基于人工神经网络的原木CT图像缺陷识别

以欧洲白蜡为例,利用训练好的神经网络识别原木CT图像中的各种木材缺陷.不同隐蔽层节点的神经网络可以正确地识别树皮、节子、腐朽和无疵木材;但是对于细小裂纹尚还不能准确识别.计算机快速、自动识别图像中的各种缺陷,有利于实现最优化的锯切方案.     

Relationship between radial variations in shrinkage and drying defects of tree disks

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between radial variations in shrinkage and drying behavior of larch disks during radio-frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying. Despite considerable variations in shrinkage both within and between logs, some trends were observable for each log. Actual radial shrinkage was much larger than free radial shrinkage with a ratio of tangential shrinkage ( _T) to radial shrinkage ( _R) ranging from 1.27 to 1.62. If the _T/ _R ratio of larch was about 2.5, the relative displacement was theoretically estimated to be 1.6 to 1.65, showing good agreement with the experimental results. The results showed that the formation of V-cracking was closely related to the actual differential shrinkage, which is the difference between the estimated tangential shrinkage and actual radial shrinkage after drying.     

Effect of lamellas annual-ring orientation on cracking of glulam beams investigated with computer tomography and image processing

Abstract

Cracks in glulam beams can reduce their strength, depending on the crack's depth, length, and location and can also be a passage for the accumulation of water and dirt. To avoid cracks, the relationship between cracks (area of cracks, mm²) and annual-ring orientation in glulam beams of spruce (Picea abies), and pine (Pinus sylvestris) with different dimensions and surface treatments was investigated using RGB images of the surface and tomography images of the cross-sections. Image processing was used to measure characteristics visible in the photos such as crack area and lamella position in the beam. Combination of lamellas in lay up was measured from computer tomography images. Four types of combinations were defined; type 1 (pith side facing outward), types 2 and 3 (pith to the same side), and type 4 (pith sides meet pith side). It was found that the area close to the glue line in the lamellas in combination type 4 is the most subject to cracking, whereas combinations of type 1 show the highest resistance to cracking. This means that type 4 should not be used in glulam beams, because the lamellas shrink apart from each other causing stresses and resulting cracks.     

Relationships of anatomical characteristics versus shrinkage and collapse properties in plantation-grown eucalypt wood from China

To explore the influence of the basic density on collapse-type shrinkage properties and to quantify the relationships of the main anatomical features with shrinkage and collapse properties, all above-mentioned parameters were determined and analyzed for three species of collapse-susceptible eucalypts, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus grandis, and E. urophylla × E. grandis, planted in South China. The correlation coefficients were also determined and the corresponding regression equations were established with the anatomical parameters measured by using multiple linear regression. The results indicated that: (1) basic density was strongly positively linearly related to both unit tangential shrinkage (r = 0.970) and unit radial shrinkage (r = 0.959), weakly positively related to total shrinkage (r = 0.656 and 0.640 for tangential and radial, respectively), and weakly negatively related to residual collapse (r = 0.632 and 0.616 for tangential and radial, respectively). (2) The main factors affecting unit shrinkage were cell wall proportion (WP), microfibril angle (MFA), and double fiber cell wall thickness (DWT); factors playing an important role in total shrinkage were WP, ray parenchyma proportion (RP), and MFA, while RP had the highest effect on residual collapse (r = 0.949 and 0.860 for tangential and radial, respectively). (3) All corresponding regression models obtained were very suitable for the evaluation of relationships between the anatomical parameters and unit shrinkage, total shrinkage, and residual collapse, as measured using a moisture content of 28% as the fiber saturation point for all specimens.     

红榉不同种源木材基本密度和干缩性比较

以湖南省6个红榉种源(天然种群)为研究对象,对其木材基本密度和径向全干干缩率等物理性质进行测定分析。结果表明:不同红榉种源间木材基本密度的差异达极显著,而种源内木材基本密度比较稳定,变异较小;不同种源间木材径向全干干缩率不存在显著差异,但种源内不同个体间的差异显著。红榉木材基本密度与径向全干干缩率相关性不显著。这2个性状基本上相互独立遗传,且两者与各地理气候因子相关性也不显著。     

