缺硼条件下两种不同砧木“纽荷尔”脐橙矿质元素含量变化的比较

采用溶液培养试验,研究了缺硼对两种不同砧木纽荷尔脐橙硼、锌、钙、镁和钾元素含量变化。结果表明,缺硼显著降低了枳壳砧木纽荷尔脐橙体内硼含量而对锌含量影响不大; 相反,缺硼对枳橙砧木脐橙体内硼含量的影响不是很大,而显著降低了其叶片中锌的含量。这可能是缺硼条件下枳壳砧木脐橙容易出现缺硼症状,而枳橙砧木脐橙容易出现缺锌症状的原因之一。与对照相比,缺硼处理的枳壳砧木脐橙叶的钙含量明显增加; 而根的钾含量明显高于枳橙砧木橙根。这些结果与枳壳砧木脐橙对硼更敏感有一定的关系。缺硼对镁含量的影响两种砧木间基本没有差异。     

Characterization of deficiency symptoms and mineral nutrient content in Acmella oleracea cultivated under macronutrient and boron omissions

Acmella oleracea occurs in the Amazon forest and is widely consumed in regional cuisine and folk medicine. Many studies concerning its active principles are available, but few studies have been carried out regarding mineral nutrition. The aim of this study was to characterize deficiencies symptoms and nutritional content in Acmella oleracea. The experimental design applied was a randomized block with four replications. After blooming, following treatments were applied: complete solution, absence of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, and Boron. After harvesting, growth and nutrient content of inflorescences, new leaves, old leaves, and stems were assessed. The absence of aforementioned nutrients allowed for characterization of visual deficiency symptoms. The first observed symptom was absence of Nitrogen. The accumulation of macronutrients in inflorescences followed the order N?>?K?>?Ca?>?P?>?S?>?Mg, in new leaves, N?>?K?>?Ca?>?S>Mg?>?P, in old leaves, K?>?N?>?Ca?>?Mg?>?S?>?P, and in stems K?>?N?>?Ca?>?Mg?>?P?>?S. The greatest growth restrictions were observed in nitrogen and calcium absence treatments.     

不同砧木对嫁接西瓜经济产量及叶片矿质营养含量的影响

以西农八号西瓜为接穗,金瓜、中国南瓜、葫芦为砧木,研究了不同砧木对嫁接苗成活率、经济产量及各个处理生长发育期内叶片中9种营养元素含量变化的影响。结果表明,以葫芦为砧木的嫁接苗成活率最高,达到91.8%,极显著高于另外两种砧木嫁接苗的成活率; 同时,该组合产量也极显著高于对照及其他两个嫁接组合。三种砧木显著提高了生殖生长期接穗叶片中N、K、Ca、Mg的含量,其中葫芦砧木还显著提高了叶片中Cu、Zn、Mn的含量。金瓜-西农八号组合（Q-X）营养生长期叶片N、Zn含量,生殖生长期叶片中Cu、Mn的含量显著低于对照; 中国南瓜-西农八号组合（R-X）营养生长期Cu、Zn含量,生殖生长期Mn的含量显著低于对照。相关分析显示,西瓜叶片中不同矿质元素含量间的相关性随生育阶段而异。试验结果表明,葫芦砧木能显著提高接穗叶片中矿质营养含量,是组合葫芦-西农八号(G-X)增产的主要原因之一。     

Effects of boron excess in nutrient solution on growth,mineral nutrition,and physiological parameters of Jatropha curcas seedlings

Jatropha curcas L. has recently attracted the attention of the international research community due to its potential as a biodiesel crop. In addition, its high resistance to drought and salinity is well known. Under arid and semiarid conditions, boron (B) concentrations in irrigation water can be higher than desired when water from industry, urban areas, or desalination is used. However, the growth and physiological responses of J. curcas plants to B excess in the irrigation water are unknown. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of B excess in the nutrient solution (0.25, 2, 4.5, and 7 mg L^–1 B, applied as H₃BO₃) on plant growth, mineral concentration in the different plant tissues, photosynthesis, water relations, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration (as SPAD values), and composition of carbohydrates. Plant growth decreased with increasing B concentration in the nutrient solution; growth reduction was higher for roots than for leaves or stems. The B concentration increased in all plant tissues, in the following order: leaf > root > stem. These data indicate that the roots of J. curcas are more sensitive to B toxicity than the leaves and that B has restricted mobility inside these plants, accumulating mainly in the basal and middle leaves via the transpiration stream. Increasing B concentration in leaves decreased the A_CO2 and the stomatal conductance, but the leaf water parameters were not affected. The data for chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that nonstomatal factors were involved in the A_CO2 decline, whereas decreases in the parameters of PSII photochemistry due to B toxicity suggest that there was structural damage in chloroplasts. There was also a general tendency for a decrease in nonstructural carbohydrates in all plant tissues, possibly due to the decline in A_CO2. With excess B, the concentrations of K and Mg increased in leaves due to a decrease in the growth, while a typical antagonistic effect between B and P was evident from the P concentration decrease in leaves. In summary, J. curcas should be considered a B‐sensitive plant, as a leaf B concentration of 1.2 mg (g dw)^–1 caused a growth decline of approximately 30%.     

