On Simple Groups of Orders 2a13bpcqd and 2a17bpcqd

Sinmple Groups of ordefs 2 a13 bp cq d and 2 a17 bp cq d are obtained with the theorem of classification of the simple group and the exponent Diophantine equation. With the same method, all K 4 Simple Groups of order 2 ap bq cr d(p is any definite prime except 3, q and r are any different primes unequal to p can be obtained.     

Electronegativity Scale of Elements Calculated by Density Functional Theory and Related Methods

In chemistry and many related fields, electronegativity (EN) is an important fundamental concept and its scale is a useful physcochemical parameter. Here, calculations of both ionization potentials and electron affinities are extended toward 107 elements and done by density functional theory at the local density approximation(LDA) level and the LDB level, i.e., the local density approximation level with further non-local corrections for exchange and correlation included self-consistently as well as the modified Slater transition-state method. The definite-differentiation method is employed into calculations of the electronegativity scale and the related parameters of 107 elements with very good results due to the consideration of relativistic effects. The calculation presented is to examine both the LDA and LDB approximations in calculations for the ionization potential and electron affinity of the elements with an improved or modified Slater transition-state method, and relativistic effects have also been taken into account for 107 elements compared with 103, 86 or less in the previous report under a spin polarized density function theory with some approximations to the exchange-correlation function. The calculation results for the various quantities represent an obviously improvement over some previous calculations. It is shown that the results calculated by the extended technique and the improved Slater transition-state method in general agree well with experimental values presented by Pearson, and are better than the reported values in many previous literatures. The developed new electronegativity scale will widely be applicable in many fields such as molecular structural parameterization expression, chemobiological activity optimization prediction, structure-activity quantitation modeling, functional chemical adaptization designing, and so on.     

超干燥保存的烟草种子活力变化规律研究

本文是在烟草种子超干燥保存技术研究取得初步成功的基础上，对1993－1994年采收并经过超干燥处理的4份烟草种子分别在原干燥器内继续保存2年和4年后进行的种子活力跟踪试验。并对种子发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数等指标作方差分析和多重比较。结果为：2年后不同干燥剂间种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数差异显著，其中，各处理的种子活力排列为：硅胶＞硅胶＞生石灰＞生石灰；2：1＞1：1＞3：1＞4：1；牛津3号＞其它品种。4年后，烟草种子的发芽指数硅胶＞硅胶＋生石灰＞生石灰。万良烟＞其它品种，比例间无显著差异。对种子的含水量、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数相关矩阵进行分析，结果为含水量与发芽指数和活力指数之间，发芽势与发芽指数之间，发芽指数与活力指数之间差异显著，种子含水量对种子活力贡献最大，其次为发芽率，发芽势、发芽指数。几项指标间的相互关系可用多元方程表示：Y＝0．496507＋0．136777X1＋0．000567X2－0．007197X3－0．000201X4。方程可信度达93．12％。该试验为长期，安全保存烟草种子和延长超干燥烟草种子保存寿命提供理论依据及配套措施。     

Error Transfer''s Analysis about Evaluation Criterion of a Rocket-Flight

On the basis of the accuracy evaluation's demand of single impulse radar and other ground measure equipment, model of the inherent accuracy of ballistic camera as Evaluation's comparison criterion on fairway of a Rocket-Flight are worked out. Three respects analysis follows:1) Will the criterion be able to be used? 2) In case of two laser ballistic camera having effective data ,where does the one ballistic camera be as criterion? Where does the two ballistic camera be as criterion? 3) How can the speed be evaluated? The formula ,calculation method's simplification as well as the curve figure of the error transfer of the criterion are given and analysed. The model have been successfully used in single impulse radar's accuracy evaluation. It is a typical case of the accuracy analysis.     

New Progress of Research on Theory and Application of Superconductivity

This article introduces new progress of research on theory and application of superconductivity, especially for year 2001. In reconsidering superconductive microscopic mechanism, the evidence shows to exist for strong electron_phonon coupling in high_temperature superconductors. In exploring new superconductive materials,there mainly are MgB 2, P3HT and C60,etc.superconductive applications outlook both practical and potential seem good, expecially,such as energy resource,electric force,microwave telecommunication,computer,medical cave and various dectors,etc.     

On Electroaffinity of Atoms and Orbitals: Novel Energy Scale and Related Correlation Analysrs with Other Scales

Electroaffinity or electronegativity X LL is approximately proportional to the average ionization energy B , the total ionization energy U divided by the number of atomic valence shell electrons N , due to its vecy small electron affinity E . Furthermore, electroaffinity of the atomic valence and/or hybridization orbital can be also obtained from their individual capability of attracting valence electrons of an atomic valence and/or hybridization orbital by the ionization energies of valence electron in ground stated free atom and its various orbitals.     

