玛纳斯河灌区农田土壤次生盐渍化防治研究

土壤次生盐渍化问题长期困扰新疆农业水土资源的高效利用。在大规模进行节水灌溉的背景,如何有效遏制农田土壤环境的盐渍化是新疆很多灌区面临的现实难题。通过对轻度盐渍化有机碳含量的演变趋势,分析了不同耕作年限农田土壤有机碳的积累过程,提出轻度盐渍化农田优化种植模式;通过对灌区水盐运移规律研究,分析了盐渍化棉田土壤盐分动态变化与滴水对盐分空间分布的影响,;通过滴灌条件下浅层暗管排盐实验,证明在滴灌条件下,浅层暗管排盐拖延效果良好,平均脱盐率约为50%左右。     

农田暗管排水技术及其施工机械

基于暗管排水技术的国内外研究进展,介绍农田暗管排水技术的工作原理、应用情况,论述其在排盐方面的作用及效果,探讨暗管技术的布设、施工、维护机械设计研究现状,为提高暗管排水技术的推广应用提供理论参考.     

膜下滴灌盐碱地排水工程控盐效果试验研究

针对新疆玛纳斯河流域下野地灌区土壤盐渍化问题,以试验区已有的支排和农沟为基础,增加暗管排水工程,形成暗管和明沟相结合的排水系统,并对试验区膜下滴灌与明沟及暗管排水工程相结合的农田灌排模式控盐效果进行试验研究.设置距明沟(暗管)8,16,24 m处为取样点,于2012—2014年不同季节在试验区对地下水位、土壤剖面(0~200 cm)盐分进行监测,对土壤总盐含量进行分析,结果表明:暗管及明沟均能有效降低地下水位,明沟和暗管可将地下水位分别控制在1.6~2.2,1.5~2.2 m;2014年相比2012年,0~200 cm土层深度,暗管取样点处(8,16,24 m)土壤总盐含量分别下降42.99%,36.84%,24.41%;根系层(0~80 cm)土壤总盐含量分别下降50.34%,40.70%,30.76%;明沟取样点处(8,16,24 m)0~200 cm深度土壤总盐含量分别下降46.85%,38.12%,30.80%;根系层(0~80 cm)土壤总盐含量分别下降54.88%,43.39%,33.21%.研究可为干旱、半干旱灌区有效治理盐碱地提供理论依据和技术参考.     

滴灌条件下暗管滤层结构对排水、排盐效果的影响

为解决滴灌农田非饱和条件下暗管排水困难的问题,设置2种暗管滤层铺设方式,以常规暗管滤层进行排水为对照,基于室内土槽试验,分析了滤层铺设方式对暗管排水排盐效果的影响及其机理。T1处理为常规暗管滤层铺设方式,暗管四周铺设细砂滤层,T2处理为暗管上部铺设细砂,T3处理为细砂斜垫层斜铺连接体积质量分界层与暗管。结果表明,T1处理受土壤水滞后效应影响显著,暗管不排水,土壤水、盐积聚于暗管底部;T2、T3处理可在暗管上部产生局部饱和区,促使暗管排水。T2处理排水时所需历时较长,排出的水盐总量较少;T3处理可使暗管最早排水,排水时暗管下部土壤积盐最少,排水流量和排水盐总量最大。     

暗管排水控盐对盐渍化灌区土壤盐分淋洗有效性评价

【目的】解决盐渍化灌区土壤盐渍化较严重问题,明确暗管排水控盐对土壤盐分淋洗效果的影响。【方法】以灌区下游乌拉特灌域为研究区,通过野外实测和室内试验分析结合,采用经典统计学与地质统计原理,分析收获后、春灌前后暗管排水土壤盐分统计特征和空间异质性,及其土壤盐分和盐分离子脱盐效率和暗管排水对地下水埋深的影响。【结果】暗管排水0～20、20～40、40～100 cm土壤平均脱盐率分别为61.14%、52.78%、40.37%,随着土壤深度的增加,脱盐率减小。春灌后土壤盐分变异系数降低、空间自相关性增强,说明春灌后土壤盐分空间异质性均有所下降。土壤中除CO_3~(2-)表现为上升趋势外,其余各离子均表现为下降趋势,且HCO_3~-脱盐率最小,几乎不变,土壤各盐分离子脱盐率大小表现为:Cl~-K~++Na~+SO_4~(2-)Mg~(2+)Ca~(2+)HCO_3~-。暗管排水地下水埋深在灌后7 d开始下降,且下降速率较快,排水明沟深1.5 m,对地下水埋深的控制效果较好。【结论】利用暗管排水均能降低土壤含盐量,弱化土壤含盐量的空间异质性,土壤盐分由"高盐异质性"向"低盐均质性"转变,有效降低土壤盐分离子量,避免盐渍化过程中离子平衡失调,防止盐类向单一化方向发展。利用暗管排水技术降低河套灌区土壤盐分,控制地下水埋深,保证作物正常生长,防止土壤次生盐渍化具有重要意义;暗管排水技术可在河套灌区农业生产中推广应用。     

