The Geometric precision and Performance Analysis for machining Surface based on Fractals

A new analysis method for machining surface profile error is presented in this paper.The linear regression and nonlinear regression are first applied respectively,and then the Weierstrass Mandebrot fractal function is used to obtain the fractal parameters of machining profiles.A minimal parameter set which depicts the machining surface geometric precision is set up,and the surface profile can be reconstructed using these parameters,and an analysis method for part performance and its tolerance structure is proposed.Examples are provided to illustrate the method is feasible and effective.     

The machine setting reverse method of spiral bevel gear

The profile error correction of spiral bevel gears is difficult. To solve this problem, the inspected method of spiral bevel gears tooth surface is studied in 3906 gear measuring center. The grids of tooth surface is measured by measurement software. Taking reference tooth surface as the goal, a method of machine setting reverse using approximation algorithms is proposed, and a mathematical model is build. At last, a reverse example based on grinded spiral gear is given. The result shows that the cutting machine setting of bevel gear tooth surface can be exactly calculated.     

Profile Precision of Hypoid Gears Controlled by Coordinate Measurements

The geometrical model of profile error is put forward to describe the tooth surface precision of hypoid gears. The influence of each machine tool setting error on profile error is investigated respectively, and the research of the associativity and compensativity among the machine tool errors are made. The setting errors of machine tool, the optimal modifying parameters and their value are got from the measurement coordinates of hypoid gear real tooth surface, and the adjusted manufacturing shows the geometrical precision of the tooth surface is improved effectively.     

Research on Error Automatic Revised Method of LSI Wafer Honing Process

A new automatic revised method of wafer profile error which uses CCD measuring error,sets up machining data base and carries out a wedge structure for stepless compensating error in honing process is described.Using this technology,a high precision LSI wafers can be obtained.     

Accurate mathematical models for relief grinding of gear hob cutters

A mathematical model for accurate relief grinding of gear hob cutters along radial directions is presented based on the analysis of grinding geometry. Both the design and manufacturing models of gear hob cutters are carefully derived and presented. By employing the plane envelope theory, the reference contour of the grinding wheel is determined in order to attain the design tool profile precisely. The tooth profile error model after regrinding is also given to confirm the grinding parameters. The model provides accurate solutions for both the tool profile and the sectional contour of the grinding wheel. It is simple and straightforward and can be used to produce high precision hob cutters systematically. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The model computing results indicate that the proposed method is practical, precise and reliable. The method provides valuable reference for the design and machining of hob cutters.     

畦灌改水成数的控制误差及其对灌水质量的影响

改水成数是地面灌溉设计和管理的基本参数之一。为了更好地进行地面灌溉系统的设计和管理,统计了畦灌改水成数的控制误差,并分析了其对灌水质量的影响。根据实测的16条畦田不同改水成数的控制误差,采用经典统计学方法得到了其统计特征,并采用地面灌溉模拟模型SRFR评价了其对灌水质量的影响。结果表明,改水成数控制误差具有较强的变异性,改水成数对灌水均匀度的影响大于灌水效率。因此,在实际地面灌溉设计与管理中,改水成数的控制误差不可忽略。较大的单宽流量有助于减小改水成数的控制误差对灌水质量的影响。     

New Method of Founding Profile Equations and Pressure Angle Formula to the Cylindrical Cam Mechanism with Slide Roller-Follower

According to existent problems on design and application of the cylindrical cam mechanism with the slide roller-follower, the one correct concept about profile design and pressure angle is presented. Based on this concept, the theoretical profile,practical profile,meshing surface equations and pressure angle formula of the cam mechanism are built up by using opp.rotation analysis and offset surface principle. This method is very simple and clear, and avoids the abstract analysing process in meshing principle. The mathematic models built by this paper can be used to design,manufacture and check this type of cam mechanism correctly, and also create conditions to make deeply meshing property analysis of this mechanism.     

Application of Error Compensation Methods in High Precision Machining of Globoid Worm

鲜食葡萄始终占主导地位是我国葡萄产业发展的一个突出特点.长期以来,我国鲜食葡萄贮运保鲜业一直比较滞后,基本是季产季销,地产地销.因此,我国鲜食葡萄集中产区经常出现采后"运不出、贮不进、销不掉"的被动局面,阻碍了鲜食葡萄产业在适宜栽植区的快速发展.一些非适宜产区为了填补当地鲜食葡萄市场空白,也在积极发展鲜食葡萄生产,其结果必然导致生产成本提高,不利于我国鲜食葡萄的区域化种植和商品化生产基地的建设.     

