高油玉米的利用价值研究现状及发展对策

调整农业生产结构,发展优质农产品是提高中国农业生产经济效益的一个重要方面。作为特用玉米一种的高油玉米,实现了籽粒全面优质。它不仅具有较高的营养价值,而且具有较高的经济价值。目前中国发展高油玉米,应从提高农民认识、培育优良品种、探索高产栽培技术、重视产品开发等方面着手,走科研、种植、加工一体化的产业发展之路。     

农杆菌介导的紫花苜蓿遗传转化体系研究进展

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是一种优质的豆科牧草,其粗蛋白含量较高,适口性较好,被称为"牧草之王",在畜牧业生产中发挥着重要的作用。随着基因工程研究的深入,建立快速、高效的紫花苜蓿遗传转化体系是开展相关研究的首要前提。本综述围绕与遗传转化体系密切相关的基因型、外植体、农杆菌、表达载体和转化方案5个方面,归纳总结了近年来国内外报道的紫花苜蓿遗传转化体系研究进展、存在的问题和未来的研究方向,以期为紫花苜蓿遗传转化体系的优化提供有益信息。     

优质专用弱筋小麦靖麦11号选育及开发

弱筯小麦新品种靖麦11号是通过人工杂交系统选育成的优质旱地小麦品种。该品种具有高产、优质、抗病、抗逆性强、适应性广等优良性状。连续两年在云南省地麦良种区域试验中居首位,增产显著。日前通过栽培研究,正采取合同预约生产、合同供种、以加工利用促进原料生产的技术路线推广和开发利用。     

云南干热河谷热带牧草在混合草颗粒饲料中的应用

以外引牧草和本地牧草在云南干热河谷的生长优势及利用方式,合理利用雨季汛期生长过盛的牧草经过收集处理后,通过禾本科与豆科的混合比例在1:2和1:3之间,精料含量在35%~45%的合理搭配混合制成的草颗粒,不仅提高了牧草的利用率,增加了动物的适口性,还为旱冬季节缺少食草可以随时加工制作而提供食草动物所需饲料,弥补了热区冬季无草料的缺憾。制成的混合草颗粒饲料具有好采食、易消化、储藏方便等优点,目前已成为全价饲料的主流形式。     

香蕉茎叶青贮饲料对肉牛育肥效能研究

饲喂效果是评价一种草料应用推广的重要指标。香蕉茎叶作为一种新型非常规饲草料资源,通过与常规饲草料的饲喂比较,明确其饲喂效能为生产应用提供科学依据。连续2 年在不同肉牛养殖场选取18~24 月龄的育肥肉牛,分别进行香蕉茎叶青贮饲料对育肥肉牛增重效果、香蕉茎叶青贮饲料与甘蔗稍叶青贮饲料、玉米秸秆鲜草料、玉米秸秆青贮料、皇竹草鲜草料、带苞全株玉米青贮饲料等不同饲草料对育肥肉牛增重效能的比较试验。于饲喂前和饲喂后的30、60、90、120 天分别对供试牛只进行称重,通过牛只的日增质量评价香蕉茎叶青贮饲料对肉牛的育肥效能。结果表明：香蕉茎叶青贮饲料对西杂牛育肥增重效果明显高于本地黄牛,饲喂西杂牛日增重可达0.92~1.26 kg/头,饲喂本地黄牛日增重为0.41~0.59 kg/头;与其他饲草料饲喂效果相比,香蕉茎叶青贮饲料仅在饲喂30 天的日增质量低于全株玉米青贮饲料0.106 kg/头(P＞0.05),与玉米秸秆青贮饲料、甘蔗稍叶青贮饲料效果相当(P＞0.05),略高于玉米秸秆鲜料、皇竹草鲜料饲喂效果(P＞0.05)。香蕉茎叶青贮饲料对育肥肉牛饲喂效果可替代玉米植株、甘蔗稍叶、皇竹草等常规饲草料在肉牛养殖生产中推广应用。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲料产量、养分吸收与土壤性质的影响

