Effects of biofertilizers and cycocel on some physiological and biochemical traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress

In order to study the effects of biofertilizers and cycocel on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse condition in 2015. Treatments were included salinity in four levels [no salt (control or S₀), salinity 30 (S₁), 60 (S₂) and 90 (S₃) mM NaCl equivalent of 2.76, 5.53 and 8.3 dS m^?1, respectively], four biofertilizers levels [no biofertilizer (F₀), seed inoculation by Azotobacter chrocoocum strain 5 (F₁), Pseudomonas putida strain 186 (F₂), both inoculation Azotobacter + Pseudomonas (F₃)] and three cycocel levels [without cycocel as control (C₀), application of 600 (C₁) and 1000 (C₂) mg L^?1]. Results showed that salinity severe stress (90 mM) decreased chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll, photochemical efficiency of PSII and yield of wheat. Whereas, soluble sugars and proline content, electrical conductivity (EC), the activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were increased. Similar results were observed in CAT, POD and PPO activities due to inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel. Salinity at 30 mM increased the photochemical efficiency of PSII and chlorophyll content in plants grown under biofertilizer and cycocel treatment but with increasing salinity up to 90 mM mentioned parameters were decreased. The highest proline and soluble carbohydrate at all salinity levels were observed in plants treated in the highest cycocel level and Azotobacter+ Pseudomonas application. Generally, it was concluded that biofertilizers and cycocel can be used as a proper tool for increasing wheat yield under salinity condition.     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对紫花苜蓿生长及生理特征的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了NaCl胁迫条件下AM真菌对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)植株生长及生理特征的影响。结果显示:随土中加入NaCl浓度增高(0%,0.5%,1.0%),与未接菌紫花苜蓿相比,接种AM真菌显著(P<0.05)促进紫花苜蓿生长,并使其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及根系脯氨酸累积量增加。1.0%NaCl接种AM真菌处理下根系鲜重(28.1 mg)为0%NaCl未接种下的1.27倍;不同盐处理接种AM真菌植株丙二醛含量均低于对照株;1.0%NaCl浓度下接种AM菌植株叶片及根系脯氨酸含量分别为对照株的0.82,1.41倍。表明AM真菌在胁迫环境下不仅可促进植株生长发育及渗透调节物质的积累,还可维持植物体丙二醛含量较低水平,降低植株遭受盐胁迫,推测叶片与根系脯氨酸对ABA依赖程度不同而导致其脯氨酸含量不同。     

Effect of vermicompost on some morphological,physiological and biochemical traits of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under salinity stress

Vermicompost can play an effective role in plant growth and development and also in reducing harmful effects of various environmental stresses on plants due to its porous structure, high water storage capacity, having hormone-like substances and plant growth regulators and also high levels of macro and micro nutrients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vermicompost and salinity interactions on some morphological and physiological features and concentration of mineral elements of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Light Red Kidney) cultivar. A factorial experimental with five different volumetric ratios of vermicompost and sand, including to: 0:100; 10:90; 25:75; 50:50 and 75:25 and four levels of salinity [20, 40, 60 and 80 mmol l^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl)], and control was conducted base on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Bean seeds were sowed in plastic pots, the seedlings being sampled 42 days old (flowering stage).The results showed that vermicompost had significant effect on all studied traits under stress and non-stress (p ≤ 0.05).In this experiment, the vermicompost significantly increased the photosynthetic rate and concentrations of potassium (K⁺) and calcium (Ca²)⁺in leaf and root tissues. In salinity levels of 20, 40 and 60 mmol l^?1NaCl, all subjected ratios of vermicompost and in 80 mmol l^?1NaCl the ratios of 10% and 75% vermicompost, significantly ameliorated negative effects of salinity. In both stress and non-stress conditions, using 10% volume of vermicompost is recommended to improve the growth of bean plants.     

Effects of salinity,drought, and priming treatments on seed germination and growth parameters of Lathyrus sativus L.

Germination of plants is one of the most important stages during their growth, which is often influenced by environmental stresses, especially drought and salinity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity and drought on seed germination and growth of Lathyrus sativus. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in four replications. Salinity treatments were 0, 2, and 4 dS/m and drought treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MPa. Salinity and drought treatments were prepared by using sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol 6000, respectively. The results showed that salinity and drought stresses decreased germination percentage, and root and radicle length.     