不同排水措施对青海高寒区盐碱地改良效果的研究

【目的】解决青海高寒区盐碱地治理的问题。【方法】采取在青海柴达木盆地德令哈(中度盐渍化)与诺木洪(重度盐渍化)2处试验区建设排盐工程与田间试验的方法,在中度和重度盐渍化土地安装毛细透排水带与暗管进行排水,分析了毛细透排水带降盐技术对中度和重度盐渍化土壤盐分变化规律的影响。【结果】(1)中度和重度盐渍化土壤表层(0～10 cm)盐分下降最快,其他土层盐分量呈现显著下降,中度和重度土壤最高脱盐率分别为81.19%和96.62%,重度盐渍化土壤盐分可降低至中度水平;(2)2处试验区0～10 cm土壤盐分中Cl-、SO42-、Na+和K+量较原始土样明显下降,毛细透排水带对Cl-、SO42-、Na+和K+有显著的淋洗作用;(3)毛细透排水带降盐技术在青海高寒区中度盐渍化地区土壤脱盐率可达98.61%,重度盐渍化地区淋盐定额土壤脱盐率可达94.41%。在1 500 m3/hm2灌水量、灌水次数4次的淋盐定额下,中度盐渍化土壤的改良效果最好;在1 650 m3/hm2灌水量,灌水次数4次的淋盐定额下,重度盐渍化土壤的改良效果最好。【结论】毛细透排水带可以有效治理盐碱土壤,中度盐渍化地区改善土壤性质,恢复耕地,提高土地生产力。     

膜下滴灌暗管排水规律及土壤脱盐效果试验研究

为了探索膜下滴灌盐碱地在灌溉过程中暗管排水规律及土壤脱盐效率,设计了一种暗管排水模型试验装置系统来探究灌溉过程中暗管排水规律和排盐效果.试验通过控制灌水时间、灌水量、观测并记录暗管出水时间、排水流量、排水矿化度、土壤盐分剖面等指标,分析灌溉排水过程中暗管排水流速和排水矿化度特征以及各土层土壤脱盐效率.结果表明:经过3次灌水淋洗试验后,暗管排水流速最终趋于1.5~3.5 L/h稳定范围,排水矿化度稳定在20~40 g/L内;0~40 cm土层脱盐率高达85%,0~80 cm土层土壤脱盐率为80.5%,两暗管中间位置处脱盐率最小分别为57.96%,56.73%,69.29%,暗管上方脱盐率最大分别为71.73%,73.34%,84.26%,暗管排盐量占0~80 cm土层总盐分含量的28.9%,其余盐分被淋洗到了80 cm土层以下.     

沿海新垦区灌水和降雨条件下暗管排水洗盐效果试验研究

为了探索沿海新垦区土壤快速脱盐的途径,设计了3种间距(10m、15m、20m)和3种埋深(0.6m、0.9m、1.2m)的暗管排水组合处理,在灌水洗盐和降雨洗盐2种方式下,开展了暗管排水效果以及排水含盐量变化规律的试验研究。结果表明:埋深相同,暗管间距越小,排水量占灌(降)水量的比例越大,地下水降落速度也越快;间距相同,暗管埋深越大,排水量占灌(降)水量的比例越大,地下水降落速度也越快;暗管埋深对暗管初始排水的盐度、电导率也有一定的影响,间距相同,暗管埋深越大,初始排水的盐度、电导率也越大。该研究为江苏沿海滩涂新垦区利用暗管排水技术改良盐渍土提供了支撑。     