大田试验条件下采用苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作,分别设CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮磷肥)、NK(施氮钾肥)、PK(施磷钾肥)、NPK(施氮磷钾肥) 5个处理研究施肥对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施显著提高苏丹草与黑麦草鲜草产量,2005—2006年与2006—2007年两季饲草分别为162.7 t hm^-2、114.9 t hm^-2,分别比同期PK、NK、NP处理增产312.9%、26.9%、17.9%和338.5%、20.3%、17.2%。施肥影响饲草的氮、磷、钾含量,且氮磷钾配施可以改善饲草养分吸收,2005—2006年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为500 kg hm^-2、91 kg hm^-2和997 kg hm^-2,2006—2007年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为312 kg hm^-2、56 kg hm^-2和402 kg hm^-2。轮作系统中,氮磷钾肥配施条件下氮、磷盈余最少,而钾亏缺。在苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,随着种植次数的增多,各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮均有不同程度上升,施磷(NPK、NP、PK)处理的速效磷、施钾(NPK、NK、PK)处理的速效钾均有上升,而NK处理的速效磷、NP处理的速效钾略有下降。     

高丹草重组自交系群体的遗传变异与高产种质的创新

高丹草是一年生禾本科新型饲用牧草,提高其饲草产量是高丹草育种的重要目标.以高粱314A×棕壳苏丹草的F2:3遗传作图群体的后代材料建立的重组自交系(Recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体为材料, 对后代进行遗传变异和DNA多样性分析.结果表明:通过采用两种方法(性状和分子标记)进行同时选择,获得了9个高产的超亲重组后代.通过SSR标记分析RIL群体的DNA多样性,可知家系间存在较大的遗传变异,杂交重组产生的超亲高产种质分布在不同类群中.鉴定获得了2组SSR遗传距离接近0而且在主要农艺性状和产量等方面相似,只在抗性方面有差异的不同家系.农艺性状和抗性等鉴定试验筛选了4份性状优良的高丹草新种质并已有2份进入区域试验.     

药饲两用金荞麦中金1号的选育与效益分析

金荞麦药饲两用,具有生物量大、种植成本低、易于繁殖的特点,是土地贫瘠和劳动力短缺的深度贫困地区的特色农作物。本研究测定了自主选育的金荞麦新品系中金1号的产量和营养成分,对肉猪饲喂效果进行了分析,并评价了其经济效益。结果表明,中金1号地下部分药用活性成分含量高,地上部分生长迅速且叶片丰富,具有较大的开发潜力。中金1号的地上部分年产量在99 000kg/hm ²以上,含有丰富的营养元素且粗蛋白含量较高。中金1号饲料饲喂猪肉的营养价值远高于普通饲料的对照组,蛋白质、天门冬氨酸等必需氨基酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸以及维生素B₁等含量显著增加,而脂肪含量显著降低;金荞麦的产投比达到2.57,经济效益明显。     

Forage production,quality and water-use-efficiency of four warm-season annual crops at three sowing times in the Loess Plateau region of China