Effects of foliar selenium application on some physiological and phytochemical parameters of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana under salt stress

Abstract

In this research the effect of foliar application of selenium (Se) at four levels (Na₂OSe₄; 0, 5, 10 and 20?mg L^?1) was evaluated on some phytochemical characteristics of Sultana grapevine under different salinity levels (NaCl; 0 or 75?mM). The vines were fed twice a week with Hoagland nutrient solution and Se was foliar applied twice with 24 intervals. During growing period, plant height, leaf number and leaf area were recorded. Moreover, at the end of experiment, mature leaves from middle nods of canes were used for measurement of some phytochemical indices. According to results, Se application had a positive effect on plant height, leaf numbers, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments content especially at 5?mg L^?1 and to some extent 10?mg L^?1 Se levels. Under salinity stress, foliar application of Se at 5?mg L^?1 considerably decreased vines leaves electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation values compared to non se-treated plants under salinity stress condition. Selenium had an additive effect on salinity stress (75?mM NaCl) induced accumulation of total phenol, total flavonoid, soluble sugars and proline content in leave of vines. Moreover, the interaction of salinity and Se at 5 and 10?mg L^?1 improved leaves antioxidant enzymes activities in Sultana grapevine. Likewise, foliar application of Se improved leaf mineral content in 75?mM NaCl -treated vines. Totally, foliar application of selenium (Se at 5 or 10?mg L^?1) increased salt tolerance through improvement in nutritional balance and by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in grapevine leaves.     

高温胁迫对淮阴苜蓿差异蛋白表达及生理的影响

为进一步了解紫花苜蓿在高温胁迫下的生理变化和相关差异蛋白表达情况,本研究以淮阴苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Huaiyin)为材料,以25℃为对照,对30℃、35℃和40℃不同高温胁迫下,淮阴苜蓿不同时期(0 h、0.5 h、1 h、4 h、12 h和24 h)幼苗叶片的电导率、丙二醛(MDA)、细胞活力的动态变化进行监测,并进一步对35℃和40℃高温处理24 h的幼苗叶片差异表达蛋白进行筛选、分析和鉴定研究。结果发现,淮阴苜蓿在35℃和40℃高温下,生长0.5 h,叶片的电导率含量开始急剧上升,1 h后电导率下降,并随着处理时间的延长,电导率变化趋缓;生长1 h时,叶片的MDA含量较高,4 h后MDA含量平缓下降;细胞活力随着时间的延长总体表现出下降的趋势。差异蛋白点筛选分析结果显示,在35℃处理24 h时,有27个点存在显著差异,其中19个点是上调的,与对照图谱相比,新增了5个特殊的蛋白点。在40℃处理24 h时,有51个点存在显著差异,其中40个点是上调的,与对照图谱相比,新增了11个特殊的蛋白点。对40℃时51个蛋白点进行二级质谱鉴定发现,20 k D chaperonin、Hsp70、Hsp23和Hsp17这4个蛋白与防御机制有关,说明40℃诱导产生更多的防御蛋白,对膜系统损伤起到一定的修复功能。     