Interactive effects of zinc and boron on growth,photosynthesis, and water relations in pistachio

The effects of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Badami) seedlings were evaluated in a greenhouse study. It was found that both high levels (10 and 20 mg B kg^?1 soil) and also lack of B account for the reduction in growth and photosynthesis parameters, especially at low Zn levels. Moreover, Zn deficiency resulted in a reduction in the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. However, the adverse effects of B deficiency and toxicity were alleviated by increasing Zn levels up to 10 mg kg^?1 soil. In addition, provided that B and Zn are adequate, synergism can be observed between the two nutrients. This is because sufficient amounts B accelerated the effects of Zn by raising the plant dry weight, photosynthesis parameters, carbonic anhydrase activity, and chlorophyll contents. This increase was reported higher in comparison with Zn alone application. It was concluded that Zn may act as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for mitigating the injury on biomembranes under B stress. Adequate concentration of Zn also prevents uptake and accumulation of excess B in leaf by increasing membrane integrity of root cells. Similarly, B application in adequate concentration plays an important structural role in the cell wall and influences a great variety of physiological processes in pistachio seedlings.     

Effects of boron and lime on boron concentration and growth of forage legumes under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

Maximum yields of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were obtained when 0.25 to 1.0 ppm B was added to the soil. An application of lime to raise the soil pH to 5.8–6.3 improved yields, while at pH 6.8 a decline in yield in the first and second cuts of birdsfoot trefoil was noted. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the yield of all cuts of birdsfoot trefoil and first cut of red clover, with much higher yields with high rates of lime at high rates of added B.

Levels of 4 to 9 ppm B in the leaf tissue of the three crops were in the deficiency range. Boron concentrations of 21 to 45, 39 to 52, and 30 to 45 ppm in the first cuts of red clover, alfalfa, and birdsfoot trefoil were indicative of sufficiency and were associated with maximum yields, while levels of >59, >99, and >68 ppm, respectively, in the three crops were in the toxicity range. Sufficiency levels of soil B for legumes appeared to be related to pH since B deficiency was more severe at higher pH than at lower pH. Liming of soil from pH 5.3 to 6.8 resulted in decreased concentration of B in all the three crops with the smallest decreases in alfalfa. There was a marked B x lime interaction on the B concentrations of the three crops, with much higher B concentrations in high B treatments at low soil pH than at high pH values.     

钙镁缺乏对不同甘薯品种的生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了探索钙、镁元素缺乏对不同甘薯品种的生长及矿质元素吸收的影响,采用砂培的方法,以苏16和苏11为材料,在钙、镁缺乏条件下,对其外观症状、叶绿素含量、光合作用、地上与地下部分生物量及其根部和叶部矿质元素含量进行了研究。结果表明:钙、镁缺乏时苏16和苏11的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、地上和地下生物量均显著下降,苏11的下降幅度比苏16大,缺钙条件下,苏16的显著症状为烂根,并且只有根部和叶部的钙含量显著下降(P0.05),苏11的典型症状为老叶坏死的斑块沿着靠近叶柄的叶边缘不规则向外扩散,逐渐衰老枯落,并且根部钙含量显著降低伴随铁的显著降低(P0.05),可能伴有缺铁并发症,缺镁条件下,苏16和苏11的典型症状相同,叶片均失绿,老叶逐渐枯萎脱落,并且根部和叶部的镁含量显著降低伴随着硫含量的显著降低(P0.05),可能伴有缺硫并发症。     