农田不同排水措施地下排水效果模拟试验研究

在地下水位较高、地表易于形成积水的中国南方地区,通过农田排水措施可以及时排除多余地表积水,快速降低地下水位,以达到排涝降渍、协同调控的目的.文中基于室内砂槽试验,揭示暗管排水、明沟排水、不同反滤体高度的反滤体排水及改进暗管排水等措施的地下排水规律及效果.结果表明:将暗管周围土体置换为高渗透性土体介质的改进暗管排水可明显提高排水流量,当土体置换高度达2 cm时(对应于田间条件40 cm),其排水流量均高于相同埋深条件下的其他排水措施,达暗管排水的1.59~1.66倍;改进暗排在地表积水消失时仍保持较大的排水流量,可达相同埋深暗管流量的2倍以上,在积水层消失后,能迅速降低农田土壤水的渍害胁迫,将地下水位降低至暗管埋设高度;各种排水措施,在地表积水即将消失时,出现了流量与水头变化幅度较大的现象.相对于各种地下排水措施,改进暗管排水在除涝降渍中存在明显优势.研究结果可为涝渍灾害易发地区高效除涝降渍减灾工程设计和建设提供参考.     

农田排水对塔里木河水质盐化的影响研究

在塔里木河流域农田排水的发展可以划分为三个阶段,即“旱排水”、排水渠建立和逐步完善阶段。农田排水虽对灌区内部的盐渍化治理起到了很大的作用,但排水进入河流对河水的水质盐化影响很大。所以应寻找新的排水出路,多途径排水。同时发展节水灌溉,改变传统的排水洗盐方式,才是干旱区农业发展的方向。     

不同水土保持模式下坡耕地的土壤水分特征

针对松嫩平原北部丘陵漫岗区坡耕地存在的干旱与水土流失并存的问题,选取了垄向区田、鼠道、鼠道+暗管、鼠道+垄向区田、鼠道+暗管+垄向区田、常规耕作等6种水土保持技术模式,研究了土壤水分变化特征。结果表明,从整体上看,不同水土保持技术模式0～100cm土层土壤储水量与时段降雨量变化趋势一致,土壤储水量大小的技术模式依次为,鼠道+暗管+垄向区田>鼠道+垄向区田>垄向区田>鼠道+暗管>鼠道>常规耕作。各水土保持技术模式的总蒸散量大小依次为:鼠道+暗管+垄向区田>鼠道+垄向区田>鼠道+暗管>鼠道>垄向区田>常规耕作。研究结果为松嫩平原北部丘陵漫岗区坡耕地水土保持技术模式的合理选择提供依据。     

暗管排水对油葵地土壤脱盐及水分生产效率的影响

为了建立宁夏惠农区庙台乡给予太阳能水泵抽水的暗管排水工程的灌溉排水制度,以油葵为研究对象,设暗管排水和非暗管排水2个处理,观测分析了暗管排水对田间土壤含盐量、地下水位和产量等的影响。结果表明,在油葵生育期内,与进行暗管排水前相比,暗管排水使暗管排水区的地下水水位降低0.09 m,降幅6.21%;地下水矿化度降低9.79%;土壤含盐量降低13.64%;与非暗管排水区相比,暗管排水区的油葵增产8.10%,灌溉水生产效率增加8.40%,群体水分生产效率增加9.86%。     

Modeling subsurface drainage for salt load management in southeastern Australia

Subsurface drainage has been implemented in irrigation areas of South-eastern Australia to control water logging and land salinisation. Subsurface drainage has been identified as a major salt exporter from irrigated areas. The water table management simulation model DRAINMOD-S was evaluated to simulate daily water table depth, drain outflow, and salt loads by using experimental field data from a two year field trial was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area South-eastern Australia to study different options for subsurface drainage system design and management to reduce salt load export. Three subsurface drainage systems were modeled, deep widely spaced pipe drains, shallow closely spaced drains and deep pipe drains that were managed with weirs to prevent flow when the water table fell below 1.2 m. The reliability of the model has been evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values. Good agreement was found between the observed and simulated values. The model confirmed the field observations that shallow drains had the lowest salt load and that by managing deep drains with weirs salt loads could be significantly reduced. This work shows the value of the DRAINMOD-S model in being able to describe various drainage design and management strategies under the semi-arid conditions of South-eastern Australia. The model can now be used to investigate design and management options in detail for different site conditions. This will assist decision makers in providing appropriate subsurface drainage management policies to meet drainage disposal constraints within integrated water resources management planning.     