苜蓿接种根瘤菌和施肥对铁尾矿砂基质改良效果的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,以铁尾矿砂为生长基质进行紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)盆栽试验,探讨了紫花苜蓿接种不同根瘤菌菌株和施肥水平对紫花苜蓿生长的影响,以筛选出明显促进紫花苜蓿生长的根瘤菌菌株与施肥水平的最佳组合。在最佳组合条件下,研究了紫花苜蓿连续种植2a后铁尾矿基质理化性质和生物学特性的变化。结果表明:(1)接种根瘤菌明显促进了紫花苜蓿根瘤重、根鲜重、地上部鲜重、株高的提高,其中以接种菌株17676的效果明显。(2)施肥对紫花苜蓿的生长有显著的促进作用。随着施肥水平的提高,紫花苜蓿的各项生长指标均逐渐增大,在5%施肥水平时最高,并且在5%施肥水平时紫花苜蓿地上部鲜重和株高与2.5%和1%2个施肥水平间差异显著。2.5%施肥水平下,紫花苜蓿根瘤重最大,但与5%施肥水平差异不显著。表明5%施肥水平对促进紫花苜蓿生长的效果最佳。(3)与对照(裸尾矿砂)相比,在5%施肥水平条件下,种植接种17676菌株的紫花苜蓿后,铁尾矿砂基质的理化性质和生物学特性均有了极为明显的改善(P0.01)。其中,容重显著下降,田间持水量和总孔隙度明显提高,pH值显著下降并接近中性,有机质和速效养分(碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾)含量显著提高,基质中的细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量以及土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶)活性明显提高。(4)与播种当年相比,种植紫花苜蓿2a的铁尾矿砂基质的理化性质和生物学特性均有不同程度的改善。其中,除了细菌和真菌数量以及有机质和碱解氮含量的提高效果不明显外,其他各项指标均达到了显著水平。表明5%有机肥水平条件下种植接种17676菌株的紫花苜蓿对铁尾矿砂基质的改良效果显著,紫花苜蓿种植年限对铁尾矿砂基质的改良效果也有重要作用。     

生物炭对盐碱胁迫下黑麦草和紫花苜蓿光合及抗氧化特征的影响

为探究黑麦草和紫花苜蓿在盐碱胁迫初期的响应机制,揭示生物炭对盐碱胁迫初期黑麦草和紫花苜蓿两种典型牧草光合及抗氧化系统的短期影响,采用盆栽试验方法,设置4种处理：盐碱胁迫处理（C0, 150 mmol/L等摩尔NaCl、Na2CO3、NaHCO3混合盐碱溶液）、盐碱胁迫+1%生物炭（C1）、盐碱胁迫+3%生物炭（C2）、盐碱胁迫+5%生物炭（C3）,并设置无盐碱胁迫的空白对照（CK）,分析盐碱胁迫初期不同生物炭添加量对植物生长指标、光合特性、丙二醛含量及抗氧活酶活性的影响。结果表明：1）14 d盐碱处理显著影响黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的生长状况,降低生物量累积、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度,提高丙二醛（Malondialdehyde）含量,及超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase）活性,但对叶绿素含量和根长无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）盐碱胁迫初期,生物炭可有效提高黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的抗胁迫能力,显著降低丙二醛含量,缓解盐碱胁迫对黑麦草和紫花苜蓿生长和光合反应的抑制作用,其中3%生物炭处理的生物量、株高、根长较盐碱胁迫分别增加了48.50%～82.34%、31.19%～44.16%、17.15%～48.09%,气孔导度、蒸腾速率增加了118.69%～358.99%、98.66%～526.53%,紫花苜蓿的叶绿素含量和净光合速率分别增加了7.97%和519.09%。3）盐碱胁迫下,随施炭量增加,黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的生长指标、光合特性、细胞膜透性及抗氧化酶活性基本呈现出低添加量促进、高添加量抑制的趋势。综上所述,适量生物炭可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对黑麦草和紫花苜蓿生长的抑制作用,其中3%的生物炭施用量效果最好。     

Effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. under NaCl salinity conditions

In order to study the effects of foliar applications of methanol (0, 15, and 30%) and NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100?mM) on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. plants, a pot experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Physiological characteristics (stem and leaf dry weights, total phenolic and flavonoids compounds, chlorophyll a and K⁺ contents, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio) were significantly affected by the interaction effects of Methanol foliar application and salinity levels. The highest K⁺ content, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, chl a and stem dry weight, belonged to NaCl 0?×?Methanol 30% and NaCl 50?×?Methanol 30%. For the leaves’ dry weight, the greatest data were recorded for NaCl 0?×?Methanol 30% and NaCl 0?×?methanol 15%. Methanol spray promoted the total phenolic content, especially at NaCl 50?×?methanol 30% and NaCl 100?×?methanol 15% and 30% and flavonoid content at NaCl 50?×?methanol 30%. Anthocyanin content, essential oil percent, and flower dry weight were affected by NaCl salinity levels, and the highest amount of anthocyanin was recorded for the control treatment. The highest data for Essential oil was attained by the NaCl 0 and 50?mM. The Na⁺ content was affected by methanol foliar application and the highest amount was obtained in the control treatment. Both foliar application levels and salinity levels influenced the flower dry weight. The highest amount of the flower dry weight was recorded at 30% methanol spray level and 0?mM NaCl treatments. The results reveal that methanol application had significant effects on the physiological characteristics of Lavandula plants growing under salinity stress condition.     