AM真菌对田间山银花生长、矿质营养及绿原酸含量的影响

Lonicera confusa, a traditional Chinese medicine herb for treating cold, flu, acute fever, and so forth, is often grown artificially in acidic soils and suffers from phosphorus (P) deficiency. A five-year field experiment was carried out to study the colonization rate, growth, nutrition, and chlorogenic acid content of Lonicera confusa seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus etunicatum and Glomus intraradices. Before transplanting into a field, both AM-inoculated and uninoculated control plants were cultured in nursery beds. In the plants inoculated with the AM fungi, the colonization rate decreased linearly with time and a greater decrease was observed in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices than with G. etunicatum, while the AM colonization increased from 0% to 12.1% in the uninoculated control plants 5 years after transplanting. Plant height, crown diameter, number of new branches, and flower yield increased significantly by AM inoculation as compared to the uninoculated control. Phosphorus concentrations in leaves and flowers increased, and plant uptake of nutrients, e.g., nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K), was also enhanced significantly by AM inoculation. The Lonicera confusa seedlings had a better response to inoculation of G. intraradices than G. etunicatum in both growth and chlorogenic acid content in flowers. In contrast, both plant P uptake and P concentrations in leaves and flowers were similar between two fungal inoculations. The positive responses of Lonicera confusa to AM inoculation in growth, nutrient uptake, flowering, and chlorogenic acid content in flowers suggested that AM inoculation in nursery beds could promote the plant growth and increase chlorogenic acid content in flowers of Lonicera confusa when grown on acidic and P-deficient soils.     

Influence of ca concentration on growth,tissue concentration,and nutrient uptake of in vitro propagated plums and lovell seedlings

Seedlings of ‘Lovell’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], and in vitro propagated plums, ‘St. Julien A GF 655–2’ [Prunus institia (L.) Bullace] (655–2), ‘Damas GF 1869’ [Prunus domestica (L.)] (D1869), and ‘Clark Hill Red Leaf’ [Prunus saliciana (Lindl) x Prunus cerasifera (EHRH)] (CH redleaf) were grown in the greenhouse 45 or 51 days in nutrient solutions containing 2, 6, 22, 200, and 400 μM Ca. Terminal length, number of laterals, trunk cross‐sectional area, and root volume were increased by the 22 μM Ca treatments at harvest 1. The CH redleaf and 655–2 plums had the largest increase in growth for harvest 1, but the ‘Lovell’ peach seedlings and D1869 plum had the largest increase in growth for harvest 2. There were no leaf symptoms of Ca deficiency when the leaf Ca concentration in the tissue exceeded 2500 μg/g (dry wt.) Calcium concentration was increased from 1406 to 4109 μg/g (dry wt.) in the stems, and from 540 to 2633 μg/g (dry wt) in the roots by Ca treatments of 400 μM after 45 days of growth. Calcium uptake rate for ‘Lovell’ seedlings was greater than were rates for CH redleaf and 655–2 plums at all solution concentrations during the first 45 days of growth. The Ca uptake rate for D1869 plum was greater than the rate for ‘Lovell’ seedlings during the second growth period. An interaction between Ca concentration and plant species occurred for P, K, and Mg uptake rates at both harvest dates. The in vitro propagated D1869 plum was equal to the ‘Lovell’ seedlings in growth, tissue Ca concentration, and Ca uptake rates.     

盐胁迫下柚实生苗生长、矿质营养及离子吸收特性研究

以坪山柚为材料,对盐胁迫下实生苗生长、矿质营养及离子吸收特性进行了研究。结果表明,沙培30d,80～200mmol/L盐胁迫,随盐浓度提高,坪山柚实生苗株高、叶面积、地上部干重和根部干重明显降低。溶液培养8d,坪山柚实生苗地上部及根Na+、Cl-含量随盐浓度的增加而增加,根及地上部K+、Ca2+、Mg2+以及P和Mn含量下降,Fe、Zn、Cu含量的变化因器官而异。其中,地上部Fe含量对盐胁迫敏感,可作为柚耐盐性鉴定指标。40mmol/L盐胁迫,坪山柚地上部K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+值均显著下降,且Mg2+/Na+值+/Na+值>1;浓度≥160mmol/L盐胁迫,K+/Na+值+吸收、运转效率比Cl-高。     

盐胁迫下大气CO2浓度升高对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及矿质养分吸收的影响

采用营养液培养和开顶箱法,研究了盐胁迫下CO2浓度升高对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,黄瓜生长在80mmol/L NaCl下,其生物量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度明显升高;CO2浓度升高可增加盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生物量,使光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率升高。表明CO2浓度升高能减轻盐胁迫对光合功能的不利效应。80mmol/L NaCl可使黄瓜幼苗体内总N和K 的浓度降低,而使Na 浓度增加;CO2浓度升高具有提高盐胁迫下总N和K 浓度,降低Na 浓度的效应,说明CO2浓度升高可减轻盐胁迫的毒害作用,提高黄瓜幼苗生物量。     

