加拿大大麦育种材料的赤霉病抗性鉴定

赤霉病是大麦最主要的世界性病害，在湿热的流行年份不仅使大麦减产严重，而且受过赤霉病菌毒素污染的籽粒严重影响人畜的安全。目前对赤霉病最好的防治途径仍然是对抗性品种的选育，而抗病育种的关键是筛选和创造抗病材料。本研究对2000份加拿大大麦新品系进行了赤霉病抗性的鉴定。结果表明，供试品系间的抗赤霉病性存在显著差异，有193份品系较抗（耐）赤霉病；二棱大麦对赤霉病的抗性明显强于六棱大麦，其抗病品系也显著多于六棱大麦；大麦的抽穗期对赤霉病的发生也有显著影响。     

小麦新品系赤霉病抗性鉴定及基因效应分析

为创制黄淮麦区小麦新品系、提高小麦抗赤霉病育种效率,2022年在小麦扬花期利用喷洒孢子液的方法对81份抗赤霉病高代品系和4份对照品种在濉溪柳湖试验基地开展了赤霉病抗性鉴定,并利用与4个抗赤霉病主效基因Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4和Fhb5紧密连锁的6个标记对供试小麦材料进行了基因型检测。结果表明,供试81份材料的赤霉病抗性整体较好,平均病小穗率为27.95%,其中13份自育品系平均病小穗率低于扬麦20;携带单个或多个赤霉病抗性基因的品系共有60份,Fhb1、Fhb2、Fhb4、Fhb5检出频率分别为64.20%、12.35%、20.99%、34.57%;携带单个抗病基因Fhb1、Fhb4、Fhb5的小麦品系分别为18份、3份、2份;有45.68%品系同时携带2～3个赤霉病抗性基因。携带抗性基因的品系平均病小穗率低于不含抗性基因的品系;聚合多个抗赤霉病基因可以有效提高小麦品种的抗赤霉病水平。     

大麦赤霉病抗性研究及其抗源开拓

用禾谷镰刀菌 (Fusarium graminearum)培养的病麦粒接种与分生孢子液喷雾接种相接合的方法 ,对加拿大东西部 2 4 31份大麦材料进行了抗性鉴定。结果表明 ,不同基因型品种之间的抗性存在显著差异 ,大麦赤霉病抗性与棱型存在显著的正相关 ,与生育期存在显著的负相关。通过抗性鉴定 ,筛选到 14 5份高抗赤霉病的大麦材料 ,为大麦抗赤霉病育种提供抗源 ,并提出了大麦大面积鉴定赤霉病抗性的比较合理的接种方法     

六棱大麦抗赤霉病QTL的定位(英文)

赤霉病是最严重的大麦病害之一。由于赤霉病抗性是受多基因控制的数量性状(QTL),并且一些表型性状也影响大麦赤霉病的抗病,如棱数、株高和抽穗期等,所以抗赤霉病大麦品种的选育十分困难。为了明确加拿大六棱大麦中赤霉病抗性以及相关性状的QTLs,本研究在4年中对93个家系的DH作图群体中赤霉病抗性、呕吐毒素(DON)含量、株高、抽穗期和成熟期等相关性状进行调查,并利用分子标记(444个DArT和26个SSR标记)构建的连锁图谱对QTL开展复合区间作图。结果表明,本研究共检测到4个影响赤霉病的QTLs,其中,2个主要的QTLs定位在3H和7H染色体上,它们的加性效应为-3.44和-3.69,分别解释14.1%和17.5%的表型差异,总共解释31.6%的赤霉病抗性差异;另外2个QTLs定位于7H染色体上,但二者同时也与DON含量显著相关。此外,在3H、5H和7H染色体上确定了5个影响株高的QTLs,在2H、4H、5H和7H上确定了4个影响抽穗期的QTLs。同时发现2个赤霉病抗性QTLs和1个DON累积QTL与控制株高的QTLs聚集重叠,1个赤霉病抗性QTL和抽穗期QTLs重叠。这些与赤霉病抗性、株高及抽穗期等农艺性状紧密连锁的分子标记可进一步用于有效提高抗赤霉病大麦品种的选育效率。     

陕西省新育成品种（系）对小麦赤霉病抗性的分析

为了明确陕西省2005-2007年新育成小麦品种及高代品系对赤霉病的抗性,采用单小花接种法对531份小麦品种(系)分年度进行了抗赤霉病鉴定和抗病性分析.结果表明,在这些材料中没有免疫材料;抗病品种(系)仅7份,占1.32%;中抗品种(系)26份,占4.90%;其余498份品种(系)均表现中感～感病,所占频率达93.78%.所有材料发病率均为100%.2005和2006年采用田间人工诱发接种的方法对344份材料的鉴定结果表明,抗病材料37份,占10.76%,发病率为3.3%～20.0%;中抗材料50份,占14.53%,发病率为13.3%～66.7%;中感～感病材料257份,占74.71%,发病率为23.3%～100.0%.由此可见,陕西省新育成小麦品种及高代品系对赤霉病的抗性普遍较差.建议根据各地赤霉病发生程度,选择适度抗性指标,结合现代生物技术,逐步提高新育成品种(系)抗赤霉病水平.     