Increasing demand for livestock products is driving development of livestock systems worldwide. That requires improved and new forage production options. The Loess Plateau region in central-northern China is an important area for livestock production, as it supports11% and 19% of the country’s cattle and sheep, respectively (China statistical yearbook 2014). The rain-fed semi-arid environment of the Loess Plateau means that maximizing the water-use-efficiency (WUE) of forage production is vital to guarantee enough fodder supply the livestock demand. A three-year field experiment in north-west Loess Plateau compared forage production, water use and water-use-efficiency as well as crude protein (CP) content of forage maize, Sudan grass, foxtail millet and Japanese millet sown at three sowing dates according to the opening rain during 2011–2013. On average, forage maize produced the highest biomass (12.1 t ha⁻¹) and had the highest WUE (43.4 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹). This was followed by Sudan grass (7.8 t ha⁻¹; 26.5 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹), Japanese millet (6.7 t ha⁻¹; 26.2 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) and foxtail millet (6.7 t ha⁻¹; 24.6 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹). Optimizing sowing date played an important role in maximizing forage production and WUE of all tested forages. Compared to the earliest sowing date, a delay of two weeks reduced forage production by 17% in maize, 35% in foxtail millet, and 16% in Japanese millet. A delay of four to six weeks reduced biomass yield by 58% in maize, 57% in foxtail millet, and 56% in Japanese millet. Late sowing also greatly reduced WUE of forage maize and foxtail millet by 33% and 42%, respectively, when compared to early sowing. The middle sowing date maximized forage production and WUE of Sudan grass in two of the three growing seasons, which was 20% and 38% higher than the early and late sowing, respectively. Late sowing in all forages reduced crop water use by 42–57 mm compared to the early sowing. Among four test crops, CP of Sudan grass (7.9%) and forage maize (7.7%) was higher than foxtail millet (6.8%) and Japanese millet (6.7%). Compared with early sowing, CP_f in late sowing significantly increased in Sudan grass and decreased in Japanese millet, in contrast, no evident sowing date effect was found in forage maize and foxtail millet. This study showed that all four warm-season annual grasses had high forage production potential, forage maize was the most reliable and efficient option. Forage maize and the millets could easily be integrated into existing cropping systems and provide opportunities as both grain and forage-producing crop to provide added flexibility for farmers.     

Sorghum grain yield,forage biomass production and revenue as affected by intercropping time

Sorghum is an excellent alternative to other grains in poor soil where corn does not develop very well, as well as in regions with warm and dry winters. Intercropping sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] with forage crops, such as palisade grass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf] or guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.), provides large amounts of biomass for use as straw in no-tillage systems or as pasture. However, it is important to determine the appropriate time at which these forage crops have to be sown into sorghum systems to avoid reductions in both sorghum and forage production and to maximize the revenue of the cropping system. This study, conducted for three growing seasons at Botucatu in the State of São Paulo in Brazil, evaluated how nutrient concentration, yield components, sorghum grain yield, revenue, and forage crop dry matter production were affected by the timing of forage intercropping. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Intercropping systems were not found to cause reductions in the nutrient concentration in sorghum plants. The number of panicles per unit area of sorghum alone (133,600), intercropped sorghum and palisade grass (133,300) and intercropped sorghum and guinea grass (134,300) corresponded to sorghum grain yields of 5439, 5436 and 5566 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. However, the number of panicles per unit area of intercropped sorghum and palisade grass (144,700) and intercropped sorghum and guinea grass (145,000) with topdressing of fertilizers for the sorghum resulted in the highest sorghum grain yields (6238 and 6127 kg ha⁻¹ for intercropping with palisade grass and guinea grass, respectively). Forage production (8112, 10,972 and 13,193 Mg ha⁻¹ for the first, second and third cuts, respectively) was highest when sorghum and guinea grass were intercropped. The timing of intercropping is an important factor in sorghum grain yield and forage production. Palisade grass or guinea grass must be intercropped with sorghum with topdressing fertilization to achieve the highest sorghum grain yield, but this significantly reduces the forage production. Intercropping sorghum with guinea grass sown simultaneously yielded the highest revenue per ha (€ 1074.4), which was 2.4 times greater than the revenue achieved by sowing sorghum only.     

老芒麦研究进展

老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus Linn.）,别名西伯利亚野麦草,为优良饲用植物。老芒麦生态适应性强,是青藏高原地区高寒草甸草原群落中的常见草种,具有较大的经济和生态价值。文章综述了老芒麦在栽培技术、引种、产量、品质、生理生化、形态和分子等7个方面的研究进展,分析了现阶段的优势和不足,同时也展望了老芒麦未来的研究方向,为老芒麦的进一步研究与利用提供参考。     

Current status of tropical fruit breeding and genetics for three tropical fruit species cultivated in Japan: pineapple,mango, and papaya

Tropical fruit crops are predominantly produced in tropical and subtropical developing countries, but some are now grown in southern Japan. Pineapple (Ananas comosus), mango (Mangifera indica) and papaya (Carica papaya) are major tropical fruits cultivated in Japan. Modern, well-organized breeding systems have not yet been developed for most tropical fruit species. Most parts of Japan are in the temperate climate zone, but some southern areas such as the Ryukyu Islands, which stretch from Kyushu to Taiwan, are at the northern limits for tropical fruit production without artificial heating. In this review, we describe the current status of tropical fruit breeding, genetics, genomics, and biotechnology of three main tropical fruits (pineapple, mango, and papaya) that are cultivated and consumed in Japan. More than ten new elite cultivars of pineapple have been released with improved fruit quality and suitability for consumption as fresh fruit. New challenges and perspectives for obtaining high fruit quality are discussed in the context of breeding programs for pineapple.     