Operational Bridge Responses due to Road Surface Profile Spectral Excitations

Random spectrum excitation samples of a road surface profile are investigated. The displacements, velocities, accelerations of a vehicle and a bridge structure are discussed using certain samples. The road excitations are numerically simulated by the random phase cosine method of the power spectral density. The vehicle bridge system responses are obtained using the vehicle bridge differential equations for different road surface profiles. It is concluded that the random phase has critical effects on the road surface profile curve shape, and the power spectral density on the curve value. The random samples possesses the same statistical characteristics. The system response values are affected more by the road surface profiles, and the response shapes are affected more as the vehicle velocity varies. Some engineering advice is proposed based on the numerical calculation with the different random excitation inputs for their significant differential responses.     

THE METHOD OF THE MEASUREMENT OF THE WORMWHEEL PROFILE ERROR WITH THE THREE-COORDINATE-MEASURE-MACHINE

In this paper we explain the method of the measurement of the wormwheel profile error with the three coordinate measuring machine. We first establish the wormwheel theoritical tooth profile equation according to the gear engage principle, then write the computing program and calculate the wormwheel theoritical profile, next analyse and calculate the error of the gage head interference. At last, we work out the measuring program and get the wormwheel profile measured with the three-coordinate measuring machine.     

利用无人机遥感提取育种小区玉米倒伏信息

研究了无人机遥感技术在小区尺度上进行玉米倒伏信息提取的可行性。笔者使用小型无人机通过无地面控制点的倾斜摄影方式，获得研究区的数字表面模型(DSM)，结合图像的红、绿、蓝色彩特征，采用图像分类的方法提取玉米倒伏信息，并在小区尺度上与田间调查结果进行对比分析。结果表明，数字表面模型所代表的玉米冠层高度差异信息与图像色彩特征具有良好的互补性，二者结合能够极大地提高玉米倒伏信息的提取精度。与田间调查数据相比，倒伏株数的误差只有4.44%，受倒伏影响的小区数量误差为9.26%，且85%以上小区内的株数误差小于5棵。玉米冠层高度结合色彩特征信息可精准地提取玉米倒伏信息；倾斜摄影测量方式可有效降低地面控制点缺失带来的模型内畸变，提高工作效率。该方法为小区尺度的玉米倒伏调查提供了一种简单、快速、有效的手段。     

超临界萃取万寿菊黄色素工艺参数的优化

以万寿菊中的黄色素为研究对象,对影响超临界CO2流体萃取万寿菊黄色素的萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间分别进行了单因素研究。通过响应面最终确定最佳萃取条件为:萃取温度为60℃,萃取压力为48.6MPa,萃取时间为180min。在此条件下,万寿菊黄色素的最高得率为8.44mg/g,验证试验值为8.41mg/g,与预测值相对误差为0.36%。因此响应面法可以优化超临界萃取万寿菊黄色素工艺条件。     

Modeling and simulation based on open electrical impedance tomography

In order to improve the error in image reconstruction caused by changeable positions of the electrodes in closed electrical impedance tomography, we propose an open electrical impedance tomography (OEIT) model using fixed electrode array. The problem was approximately assumed to be a virtual field by defining certain local sensitive area instead of solving the boundary problem in the whole electromagnetic field strictly. Modeling and simulation of OEIT have been conducted to define reasonable boundary parameters and electrode array structure. The finite element method is used for forward computation while Newton one step error reconstructor is used for image reconstruction. The target position, area and conductivity change can be reflected by the relative change of the boundary voltage and the reconstructed image is clear. Better resolution and positioning accuracy can be obtained in the shallower surface of the body by OEIT, so it is valuable in clinical applications.     

Blade kinematic theory for rotary vane compressor

The advantage of blade-offset rotary vane compressor is analyzed, and its kinematic model is established through simplifying the vane motion to the circle center movement of the main vane arc by using equidistant curve envelope principle. Then, the relationship between the displacement, velocity, acceleration of blade and the angle of rotor is obtained. Finally, based on the theory obtained, the simulation is also carried out. Results show this method can avoid complex process for finding the contact point, which meanwhile has good solving accuracy. Because of the differences on kinematic characteristics, the blade kinematic analysis for blade-cardiac cannot be simply used for the blade-offset one, and the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of cylinder profile cannot be shown by the simplified analysis. However, the scientific theory calculation method for the kinematic analysis of blade-offset rotary vane compressor put forward provides a reliable theoretical basis for the innovation of multi-stage combination cylinder profile with high volumetric efficiency and compression ratio, and also broadens the design theory of the rotary vane compressor.     