小麦抗赤霉病育种简报

小麦赤霉病是世界性病害,也是我国南方麦区的主要病害。在闽西北山区是发展小麦生产的主要限制因素,由于病菌腐生性强,缺乏免疫抗源,因此抗病育种难度大,进展慢,国内外至今没有发现高抗——免疫品种。我院于1974年开始进行小麦抗赤霉病育种,经几年努力,育成一批具有一定抗性,综合性状好的品系,特别是““60085”等10个品系在1980-1981年全国小麦抗赤霉病研究协作组五省(市)联合鉴定的两万多份品种资源中表现突出,为开展小麦抗赤霉病育种提供一批新抗源,也为病重低产的闽西北山区提供一批优良品系进行示范试种。     

东北春小麦赤霉病抗性鉴定及抗病基因Fhb1检测

为明确东北春小麦赤霉病抗性水平和抗源分布,本研究对1 592份东北春小麦品种/系进行赤霉病抗性鉴定和抗病基因Fhb1检测。赤霉病抗性鉴定结果发现：在供试材料中,赤霉病中抗材料仅29份,占1.82%;中感材料549份,占34.48%;高感材料1 014份,占63.69%。分子标记结果显示：供试材料中未检测到赤霉病抗性基因Fhb1,推测29份材料抗性来源于其它抗性基因。东北春小麦抗性材料遗传基础不明,抗病基因Fhb1缺失。因此,挖掘当地小麦赤霉病抗性基因以及加强Fhb1基因的应用,对于提升东北春小麦赤霉病抗性水平十分重要。     

湖北省小麦品种(系)的赤霉病抗性分析

为评价湖北省小麦品种(系)的赤霉病抗性水平,对湖北省2008年以来选育的183份小麦新品系和2000年以来审定的30个小麦品种的赤霉病抗性进行了田间接种鉴定,并通过系谱分析对审定的30个小麦品种的赤霉病抗性来源进行了推测。结果显示,在183个参试品系中,对赤霉病抗性达到中感及以上水平的品系占27.32%,其中2010-2011年度和2011-2012年度中感赤霉病品系所占比例分别为42.31%和30.00%,比前两年有明显的提高。2000年以来湖北省审定的30个小麦品种的赤霉病抗性以中感为主,占56.7%,只有2个品种的赤霉病抗性达到中抗。对审定品种的系谱分析表明,湖北省小麦品种赤霉病抗性主要来源于南大2419及其衍生系、阿夫及其衍生系、太谷核不育抗病材料,部分品种的赤霉病抗性可能有多个来源,如鄂麦24、鄂麦25、鄂麦26和荆麦103等。推测湖北省当前主导品种鄂麦596、鄂麦352、襄麦25和襄麦55抗性来源都为南大2419,赤霉病抗性来源单一的问题仍较为突出。     

日本新培育的啤酒大麦品种—美里黄金

大麦黄花叶病是大麦的主要病害之一,目前除选育抗病品种外,尚无防治良策。(木厉)木县农试场以抗黄花叶病为大麦育种主要目标,早在1955年即筛选、确认从中国引入的六棱皮大麦木石港3号对黄花叶病有高度抗性。进而在1965年将木石港3号和当地的大麦品种(系)关东二条2号、3号、药系51杂交,并用木石港3号回交,在其后代中选育了若干二棱大麦抗病品系。并从酿造用品质考虑,继续反复进行杂交选育,终于育成“美里黄金”。选育经过:     

2009-2018年陕西省小麦区试品种(系)抗主要病害趋势分析

为了解2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病、白粉病和赤霉病三种主要病害的抗性变化趋势,对来自陕西省各育种单位提供的1 200份小麦品种(系)进行三种病害的成株期人工接种鉴定。结果表明,1 200份材料中,879份材料对条锈病表现抗病,303份材料对白粉病表现抗病,295份材料对赤霉病表现抗病,分别占鉴定材料总数的73.25%、25.25%和24.58%。其中,对条锈病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗和中抗的分别有136份、223份和520份,分别占鉴定材料总数的11.33%、18.58%和43.33%;对白粉病表现免疫(近免疫)、高抗、中抗的分别有7份、111份和185份,分别占鉴定材料总数的0.58%、9.25%和15.42%;对赤霉病表现高抗、中抗的分别有107份和188份,分别占鉴定材料总数的8.92%和15.67%,没有发现对赤霉病免疫的品种(系)。供试材料除抗条锈病频率10年间保持基本平稳外,抗白粉病和赤霉病以及兼抗频率均表现先上升后下降的趋势。西农837、XC-29、西农223、9916、9925、陕943、惠麦286等20个品种(系)对1～3种病害具有较好抗性,可作为抗病品种推广或作为抗源材料。鉴定结果表明,2009-2018年陕西省区试小麦品种(系)对条锈病的抗性水平整体较高,对赤霉病与白粉病的抗性整体较差,应当加强综合抗病育种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.