澳大利亚一年生苜蓿在宁夏南部山区轮作倒茬效果研究?

在宁夏南部山区引种适应性比较试验的基础上,对澳大利亚一年生苜蓿的轮作倒茬效果进行了研究,结果表明,澳大利亚一年生苜蓿是一种适应性强,且品质好的豆科牧草,由于其独特的种子休眠特性,给作物的不同轮作倒茬提供了可靠保证,其后茬作物的产量可以得到保证和提高,是解决宁夏南部地区轮作倒茬、培肥地力、发展畜牧业及保持水土的非常重要的作物品种,宜于进行推广种植[1]。     

Pachytene Chromosomes of Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Evrard

Brachiaria ruziziensis is a sexual diploid tropical grass species of wide adaptation and good forage quality. Pachytene chromosomes were studied in morphological detail and all nine chromosomes were identified by their length, centromere position, and size and distribution of chromomeres. The idiogram prepared for the first time in this species consists of four median and five submedian chromosomes.     

L-乳酸高产菌株选育的研究

L-乳酸是一种重要的有机酸。自然界中可发酵生产L-乳酸的微生物主要有根霉属的米根霉、行走根霉、小麦曲根霉和美丽根霉,以及乳酸菌类的乳杆菌属、链球菌属和芽孢杆菌属等。国内外有关专家主要通过物理诱变、化学诱变、原生质体融合与基因工程技术等进行L-乳酸高产菌株的选育,以提高菌种产L-乳酸的能力,可得到光学纯度较高的产品。     

Annual crop rotation of tropical pastures with no-till soil as affected by lime surface application

Soil acidity and low natural fertility are the main limiting factors for grain production in tropical regions such as the Brazilian Cerrado. The application of lime to the surface of no-till soil can improve plant nutrition, dry matter production, crop yields and revenue. The present study, conducted at the Lageado Experimental Farm in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil, is part of an ongoing research project initiated in 2002 to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on the soil’s chemical attributes, nutrition and kernel/grain yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), white oat (Avena sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), as well as the forage dry matter yield of palisade grass in winter/spring, its crude protein concentration, estimated meat production, and revenue in a tropical region with a dry winter during four growing seasons. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of four rates of lime application (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg ha⁻¹), performed in November 2004. The surface application of limestone to the studied tropical no-till soil was efficient in reducing soil acidity from the surface down to a depth of 0.60 m and resulted in greater availability of P and K at the soil surface. Ca and Mg availability in the soil also increased with the lime application rate, up to a depth of 0.60 m. Nutrient absorption was enhanced with liming, especially regarding the nutrient uptake of K, Ca and Mg by plants. Significant increases in the yield components and kernel/grain yields of peanut, white oat and maize were obtained through the surface application of limestone. The lime rates estimated to achieve the maximum grain yield, especially in white oat and maize, were very close to the rates necessary to increase the base saturation of a soil sample collected at a depth of 0–0.20 m to 70%, indicating that the surface liming of 2000 kg ha⁻¹ is effective for the studied tropical no-till soil. This lime rate also increases the forage dry matter yield, crude protein concentration and estimated meat production during winter/spring in the maize-palisade grass intercropping, provides the highest total and mean net profit during the four growing seasons, and can improve the long-term sustainability of tropical agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado.     