蒸发脱湿过程中盐胁迫对苜蓿生长及矿质元素吸收运输的影响

用土壤溶液浓度ＮａＣｌ７５　～３２５　ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的中性盐对苜蓿　进行胁迫处理，研究苜蓿在土壤脱湿过程中，盐胁迫对其生长及矿质元素吸收运输的影响．　结果表明，ＮａＣｌ胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长均使苜蓿的相对生长速率、含水量、累积　蒸散量、水分利用效率、Ｋ含量和Ｋ／Ｎａ值下降，但土体中的剩余水量却呈上升趋势．苜蓿生长　受到水分与盐分胁迫双重胁迫的影响．随ＮａＣｌ胁迫的增加，苜蓿的Ｎ素含有率变化不大，但积　累量显著减少；Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋的比吸收率（ＳＡＲ）显著降低，植株Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋含　量减少，而植株Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－的比吸收率ＳＡＲ显著提高，牧草体内Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－含量不断积　累增加，植株Ｋ／Ｎａ值降低．对Ｐ、Ｍｇ２＋的吸收在不同水盐条件下变化不一致．苜蓿根系　吸收钾钠离子后，向茎叶运输钾的选择性随ＮａＣｌ胁迫的不同而呈现出不同的趋势．     

Effects of salinity stress on growth indices,physiological parameters and element concentration in Banebaghi (Pistacia sp.) as rootstock for pistachio

Banebaghi is considered a natural hybrid in Pistacia genus that can be used as rootstock for pistachio. In order to study the effects of salinity stress on growth indices, physiological parameters and element concentration in Banebaghi, an experiment was arranged as a factorial in completely randomized design (CRD). Factors were salinity of irrigation water (0, 60 and 120 mM of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, respectively), growth type (mutica growth type and pistachio growth type) and stem height (stem height lower half of the plant and stem height upper half of the plant) with four replications. Our results showed that salinity reduced vegetative parameters, SPAD index, leaf relative water content (RWC) and water use efficiency (WUE). Shoot dry weight of seedlings in both heights, decreased at the salinity level of 120 mM, at about 60% compared with control. At the highest level of salinity (120 mM), seedlings with a height lower half of the plant had lower reduction in the fresh and dry weight of the root and showed more resistance to the salinity stress because of maintaining RWC of leaves and high levels of potassium and calcium in the shoot. Salinity increased sodium (Na) concentration of shoot and root in both growth types: mutica and pistachio. Seedlings with pistachio growth type and a height upper half of the plant and seedlings with mutica growth type and a height lower half of the plant had more resistance to salinity stress.     

CO2浓度倍增和土壤盐胁迫对藜麦生理特征及产量的影响

利用可精准调控CO2浓度的人工气候室,设置2个CO2浓度（常规组：400 μmol/mol和倍增组：800 μmol/mol）,同时设置2个NaCl胁迫浓度（对照组NaCl浓度为0;盐胁迫组400 mmol/L NaCl）,探讨CO2浓度倍增和土壤盐胁迫对藜麦生长、生理、叶片离子含量、叶片光合特性和内禀水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,CO2浓度倍增显著提升藜麦光合速率、降低藜麦气孔导度,提高藜麦内禀水分利用效率,从而增加藜麦产量。但是,在CO2浓度倍增处理下,随着藜麦生长,光合速率提升幅度逐渐缩小,藜麦产生光合适应现象。此外,在盐胁迫下,与CO2浓度常规组相比,CO2浓度倍增最终（63 d）降低藜麦叶片Na+浓度达42%,增加藜麦叶片K+浓度达26%,有效调控藜麦叶片中离子平衡,表现出明显的吸K+排Na+的现象。同时,CO2浓度倍增促进藜麦渗透调节,有效调控藜麦叶片水分运动,增加细胞含水率,降低叶片溶质势和水势,提高压力势,维持细胞正常的生理功能。此外,藜麦内禀水分利用效率与藜麦叶水势、溶质势,光合速率和K+浓度呈显著正相关。研究结果有助于深入理解CO2浓度倍增调控作物耐盐性的生理机制,为应对大气CO2浓度升高背景下土壤盐碱化问题,维护生态系统稳定性,保障粮食安全提供参考。     