基于CT扫描的计算机模拟薄木刨切

基于CT扫描和计算机模拟技术，本文介绍了一种制定原木截断和木方锯剖方案的方法。通过扫描获得原木内部结构的相关信息、图象处理和三维重建，在计算机上进行原木模拟刨切加工，并在屏幕上显示虚拟刨切薄木的图象。可对同一木段进行多方案的重复加工，通过对显示图象的比较分析，制定出优化加工方案。     

Comparing biophysical forest characteristics estimated from photogrammetric matching of aerial images and airborne laser scanning data

Recent development in aerial digital cameras and software facilitate the photogrammetric point cloud as a new data source in forest management planning. A total of 151 field training plots were distributed systematically within three predefined strata in a 852.6 ha study area located in the boreal forest in southeastern Norway. Stratum-specific regression models were fitted for six studied biophysical forest characteristics. The explanatory variables were various canopy height and canopy density metrics derived by means of photogrammetric matching of aerial images and small-footprint laser scanning. The ground sampling distance was 17 cm for the images and the airborne laser scanning (ALS) pulse density was 7.4 points m^–2. Resampled images were assessed to mimic acquisitions at higher flying altitudes. The digital terrain model derived from the ALS data was used to represent the ground surface. The results were evaluated using 63 independent test stands. When estimating height in young forest and mature forest on poor sites, the root mean square error (RMSE) values were slightly better using data from image matching compared to ALS. However, for all other combinations of biophysical forest characteristics and strata, better results were obtained using ALS data. In general, the best results were found using the highest image resolution.     

非破坏性木材内部缺陷检测--木材CT扫描研究动态

对断层扫描技术(CT)在木材工业中应用的可行性,以及在木材工业中实际应用之前需要解决的问题进行了探讨.针对木材CT图象的各种处理方法,以及各国目前在该领域的研究动态进行了回顾.将CT技术引进木材工业,将使锯材和单板生产的价值最优化成为可能.     

Collapse-type shrinkage characteristics in plantation-grown eucalypts： I . Correlations of basic density and some structural indices with shrinkage and collapse properties

Collapse-type shrinkage is one of highly refractory drying defects in low-medium density plantation-grown eucalypt wood used as solid wood products. Basic density (BD), microfibril angle (MFA), double fibre cell wall thickness (DWT), proportion of ray parenchyma (RP), unit cell wall shrinkage, total shrinkage and residual collapse, which are associated with collapse-type shrinkage characteristics, were investigated by using simple regression method for three species of collapse-susceptible Eucalyptus urophyll, E. grandis and E.urophyllaxE.grandis, planted at Dong-Men Forest Farm in Guangxi autonomous region, China. The results indicated that : unit cell wall shrinkage had a extremely strong positive correlation with BD, moderately strong positive correlation with DWT, and a weakly or moderately negative correlation with RP and MFA; total shrinkage was positively correlated with BD, DWT and RP and negatively related to MFA, but not able to be predicted ideally by any examined factors alone owing to lower R^2 value (R^2≤0.5712); residual collapse was negatively correlated with BD and DWT, linearly positively correlated with MFA, and had strongly positive linear correlation with RP. It is concluded that BD can be used as single factor (R^2≥0.9412) to predicate unit cell wall shrinkage and RP is the relatively sound indicator for predicting residual collapse     

电脑图像处理技术在林权登记发证附图中的应用研究

笔者研究以湖北省恩施市集体林权制度改革林权登记管理和发证工作为基础,以图像处理软件Adobe Photoshop7.0为平台,综合利用该软件的图像扫描和编辑功能,完成了林权登记表和林权证附图的制作,并总结出了一套简单实用的附图操作方法。该方法统一了林权证附图制作规格和式样,降低了制作成本,提高了工作质量和效率,具有较高的实用和推广价值。     

基于多重分形理论的原木CT腐朽图像分析与处理

使用计算机断层扫描技术进行原木无损检测,采用多重分形频谱分析方法可以对原木CT图像进行有效的边缘检测,该方法首先计算图像各像素点的H lder指数α(x,y),然后估计出其多重分形频谱f(α)的值,对图像的像素点进行分类,f(α)=1为平滑边缘点,1≤f(α)<1.5为奇异边缘点。根据多重分形理论,平滑点和奇异点的集合即为图像的边缘点。实验结果表明,该方法对原木CT图像的边缘检测具有良好的效果,并具有较好的局部性,为原木CT图像的边缘检测提供了一种新方法。     

