-羟基丁酸酯(P34HB),为生物复合材料的理论研究和生物可降解塑料的广泛应用提供科学依据和理论支持。【方法】以毛白杨木粉和P34HB为原料,采用共混热压法制备P34HB/木粉生物复合材料,基于电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析(TGA)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、动态热机械分析(DMA)和力学性能分析等手段对其结构和性能进行表征。【结果】随着木粉含量增加,生物复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和弯曲强度先增加后减小,冲击强度逐渐下降,拉伸强度、弹性模量和杨氏模量分别增加89%、59%和103%,储能模量E′逐渐增加,tanδ峰值先下降后上升。生物复合材料的高频率模量大于低频率模量,动刚度比静刚度好。相比P34HB,生物复合材料的热分解区间变宽,热解速率变慢,热解剩余质量增加。【结论】随着木粉含量增加,P34HB分子链运动受阻,生物复合材料的储能模量和脆性增大;同时,木粉纤维的成核作用诱导P34HB形成结晶度高、层状结构发达的横晶层,木粉与P34HB之间界面结合力增强,力学性能和热稳定性明显提高。综合考虑,P34HB/木粉生物复合材料的最佳木粉加入量为50%。     

纳米CaCO3对木纤维增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响

为探索纳米CaCO₃对增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响,采用混炼、注射成型工艺制备纳米CaCO₃改性木纤维/聚乳酸复合材料,研究了纳米粒子添加量（1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%）及粒子预处理（偶联剂,硬脂酸,偶联剂-硬脂酸）对材料拉伸性能与冲击性能的影响。随着CaCO₃添加量增加,复合材料力学强度先增大后减小,质量分数2%时材料拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高8%与20%,粒子的增韧效果明显。预处理不仅能增强木纤维与聚乳酸的结合,也提高了纳米粒子分散性,增强材料整体力学性能。纳米粒子在聚合物基体中的分散性及其与聚合物界面结合是影响材料性能的关键。     

Effect of nanoclay on some applied properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from underutilized low quality paulownia (Paulownia fortunei) wood

In this study, the effect of nanoclay on some applied properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from underutilized low quality paulownia wood was investigated. Organo-modified montmorillonite (MMT) at four levels (0, 1, 3 and 5?%) was added to urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. Some chemical properties of paulownia wood (holocellulose, cellulose, lignin and ash contents, pH value and hot and cold water solubility), mechanical [modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond strength, screw and nail withdrawal strengths], physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) properties and formaldehyde emission of the strand boards were evaluated. Mechanical properties of all panels complied with the general-purpose OSB minimum property requirements of European Norm. With increasing 5?% nanoclay to UF resin, mechanical and physical properties of the resulting panels improved and formaldehyde emission decreased. However, none of the panels satisfied the thickness swelling and water absorption requirement. The results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope analysis confirmed the good dispersion of nanoclay in the resulting OSBs. Using paulownia as a fast-growing underutilized species not only can sustain the forests but also can supply raw material to countries facing shortage of wood.     

Mechanics and pyrolysis analyses of rotation welding with pretreated wood dowels

This study examined the mechanics and pyrolysis analyses of rotation welding with treated dowels. Test results indicated that welding specimens with dowels immersed in CuCl₂ solution exhibited higher pullout resistance than untreated specimens. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe and analyze the welding interface. Wood dowels immersed in CuCl₂ solution provided more flowing molten polymer to obtain better connection than untreated wood dowels. Based on the chemical analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses, the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose was detected after immersion of the dowels in a CuCl₂ solution. Pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin occurred during the welding process. The hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose may promote the pyrolysis and efficient connection of wood components during the welding process.     

木纤维素与合成聚合物复合材料的研究进展

作为合聚俣物复合材料增强的木纤维素包括木纤维素粉和纤维素纤维。本文综述３个方面主要的研究进展；木纤维素粉在热固性塑料中的增强，用偶俣剂涂覆纤维素纤维在热塑性聚合物中的增强以及纤维素纤维在易生物降解聚俣物的增强。简要介绍了三类木纤维素增强复合材料的性质，指出最终的目标是制备符合环保要求完全物降解的复合材料。     

改性剂对木塑复合材料力学性能影响的研究

采用木材纤维,分别与PE、PS、ABS、SAN等热塑性高分子聚合物,经热压复合工艺制成木塑复合板材,通过加入不同的改性剂以及改变改性剂的加入量,研究它们对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:改性剂的加入能使木材纤维与各种热塑性高分子聚合物很好地胶接;改性剂不同对木塑复合材料的性能产生不同的影响;改性剂的加入量为木材纤维用量的5%时,该法制作的木塑复合板材力学性能最佳。     

Micromorphology,moisture sorption and mechanical properties of a biocomposite based on acetylated wood particles and cellulose ester