Possibilities of selection for keeping quality in tulip breeding. 2

Summary Criteria of selection for keeping quality in tulip breeding are reviewed on the basis of a wide range of cultivars and species. The conclusion from an earlier, more limited study that there are large differences in keeping quality between cultivars in several characteristics is confirmed. The choice of the number of days between the onset of flowering and perianth drop as the best criterion is reconsidered because in some cases perianths may remain on the plant long after they have lost their attractiveness. It was found that the sequence in which the various stages (50% discoloration. perianth curving, perianth drop, leaves and stem no longer upright) are reached is not the same for all cultivars and species. None of these phenomena can therefore be used exclusively as criterion of keeping quality. A more comprehensive criterion as the number of days the flower maintains its ornamental value, is useful when commercial cultivars are compared, but for breeding and physiological research attention should be given to all individual aspects of the keeping quality of flower. stem and leaves.     

A Simulated Annealing Arithmetic Based on Uniform Design

Some ideas of uniform design in the test design are introduced into Simulated Annealing Arithmetic and a new method of design based on uniform design is discussed. The global optimal solutions of nonlinear multi-peak function can be found by this method. A series of uniformly distributed points are generated by the principle of the uniform design in variable design space. These points are regarded as a series of start points of the optimization model. The Simulated Annealing Arithmetic is chosen to compute and a series of local minimum values can be gained. Before compared with each other, the best value of all local minimum values can be found out, the value is thought as the global minimum in some degree. According to the method, a program is compiled and an example of design is implemented. The result of the example testifies that the method is feasible.     

Application of Monte Carlo Method to the Light Scattering of Human''s Erythrocytes

The forward small-angle light scattering of the human's static and deformed erythrocytes in Couette flow is simulated by Monte Carlo method. It considers the light traveling along the cells in thin suspension, the values of length in all three axes and the deformation degree are worked out by anomalous diffraction. The result shows that the feasibility of this method is supported by its closeness to the standard data of model.     

Design of Preparation of High Grade WC Powder from Voilet WO2.72

Synthesis of W powder by oxide reduction method and fabrication of WC powder by carbonization of W powder are investigated, using violet and blue tungsten oxides as the raw materials, respectively, for the preparation of excellent high grade WC powder. Microstructure and properties of the two raw materials and the obtained W powders and WC powders are studied. The results show that violet tungsten is a suitable raw material for synthesizing uhrafine W powder using the conventional method. The W and WC powders produced from the violet tungsten oxide have better physical properties than those produced from blue tungsten oxide.     

A Design Method for Composite Ply Containing Preformed Hole

A iteration method for the orientation and the distribution of fibers in a composite ply with a pre-formed hole is proposed, which is based on the FEM analysis and the corresponding criterion of strength and continuous condition of fibers. It is shown that, there is marked increase of the load carrying capability compared with that of the ply with a drilled hole. The obtained result can further be extended to the design of composite laminate with pre-formed holes.     

A Practicable Engineering Algorithm ofParallel Machining System

Parallel machining system is a kind of typical production environment.Its scheduling algorithm has Np_Completeness if E/T is optimal criterion.In this paper,an advanced heuristic algorithm is developed.The new algorithm's property lies in simplified computation,low complexity and easy programming.It has been shown that the heuristicalgorithm can be used in engineering.     

Heat Transfer Performance of Horizontal Enhanced Condenser Tubes

In this paper, experimental results on heat transfer performance of a low integral-fin tube, thermoexcel-C tube (C tube) and a new horizontal double-side enhanced condenser tube (GC tube) have been reported for condensation of R-11. Within our experimental scope,the overall heat transfer coefficient of the GC tube can increase more than 5 times that of the smooth tube . And the relevant friction factor inside the GC tube can be 7 times that of the smooth tube. The Second law of thermodynamics was applied to develop a new criterion to assess the heat transfer performance of the GC tube,the C tube,the low integral-fin tube,and the DAC tube[1] (another doubleside enhanced condenser tube). The result shows the heat transfer performance of the GC tube is superior to the other tubes from a thermodynamical viewpoint.     