基于CT扫描技术的沥青混合料虚拟劈裂试验

为了研究不同类型沥青混合料的抗拉性能,采用Burgers模型表征沥青砂浆的黏弹性能,通过Computer Tomography(CT)扫描技术和有限元方法建立了基于沥青混合料细观结构特征的虚拟劈裂试验模型,并通过室内实测结果进行模型准确性验证。以劈裂劲度模量、拉应力最大值、拉应力平均值、拉应力方差以及应力集中性参数作为评价指标,分析了各细观结构因素对不同类型沥青混合料抗拉性能的影响。结果表明:分别从定性和定量方面证实了建立的沥青混合料虚拟劈裂试验模型具有较好的准确性;与AC-20混合料相比,AC-13混合料表现出更优的抗裂性能和应力分散能力;级配和集料分布特征均对沥青混合料抗裂性能造成影响;采用橡胶沥青或者SBS改性沥青可以显著增强沥青砂浆抗变形能力和沥青混合料抗拉性能;空隙的存在导致在一定程度上降低了沥青混合料的抗裂性能。因此,在进行虚拟仿真分析时必须准确地表征沥青混合料非均质的细观结构特征,才能有效地反映其宏观力学特性。     

Tangential and radial shrinkage variation within trees in sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) cultivars

The transverse shrinkage variation within trees was examined for five sugi cultivars. The within-tree trends of tangential shrinkage (α _T) were different by cultivar, whereas radial shrinkage (α _R) increased from pith to bark in most cultivars. The tangential/radial shrinkage ratio (α _T/α _R) decreased from pith to bark in most cultivars, because the radial variation of α _R was larger than that of α _T. The cultivars showed significant differences among cultivars in α _T, α _R, and α _T/α _R, but the difference among cultivars for α _T/α _R was smaller. The relationships between transverse shrinkage and microfi bril angle (MFA), basic density (BD), tree ring parameters, and modulus of elasticity were examined. The α _T and α _R showed positive relationships with BD, latewood percentage, latewood density, and modulus of elasticity, and negative relationships with MFA and ring width. The relationships with earlywood density were weak. Sugi exhibited variation in transverse shrinkage within stem and among cultivars, with the variation affected by MFA, density, and tree ring parameters. Part of this article was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, Japan, August 2006, and the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, Japan, August 2007     

Effect of site and elevation on wood density and shrinkage and their relationships in Carpinus betulus

This study examined the effect of site and elevation on the oven-dry density and volumetric shrinkage of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) wood.For this purpose,45 normal hornbeam trees from three different sites (Mazandaran,Guilan and Golestan) at three elevations,300 m (low elevation),700 m (intermediate elevation) and 1100 m (high elevation) from natural forest in northern Iran were selected.Disks were cut at breast height from mature wood and test samples were prepared to determine physical properties,i.e.,wood density and volumetric shrinkage.The results show that there are significant differences between site and elevation on these physical properties of wood.The interaction effects between site × elevation on wood density and volumetric shrinkage were also statistically significant.At any fixed site,wood density and volumetric shrinkage increased with elevation.As well,their values at Guilan were higher than those at the other two sites.The relationship between wood density and volumetric shrinkage was determined by simple regression equations.Strong,positive relationships between wood density and volumetric shrinkage at each site were found.Again,these were stronger at the Guilan site than at the other two sites.Given a fixed site,the correlation at high elevation was stronger than at the other two elevations.     

DETERMINATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF MOISTURE IN PARTICLEBOARDS

The static and dynamic diffusion coefficients are important coefficients todescribe the moisture transfer processes in particleboard.In this paper,the formula ofculculating the static and dynamic diffusion coefficients were deduced.At first,the staticdiffusion coefficients of four kinds of particleboards were determined by using diffusion cupmethod.The results demonstrated that the static diffusion coefficients parallel to panelsurface were 10-20 times as large as that of perpendicular to panel surface for test boards.To determine both dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients ofmoisture in particleboards in one experimental period,specimens in four different thickness-es of each kind of particleboard were used in the experiment.Then the method ofregression was used and the dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficien-ts were determined based on the slope and intercept of the regressive line.     