APPROXIMATION OF INVOLUTE PROFILE BY MOON-SHAPED RING SECTION

In this paper,we study the approximation of involute profile by moor-shaped ring section. By using the minimax method, we find parameter of the best approximation moon-shaped ring section of invelute piofile. The error of approximation is 35% - 70% that of [1] and [2]. Thus the approximation precision of dressing a wheel for involute gear forming-grinding by approximating method has been greatly improved. In order to simplify calculation, the error function is defined according to the implicit equation of curve and its rationalization is proved.     

Analysis on tooth root stress and influencing factors of crossed beveloid gears with small shaft angle

In order to accurately calculate the tooth root stress of spatial crossed beveloid gears with small shaft angle, an exact geometry-based numerical computation method is proposed based on the spatial gearing theory and the finite element theory. Using the proposed method, the mathematical tooth surface model and the mesh model of a crossed beveloid gear pair with small shaft angle is created and the tooth root stress distribution is analyzed. Then the influences of the key design parameter which is the clearance coefficient, torque load, offset error, shaft angle error, pinion axial position error and gear axial position error on the tooth root stress are investigated. The results show that the increasing of the clearance coefficient can decrease the maximum tooth root stress. The root stresses distribute smoothly along the tooth width direction at a light torque load level. For heavy torque load level, the root stresses are parabolic in shape. Also, the existence of offset error and shaft angle error can increase the maximum value of the root stress obviously and the positive and negative value of the errors can change the position of the maximum root stress along opposite direction. For the pinion and gear axial position errors, they have less effect on root stress distribution.     

湖南典型土壤磷素剖面分布特征及其流失风险

为了明晰不同土壤类型、利用方式土壤磷素分布特征,评估其流失风险的大小,研究了湖南3种典型土壤（红壤、潮土、紫色土）磷素含量特征及其剖面分布。野外采集3种母质发育土壤的旱地和水田土壤剖面样品进行室内分析,按张守敬等提出的酸性土壤无机磷形态的分级测定方法,对土壤无机磷进行分级。结果表明,不同土壤中磷素含量和形态分布有明显差异：磷素含量由高到低依次为潮土>红壤>紫色土;红壤发育的土壤以磷酸铝和磷酸铁占优势,潮土和紫色土的Ca-P含量占优势较高。土壤磷素在剖面中的分布均为表层最高,且随剖面深度的增加而减少,而后趋于相对稳定;无机磷中的Al-P、Fe-P以及O-P主要集中在0~20 cm的土层中,其剖面分布于全磷类似,而Ca-P剖面分布上相对变化不大。土地利用方式的不同导致全磷的差异：水田均大于旱地。土壤类型及利用方式均对磷素含量和形态特征有明显影响,应根据不同的土壤类型和利用方式控制其流失风险。     

The Research on Stiffness of Double Involute Gear with Ladder shape Teeth

The stiffness of the tooth with different profile parameters,meshing stiffness and the coefficients of loading distribution allowing for no error are calculated and analyzed on double involute gear with ladder shape teeth for the first time,and the results are made comparison with traditional involute gear;The stiffness of the double involute gear and the meshing stiffness are both increased,and the coefficients of loading distribution are basically unchanged.The energy integration method is also put forth to solve stiffness approximately by linear approximating the tooth profile curve.     

A STUDY OF THE OPTIMIZATION OF CIRCULAR ARC TOOTH PROFILE TRANSMISSION

For the first time, we point out the new idea that we can approximate the involute tooth profile transmission to circular arc tooth profile transmission. Looking upon it as a fourbar linkage we try to minimax the error of the velocity ratio and evaluate the strong-weak point of circular arc tooth profile transmission.     

Calculation Method of Hydraulic Characteristics for Direct-Return Chilled Water System

In order to optimize design and operation, it is necessary to calculate accurately hydraulic characteristics large central air-conditioning systems. Simplified Model can not be applied to hydraulic calculation of large pipe network topological structure for its large calculation error. Taking into account the regulating characteristics of terminal branch temperature regulating valve, a direct-return chilled water system is studied, an accurate mathematical model of pipe network hydraulic characteristics has been established and a computer logic algorithm with virtual flow has been given. A direct-return pipe network with ten AHU branches is used as simulation calculation object, the pipe network supply-return water pressure difference is calculated, and also the temperature regulating valve opening and actual flow of each branch are calculated in the condition of different supply-return water pressure difference. The calculated results accord with the natural characteristics of high pressure difference unbalanced for direct-return pipe network. The calculation method can ensure calculation convergence.