Growth,yield and antioxidant capacity of strawberry under various K+:Ca++ ratios in hydroponic culture

Optimisation of the mineral composition of the nutrient solution is one of the most important factors affecting crop productivity and quality under hydroponic cultivation. Considering the role of minerals in nutrition and the lack of studies on the K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratio of nutrient solution on fruit quality, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratios on growth, yield, vitamin C content of the fruit and total carbohydrate and phenolic compounds of the ‘Paros’ strawberry under hydroponic conditions. The highest total phenolic compounds, photosynthetic capacity, including leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and yield were observed at the 1.4 ratio (K > Ca). Enzymatic (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and non-enzymatic (total phenol, phenolic compounds and anthocyanin) antioxidant capacities were affected significantly by the K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratio. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in ratios with K > Ca in the solution. We recommend growers to maintain an appropriate K⁺:Ca⁺⁺ ratio in the nutrient solution, as this affects growth parameters, productivity and strawberry quality.     

沙培条件下磷、 钾、 钙亏缺对枳（Poncirus trifoliata）幼苗根系形态及营养吸收的影响

【目的】根系是吸收水分和养分的主要器官,对于多年生木本果树的生长发育尤为重要。由于果树根系庞大、 分布错综复杂,对根系构型和空间分布等的研究相对较少。本文利用计算机扫描系统及其图像分析软件观测根系二维形态参数,并用原子吸收法测定植株养分含量,以探索养分亏缺对枳根系形态的影响,以及根系形态变化与植株养分吸收的关系。【方法】本试验在沙培条件下,以柑橘砧木枳(Poncirus trifoliata)实生苗为试材,研究了缺磷、 钾和钙对其根系形态以及植株体内营养元素含量的影响。利用爱普生数码扫描仪（Expression 10000XL 1.0, Epson Inc. Japan）扫描根系,并用WinRhizo Pro (S) v. 2004b软件(Regent Instruments Inc., Canada)分析获取根系总长、 总体积和总表面积等二维形态参数。利用原子吸收光谱仪(SPECTR AA220)测定样品K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe、 Cu、 Zn等元素含量。【结果】从扫描数据可知,3 种缺素处理对枳幼苗根系形态结构有较大的影响,即在缺素时根系总长、 表面积和体积均显著降低,缺P处理使枳实生苗粗根的根系长度、 表面积、 体积显著降低,但是增加了中等粗根的表面积和体积; 缺K和缺Ca处理的中等粗根根系长度、 表面积和体积均显著低于对照; 3种缺素处理均显著降低了细根和粗根的根系长度、 表面积和体积。不同缺素处理对植株根系和地上部生长的影响也存在差异,缺P对地上部的抑制作用显著强于根系,缺K处理对根系生长的抑制作用较强,缺Ca对根系和地上部生长的抑制作用均较小。缺Ca处理植株体内Zn和Fe浓度均显著增加但Ca浓度降低,缺P时植株体内Ca和地上部Zn浓度增加,而缺K时植株体内Ca、 Zn浓度增加但Fe和K浓度均显著降低。【结论】不同缺素条件下枳实生苗根系形态各异,导致根系对不同养分的吸收能力不同,从而使植株体内K、 Ca、 Zn、 Fe等养分含量发生改变,最终影响整个植株根系和地上部的生长,表现出各缺素环境所特有的树体特征。     

Evaluation of vermicompost fertilizer application on growth,nutrient uptake and photosynthetic pigments of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under moisture deficiency conditions

Vermicompost can play an effective role in plant growth and also in reducing harmful effects of various environmental stresses on plants due to its porous structure, high-water storage, having hormone-like substances and also high levels of macro and micro nutrients. Application of vermicompost in soil, especially at the levels of 15 and 25 Wt% significantly increased all studied traits under non-stress conditions. Under temperate and severe stress conditions, vermicompost at 25 Wt% treatment resulted in a significant increase in plant height (+10% +21%), number of pod (+44% +65%), root dry weight (+63% +66%), shoot dry weight (+50% +89%), leaf area (+6% +7%), root area (+65% +35%). The leaf calcium (Ca) (+62% +67%), leaf potassium (K) (+39% +45%) and root Ca (+33% +34%) under temperate and severe stress, increased using of 25% vermicompost. In conclusion, we suggested that application of vermicompost had a positive effect on lentil under moisture deficit stress.