Estimation of fire severity by use of Landsat TM images and its relevance to vegetation and topography in the 2000 Samcheok forest fire

The severity of the 2000 Samcheok forest fire was classified by using Landsat TM images, and the effects of vegetation structures and topographic conditions on fire severity were analyzed. The estimated normalized difference vegetation index differences between the pre and post-fire Landsat TM images were used as the criteria in determining the levels of fire severity–low, moderate, and extreme. According to the results from fire severity estimation, of the 10,600 ha forest stands, 28% was severely damaged by crown fires, 38% was moderately damaged, and the remaining 34% was damaged slightly by surface fires. The overall accuracy of the fire severity classification was 83% (Kappa coefficient = 0.76). The results of χ ²-tests showed that fire severity differed significantly with the vegetation and topographic conditions as follows. The coniferous stands, compared with the mixed and broad-leaved, were more vulnerable to fire damage; the higher the slope of fire sites, the greater the fire damage; the south was the most vulnerable aspect; fire severity of coniferous forest stands increased with increasing elevation. However, in the study area it was found that fire severity of broad-leaved forest stands were negatively related to the elevation of the corresponding fire sites and affected more by vegetation conditions rather than by topographic conditions.     

Deciduous forest mapping using change detection of multi-temporal canopy height models from aerial images acquired at leaf-on and leaf-off conditions

Discrimination of deciduous trees using spectral information from aerial images has only been partly successfully due to the complexity of the reflectance at different view angles, times of acquisition, phenology of the trees and inter-tree radiance. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of estimating the proportion of deciduous stem volume (P) utilizing change detection between canopy height models (CHMs) generated by digital photogrammetry from leaf-on and leaf-off aerial images instead of using spectral information. The study was conducted at a hemi-boreal study area in Sweden. Using aerial images from three seasons, CHMs with a resolution of approximately 0.5?m were generated using semi-global matching. For training plots, metrics describing the change between leaf-on and leaf-off conditions were calculated and used to model the continuous variable P, using the Random Forest approach. Validated at sub-stands, the estimation accuracy of P in terms of root mean square error and bias was found to be 18% and ?6%, respectively. The overall classification accuracy, using four equally wide classes, was 83% with a kappa value of 0.68. The validation plots in classes of high proportion of coniferous or deciduous stem volume were well classified, whereas the mixed forest classes showed lower classification accuracies.     

基于主成分回归及遥感的贵阳市林分郁闭度估测

以贵阳市为研究区,以Landsat-8 OLI为遥感信息源,通过偏相关分析,选择了与郁闭度相关的12个遥感因子作为自变量因子。为克服自变量因子间严重的多重共线性和模型的不稳定性,采用主成分回归分析法建立郁闭度估测模型,并对模型进了检验及精度验证。结果表明,回归方程调整后的R2=0.756,模型的拟合效果较好,说明模型在数学上是可行的;利用15个实测样地对模型进行精度验证,估测精度的平均水平为78.80%,说明该模型可为区域林分郁闭度估测提供参考。     

全国立木生物量建模总体划分与样本构成研究

结合全国生态地理区域和行政区域,并兼顾立木材积表的建模总体划分,提出了全国立木生物量建模总体划分方案,将全部树种分为34个树种组,全国分为6大地理区域,共划分70个建模总体;通过对已有立木生物量数据进行建模分析,将立木生物量模型的预估精度确定为95%以上,同时根据变动系数分析结果提出合适的建模样本单元数应该在150以上,且要按划定的10个径阶均匀分配,保证每个径阶的样本单元数不少于15个;以第七次全国森林资源清查数据为基础,确定了每一个建模总体的样本结构,将样本单元数全部落实到了各省和各级径阶。研究成果可为推进全国森林生物量调查建模工作提供参考依据。     

Interpretation and Compilation of Landsat TM Imagery for Land-use and Site Classification Mapping in the Korqin Sandy Lands, NE China

For the purpose of of forestation, planning and development in the Three-North Region, a series of 6 Landsat TM scenesfrom 1996 to 1997 were used to classify land-use conditions in the whole Korqin Sandy Lands at eastern part of Inner Mongolia, China, with an area of about 430×306 square kilometers. Later on, Site classiflcation was made and mapped for the 4 southern sandy counties. The annotation symbol for each agglomeration of site condition is comprised of six parts: land unit, land use pattern, soil texture, under ground water table, top-soil existence, wind erosion or salinisation condition. Field expedition and soil file augering help information extraction from the satellite imagery. The products include a land-use classiflcation map at scale 1/200,000 of the whole Korqin Sandy Lands, and a collection of site classiflcation maps at scale of 1/50,000, consisting of 135 pieces (42.8 cm×30.8 cm each). Electronic version of the maps is in raster form.