氮素对NaCl胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长与生理的影响

为了研究NaCl胁迫下氮肥对甜高粱种子萌发及芽苗生长和生理特性的影响,探索提高甜高粱耐盐能力的措施,室内设置不同盐分浓度、不同氮源及浓度条件下甜高粱萌芽试验。结果表明:NaCl胁迫和不同氮源对甜高粱发芽和芽苗生长的影响各有不同。NaCl浓度对甜高粱种子萌发有显著影响,在甜高粱芽苗生长阶段,通过提高保护酶活性和渗透调节物质而增强耐盐伤害能力是有限的。100 mmol.L 1NaCl胁迫下,根系POD活性最低,而叶片MDA积累量、可溶性糖含量、POD活性最高,受盐害程度最大。没有盐胁迫情况下增加不同氮源及氮量对甜高粱根叶生理特性的影响差异显著,当氮浓度在20 mmol.L 1时,细胞受伤害程度最低,生长最好。不同形态氮源对甜高粱发芽和幼苗生长的影响差异明显,NH4Cl的促进效果优于KNO3。在100mmol.L 1的NaCl胁迫下,施加铵态氮或硝态氮源均可以增强甜高粱芽苗期的POD活性,减少MDA积累,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。研究表明采取适当的氮肥调控措施可以提高甜高粱的耐盐能力。     

60Co-γ射线辐射对金花菜种子生物学效应的影响

为探明⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射对金花菜(Medicago polymorpha L.)种子的生物学影响,本研究以金花菜干种子为材料,设置不同剂量(0、400、600、800、1 000、1 200 Gy)辐射处理,测定了发芽率、植株存活率、幼苗株高、分枝数、开花数量、荚果数量等指标,利用直线回归方程计算金花菜干种子的半致死剂量(LD₅₀)。结果表明,辐射剂量为400 Gy可显著提高金花菜种子的发芽率,发芽率随着辐射剂量的增加(400~1 200 Gy)逐渐降低;辐射剂量与成活率、幼苗株高、分枝数呈显著负相关;低剂量(≤600 Gy)可促进金花菜的种子萌发、生长和结实,高剂量(>600 Gy)则抑制金花菜的生长和结实;金花菜干种子辐射的LD₅₀为580 Gy。本研究结果为金花菜诱变育种提供了理论参考。     

水分胁迫对苹果属植物抗氧化酶活性的影响研究

试验研究水分胁迫对 3种苹果属植物湖北海棠、西府海棠和新疆海棠根系和叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响结果表明 ,随水分胁迫的加重 ,3种海棠抗氧化酶活性逐渐增强 ,当土壤绝对含水量降至 6 .5 %时 ,过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性首先达高峰 ,而超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性高峰则出现于土壤绝对含水量为 2 .8%时 ,之后 2种酶活性逐渐降低 ,复水后又均有所升高 ;过氧化物酶 (POD)活性高峰出现于土壤绝对含水量为 3.2 %时 ,之后逐渐下降 ,至复水后仍呈下降趋势 ;丙二醛 (MDA)含量随水分胁迫的加重而逐渐增加 ,当土壤绝对含水量降至 1 .8%时其含量最高 ,复水后则呈下降趋势。种间抗氧化能力耐旱型新疆海棠 >西府海棠 >干旱敏感型湖北海棠     