春马铃薯间套两茬燕麦生产研究

为研究农业中,粮食生产与牧草发展争地矛盾的实际问题,本论文利用马铃薯和燕麦为实验材料设置了三个处理：马铃薯净作、燕麦净作和马铃薯燕麦间作。结果表明：马铃薯和燕麦间作有利于马铃薯出苗和前期营养生长;马铃薯间套两茬燕麦的经济产量达43450.4kghm-2,比净作马铃薯增加经济产量28.07%;但间作显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量和商品薯率,间作马铃薯块茎产量仅是净作的32.38%。本研究结果初步表明：马铃薯间套两茬燕麦,一茬收获籽实,一茬收割牧草,这种缓解粮食与牧草生产争地矛盾的粮草间作模式是可行的。     

CIMMYT牧草与普通玉米杂交后植物学形态变异研究

[研究目的]为发掘利用CIMMYT牧草生长繁茂和抗逆能力强等优良遗传特性,改良普通玉米材料的抗逆性和创制新型饲草材料.[方法]以CIMMYT牧草和4个普通玉米自交系为遗传交配材料,比较研究了CIMMYT牧草和4个杂交(回交)后代材料的植物学形态特征及其与普通玉米的差异.[结果]CIMMYT牧草能将其生长繁茂、分蘖力强、生物产量高的特性遗传给杂交后代材料,并有较强的世代传递能力;该牧草幼苗、植株及其生长习性、花器官、种子特征等与普通玉米差异明显,其与普通玉米的杂交后代基本保持了它的生长发育特性,但花器官和种子特征更偏向于普通玉米;回交后代除保持了一定的分蘖特性、明显的多穗和返祖现象外,其余特征特性与普通玉米基本没有区别.[结论] CIMMYT牧草生长繁茂和生物产量高的特性能遗传给杂交后代,世代传递能力较强,通过遗传改良途径,能将CIM-MYT牧草的优良特性转育到普通玉米中,培育出饲草玉米育种新材料.     

Futterqualität und Leistung von Napier-und Paragras (Pennisetum purpureum bzw. Brachiaria mutica) unter Schnittnutzung und Beweidung mit Sahiwal-und Kreuzungsrindern auf "upland" im District Dacca/Bangladesh

Forage quality and performance of Napier and Para grass ( Pennisetum purpureum and Brachiaria mutica , resp.) cut or grazed with Sahiwal and crossed cattle on upland in the Dacca district, Bangladesh
Napier and Para grass were compared with respect to important quality parameters for two years and in a rotational grazing experiment using 30 two-years-old heifers.
Napier grass had a higher in-vitro-digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM) than Para grass. 77% of IVDOM variance was explained by the lignin contents, 88 % by lignin and ash contents. Accordingly a high correlation existed between lignin contents and IVDOM (r =−0.86; p 0,001).
The estimation of starch units resulted in higher precision by including the lignin contents in the regression equations compared with crude fibre contents alone.
Crude protein, crude fibre and magnesium contents were similar, while Napier grass contained substantially more P, K and Ca, but far less Na.
In the grazing experiment on average of both years Napier grass produced 64 % of the plant yield of Para grass, but reached 80 % of the animal production. Of the forage offered by Napier grass and Para grass 85 and 67,5 %, respectively, was converted into animal production. Therefore the weight increase (kg/ha) produced by Napier grass amounted to 90 % of the groups grazing Para grass. Daily gain averaged over both grass species and experimental years reached 440 g/heifer in the Holstein-Friesian group, 410 g with Sahiwal and 370 g with Jersey cattle.     

CIMMYT牧草DNA导入普通玉米后植物学形态变异研究

本研究以CIMMYT牧草和4个普通玉米自交系为遗传交配材料,比较研究了CIMMYT牧草和4个杂交（回交）后代的植物学形态特征及其与普通玉米的差异。结果表明,CIMMYT牧草能将其生长繁茂、分蘖力强、生物产量高的特性遗传给杂交后代,并有较强的世代传递能力;该牧草幼苗、植株及其生长习性、花器官、种子特征等与普通玉米差异明显,其与普通玉米的杂交后代基本保持了它的生长发育特性,但花器官和种子特征更偏向于普通玉米;回交后代除保持了一定的分蘖特性、明显的多穗和返祖现象外,其余特征特性与普通玉米基本没有区别。