Practical breeding for durable resistance to rust diseases in self-pollinating cereals

Summary The rust pathogens of cereals exist as populations of races that differ in their ability to attack various varieties. Varieties that are resistant when first released often become susceptible later due to the spread of previously undetected races but the time taken for this to occur in very variable. It often occurs so rapidly as to curtail the commercial use of otherwise satisfactory varieties.Some varieties, however, are widely grown for many years and remain adequately resistant to the prevalent rust diseases. They may aptly be described as having durable resistance. This durable or long-lasting resistance can be detected without any assumptions about, or detailed knowledge of, whether durability depends on any particular mechanisms of resistance, on various degrees of racespecificity or on many or few genes. Cappelle-Desprez is given as an example of a wheat variety with durable resistance to yellow rust.The most powerful test for the detection of durable resistance occurs when a variety is widely grown commercially for several years. A much weaker test is obtained by growing varieties in small disease nursery plots even when the test is repeated for several years. Usually, resistance which is durable is also partial or incomplete. Often, however, partial resistance of wheat to yellow rust has not been durable. Thus the observation that resistance is partial is not, of itself, a satisfactory criterion for the detection of durable resistance.It is suggested that the most obvious sources of durable resistance for use in breeding programmes are varieties which have been widely grown and have displayed this character. The transfer of such resistance during breeding may be achieved if the creation or incorporation of higher levels of resistance that have not been tested for durability is avoided. It should then be possible to derive resistance from the durably. resistant parent. Methods of achieving this are discussed.     

Factors affecting the production of filled seeds in sunflower

Summary The capitulum and stem diameter have been found to be negatively correlated with the percentage of the filled seed. The correlation is significant. The partial correlation between the above is also negative but the values are not significant which shows that it is the joint interaction of stem and capitulum diameter which markedly influences seed set. It has been concluded that increased stem thickness adversely affects seed set because of greater increase in leaf area which in turn restricts nutrient supply to the developing seeds. Both stem and capitulum diameter are important from yield point of view as they lead to increased seed producing area. It is essential for a good variety to have large capitula with well filled seeds. It has been pointed out that in a breeding program it should be possible to get desired combinations of above characters without much difficulty.     

The Correlations Between Link Indices and the Boiling Point of Alkanes

A novel link index X proposed deals with the feature of molecule graph, the property of vertical atom and the bonding of atoms connected to each other. Matrices are used to represent these characters. Relationship between link indices X and the boiling point of alkanes is investigated based on molecular topology. It is found that X is highly correlated with the boiling point of alkanes. Based on the X and boiling point regression equations, the boiling point of other alkanes molecules, and the error analysis are discussed. The results show that the model developed can make a better agreement between predicted and observed values for the biodegradability of the tested compounds than ever before.     

A New Method for Measuring Bonding Shear Properties of Adhesives on Steel Substrates

Single-lap-joint adhesively bonded metal specimen which is the national standard experimental method in use has an extremely non-uniform distribution of shear stresses along the joint, and tensile stress concentration of high values is produced on the steel substrate interfaces. Therefore the test result, which is not the real bonding shear strength between adhesive and steel substrates, can only be used as a test index for qualities of adhesives not the strength criterion for load is capacity evaluation. The combined bonding disc specimen is adopted for measuring bonding shear properties of adhesive on steel substrates, has a very uniform distribution of shear stresses in adhesive and along the bonding surfaces of steel substrates, of which the uniform coefficient is greater than 0.97. Furthermore, when adhesive joint is treated as an arc and steel substrates are chamfered at both ends of the joint, tensile stresses on the bonding surfaces can be reduced to less than 20 MPa which can hardly cause tensile failure. Thus, the results of combined bonding disc specimens can actually represent the real bonding shear strength or bonding shear-compression strength between adhesive and steel substrates, which can be used as strength criterion for load capacity evaluation of bonding members.     

X ray diffraction method of measuring microball coat thickness

Use of the X ray diffraction method to measure microball coat thickness is studied. A mathematical model of X ray diffraction of microballs is created and solved using computer aided simulation. The relationship between diffracted X ray intensity and coat thickness is calculated with the help of a standard sample possessing a known thickness. The coat thickness of other samples can be calculated by the intensity of diffracted X ray based on the same condition. The experimental result shows that this method is a rapid, convenient, non destructive means of measuring microball coat thickness.     

Character Associations Among Grain Yield, Biological Yield and Harvest Index

The harvest index Z is defined, for example for cereals, as the ratio between grain yield X and biological yield Y: Z = X/Y. In this paper the character associations among biological yield, grain yield and harvest index have been investigated theoretically by calculating the covariances and correlation coefficients between harvest index and grain yield and, additionally, between harvest index and biological yield. Explicit formulae are derived for these covariances and correlation coefficients and conclusions are derived and discussed. Many facts and relations among these characters which are well-known and frequently established by many experimental studies with quite different crops can be obtained and characterized by these theoretical investigations as necessary implications of the underlying statistical relationships.
Finally, all the theoretical studies and results are demonstrated and applied to a numerical example of winter-rapeseed data.