毛乌素沙地杨树防护林内紫花苜蓿蒸散耗水规律的研究

本文利用验证后的Penman-Monteith模型,计算了内蒙古毛乌素沙地新疆杨防护林内紫花苜蓿的蒸散耗水,结果表明：(1)通过Penman-Monteith模型计算得到的蒸散量与涡度相关法实测值平均相对误差为14.73%(R²=0.84),说明利用Penman-Monteith模型计算林草复合模式内牧草蒸散量是可行的;(2)不同生育期内紫花苜蓿蒸散量差别较大,具体表现为：返青－分枝阶段、现蕾－开花阶段蒸散量较小,分别为5.03 mm和44.95 mm;分枝－现蕾、开花－结荚阶段蒸散量较大,分别为71.10 mm和101.74 mm;其中耗水最大的生育期为开花－结荚阶段,占整个生育期总耗水量的45.66%。在空间上表现为：随着距主防护林带距离增加,紫花苜蓿蒸散量逐渐增大,最大蒸散量出现在距离林带约115 m处(约7倍树高),为234.41 mm,之后,受另一侧防护林的影响,蒸散量逐渐减少。整个生育期防护林内紫花苜蓿总蒸散量为222.83 mm,对照地紫花苜蓿蒸散量为269.02 mm,与对照相比,防护林内紫花苜蓿比林外蒸散量降低了17.2%。防护林内和对照紫花苜蓿生物量干重分别为3287.28 kg/hm²和2959.93 kg/hm²,林内比对照增产11.1%。     

Effects of inoculation with stress-adapted arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus deserticola on growth of Solanum melogena L. and Sorghum sudanese Staph. seedlings under salinity and heavy metal stress conditions

The beneficial effects of a Glomus deserticola strain isolated from the rhizosphere of grasses (belonging to Poaceae family) growing along the industrial waste from a distillery were investigated under stress conditions. The study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal ecotype in salinity and heavy metal (HM) tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in soils amended with various stress levels of NaCl, zinc and cadmium. Mycorrhizal (M) seedlings produced a significantly (p < 0.05) greater growth response and were more tolerant to salt and HM stresses than nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings in all treatments. The HM contents in the plant tissues were significantly higher in M than NM eggplants. Furthermore, when the efficacy was compared with other AM isolates in HM-polluted soils with Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese Staph.) as a test plant, the AM ecotype responded best to these soils, as evident from the significantly greater growth response and its aggressiveness in colonizing roots in all soil types tested. These results suggest that this G. deserticola ecotype can be used as an effective tool to alleviate the adverse effects of excessive salinity and HM toxicity on plant growth. Finally, the isolate may have potential in the bioremediation of polluted soils.     

Differential responses of three chamomile genotypes to salinity stress with respect to physiological,morphological, and phytochemical characteristics

Effect of water salinity was studied in different Matricaria recutita L. genotypes (Isfahan, Ahvaz, and Shiraz) to understand their protective mechanisms and agronomic performance. Based on a split-plot design arranged in a randomized complete-block consisted of four salinity levels as the main plot and three genotypes as the subplots with three replications this field experiment was conducted in 36 plots with 3 m² space in the Isfahan Center for Research of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources during 2014–2015. The findings showed that the three genotypes differed in resistance to salinity and tolerance mechanisms. They have evolved different physiological, morphological, and biochemical adaptations to salt stress. The Ahvaz genotype in the absence of salt, the Isfahan genotype at 6, and the Shiraz genotype at 9 and 12 dS m^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl) were desirable, taking both quantity and quality into consideration. While preserving shoot growth, the Isfahan genotype was more tolerant to 6 dS m^?1 NaCl most likely due to peroxidase activity. The resistance of the Shiraz genotype is associated with root growth stimulation at 9 and Na compartmentation in root at 12 dS m^?1 NaCl. The Isfahan genotype had the highest oil and chamazulene content, which was not affected by salinity. The Shiraz genotype in the control treatment, the Isfahan genotype at 6 and 9 and the Ahavaz genotype at 12 dS m^?1 NaCl synthesized higher flavonoid compounds.     

Salinity stress on various physiological and biochemical attributes of two distinct maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes

Present study investigates the effect of salinity stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of two maize genotypes cultivated under controlled growth conditions. The selected maize genotypes being salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive were respectively designated as Sahwal-2002 and Sadaf. The experiment was conducted in triplicates, two varieties, three priming treatments and two salinity levels, in the Government College University, Faisalabad. The antioxidants activity was measured by comparing the tolerance in response to acute and prolonged salinity treatment. The difference of genotype with salinity tolerance as well as seed priming with phenylalanine were not dependent on antioxidant activity when salt exposure was prolonged. The results show that an indirect relationship was present for PAL seed priming and oxidative damage due to salt. The antioxidant enzymes present in plant effectively reduced the oxidative damage of salt and thus, increased the overall crop yield.