Abstract

One of the major issues in a long-term perspective for the use of wood–plastic composites (WPCs) in outdoor applications is the moisture sensitivity of the wood component and the consequent dimensional instability and susceptibility to biological degradation of the composite. In this work, the effects of using an acetylated wood component and a cellulose ester as matrix on the micromorphology, mechanical performance and moisture uptake of injection-moulded WPCs have been studied. Composites based on unmodified and acetylated wood particles, specially designed with a length-to-width ratio of about 5–7, combined with both cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and polypropylene (PP) matrices were studied. The size and shape of the wood particles were studied before and after the processing using light microscopy, and the micromorphology of the composites was studied using a newly developed surface preparation technique based on ultraviolet laser irradiation combined with low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM). The water vapour sorption in the composites and the effect of accelerated weathering were measured using thin samples which were allowed to reach equilibrium moisture content (EMC). The length-to-diameter ratio was only slightly decreased for the acetylated particles after compounding and injection moulding, although both the unmodified and the acetylated particles were smaller in size after the processing steps. The tensile strength was about 40% higher for the composite based on acetylated wood than for the composite with unmodified wood using either CAP or PP as matrix, whereas the notched impact strength of the composite based on acetylated wood was about 20% lower than those of the corresponding unmodified composites. The sorption experiments showed that the EMC was 50% lower in the composites with an acetylated wood component than in the composites with an unmodified wood component. The choice of matrix material strongly affected the moisture absorptivity of the WPC. The composites with CAP as matrix gained moisture more rapidly than the composites with PP as matrix. It was also found that accelerated ageing in a Weather-Ometer® significantly increased the moisture sensitivity of the PP-based composites.     

不同改性剂对木塑复合材料性能的影响研究

采用木材纤维分别与PE、PS、ABS、SAN四种塑料制成木塑复合材料，根据物理力学性能的检测，研究了不同改性剂对木塑复合材料性能的影响。结果表明：加入改性剂能改善木材纤维与所用塑料交接性能，改性剂可以提高复合材料的力学强度；不同的改性剂对复合材料的性能产生不同的影响，异氰酸酯胶改性效果比较好。木塑复合材料既保持了木质材料原来的优良品质，又具有塑料的一些特性，其防水性、尺寸稳定性、力学强度等指标均有较大改善。图5参6。     

Cellulose esters as compatibilizers in wood/poly(lactic acid) composite

One of the important issues relevant to wood/plastic composite molding is the compatibility between hydrophilic wood and hydrophobic plastic. Polyolefins modified with maleic anhydride, which have been frequently used for wood and polyolefin composites, are not effective for poly(lactic acid) composites. Because compounds with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups are potential compatibilizers, cellulose esters of several carboxylic acids, RCOO-cellulose (R = CH₃, C₂H₅, C₃H₇, C₄H₉, C₅H₁₁, C₁₁H₂₃), were synthesized and their effects as compatibilizers of wood/poly(lactic acid) composites (WPLC) were examined in this study. The mechanical properties of WPLC were improved with a small amount of added cellulose esters, especially cellulose butyrate or cellulose valerate. The relevant effect of added cellulose esters on the thermal properties of wood/PLA composite was analyzed by measuring dynamic viscoelasticity. Part of this report was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, August 2006 and the 9th International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Cracow, Poland, July, 2007     

木质材料力学性能无损检测技术研究现状与发展趋势

木质材料在包装、建筑、家具、铁路等领域正发挥着巨大的作用,而木质材料力学性能的检测则是这类材料使用过程中的重要依据。介绍了木质材料力学性能无损检测的主要方法和原理;阐述了几种主要的检测技术(如机械应力法、振动检测法、应力波检测、超声波检测等)的研究现状及存在的问题;并在此基础上,提出木质材料力学性能检测技术的发展趋势。     

Static bending and toughness of wood polymer composites (yellow birch and basswood)

Wood polymer composites (WPC) were made from basswood and yellow birch using six cell lumen type polymer formulations. The study was designed to get insight into the influence of wood density and polymer formulation on certain WPC mechanical properties. Small specimens were tested for toughness, stiffness, hardness and bending strength using standard ASTM methods. Results showed that stronger and stiffer polymers produce tougher and stronger WPC, but the effect is small. Thus, there is a wide range of polymer properties which produce useful WPC properties. Study of the fracture surfaces using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that WPC made with different polymers fractured differently and polymer containing a coupling agent bonded to the cell wall. However the cell wall bonding had no noticeable influence on WPC mechanical properties.     

密度对稻壳-木材复合材料性能的影响

研究测试在0．75～0．85g／cm^3的变化范围内，密度对稻壳—木材复合材料物理力学性能的影响。试验结果表明，在该密度变化范围内，密度对板的静曲强度、内结合强度及吸水厚度膨胀率等影响显著。     

人工经济林木材性质研究

对重要人工经济林树种核桃、枣木、银杏、板栗、樟树和橡胶等木材解剖、物理力学、化学性质进行研究。结果表明 :核桃、银杏、樟树生长速度较快、材质好 ,是培育经济和用材两用林的优良树种 ,枣木和板栗材质好、生长慢 ,可以选择经济林果用为主、材用为辅的培育方式 ;核桃、橡胶、樟树和银杏的密度和力学强度较大 ,板栗和枣树木材的密度和力学强度很大 ;樟树、银杏和橡胶木材的纤维素含量与杨木接近 ,木质素含量界于杨木和马尾松之间 ,且纤维形态特征符合造纸用材的要求 ,树干和加工剩余物可以用于造纸 ;人工经济林枣木基本密度、核桃木材纤维长度可以通过生长轮年龄来预测 ,且预测效果显著。