不同棉田暗管布置方式对氮素流失影响的模拟分析

为了研究不同棉田暗管布置方式对暗管排水中硝态氮流失量的影响,结合2007—2009年在湖北荆州丫角排灌试验站的控制排水试验,采用DRAINMOD田间水文模型进行数值模拟。结果表明,暗管出口高程和暗管间距对暗管排水中的硝态氮流失量均有极显著的影响,是进行农田控制排水设计的关键因素。具体而言,暗管排水中硝态氮的流失量随着暗管出口高程的减小而减小,随着暗管间距的增大而减小。因此,在进行农田控制排水设计时,应根据当地的环境要求以及作物的具体生长要求,调整暗管的出口高程和暗管间距,做到作物高产和环境保护的统一。     

基于VBA的宁夏引黄灌区暗管排水间距计算方法研究

暗管排水工程是控制灌区地下水位,防治耕地盐碱化的主要技术手段。【目的】综合考虑排水条件、排水目的等因素,选择合适的计算方法计算暗管间距。【方法】对几种常用的暗管间距计算方法进行了理论分析并总结了其适用条件,编写了基于VBA的计算程序以实现不同计算方法的优选并确定相应的暗管间距。在此基础上,选取宁夏引黄灌区2个典型暗管排水工程案例进行了分析计算。【结果】稳定流状态下,当kH/q≤100时,宜选择阿维里扬诺夫-瞿兴业公式计算暗管间距,当kH/q>100时,宜选择Hooghoudt公式计算暗管间距;非稳定流状态下,以治渍为目的地区选择按地下水位下降速度计算暗管间距,以防治盐碱化为目的地区选择按排蒸比计算暗管间距。【结论】利用VBA开发的程序可以解决暗管间距计算过程中较繁琐的迭代、累加等计算问题,操作便捷,实用性强;非稳定流方法更适合于宁夏引黄灌区暗管排水间距的计算,银北灌区宜按排蒸比计算暗管间距,银南灌区宜按地下水位下降速度计算暗管间距。     

农田“三暗”工程的试验与推广

嘉定县地处长江口太湖碟形洼地的东缘。1982年以来,逐步试验推广以除渍为重点的、兼有灌、排、降、控综合功能的农田“三暗”工程,为建设高产、稳产农田创造了良好的水利基础设施。     

Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.     

Time-dependent drainage from root zone and drainage coefficient under different irrigation management levels for subsurface drainage design in Egypt

Drainage water from the lower boundary of the root zone is an important factor in the irrigated agricultural lands for prediction of the water table behavior and understanding and modeling of water and chemical movement in the soil profile. The drainage coefficient is an important parameter for the design of subsurface drainage. On a 33,138 ha of the Nile Delta in Egypt, this study is conducted using 90 irrigation periods over a 3-year crop rotation to estimate the time-dependent drainage from the root zone and the design subsurface drainage coefficient with different cropping seasons and irrigation management levels.The results showed that the cropping seasons and the irrigation management levels as indicated by different irrigation efficiency are significantly affected the drainage rate from the root zone and the design value of subsurface drainage coefficient. Drainage rates from the root zone of 1.72 mm/d and 0.82 mm/d were estimated for summer and winter seasons, respectively. These rates significantly decreased in a range of 46% to 92% during summer season and 60% to 98% during winter season when the irrigation efficiency is increased in a range of 5% to 15%. The subsurface drainage coefficient was estimated to be 1.09 mm/d whereas the design drain pipe capacity was estimated to be 2.2 mm/d, based on the peak discharge of the most critical crop (maize), rather than 4.0 mm/d which is currently used. A significant decrease of the drainage coefficient and the drain pipe capacity ranges from 18% to 45% was found with the increase of irrigation efficiency in a range of 5% to 15%. The leaching requirement for each crop was also estimated.