三种水稻胞质雄性不育恢复基因的比较

用籼型强恢复系密阳46、H804,含广亲和基因S5n的粳型恢复系02428、T984及H921分别与三种水稻雄性不育胞质野败(CMS-WA),矮败(CMS-DA),印尼水田谷败育(暂名CMS-IA)不育系测交,分析各组合F1、F2及BCF1代的育性表现以研究雄性不育胞质恢复性的遗传。密阳46和H804对CMS-WA、CMS-DA、CMS-IA的恢复性均由两对主效恢复基因控制。T984及H921对野败、矮败和印尼水田谷败育均含有一对主效恢复基因。02428对野败和印尼水田谷不育胞质不含恢复基因,对矮败可能含一对弱恢复基因。对矮败胞质雄性不育的恢复基因作了讨论,推测存在强弱差异的可能。籼粳杂种后代育性表现较品种间组合育性表现更易受环境影响。     

辣椒CMS恢复基因的遗传分析及基因定位

本研究以辣椒胞质雄性不育系131BC5A与恢复系139D-21-3为亲本,构建了包含210个单株的F2群体,采用CAPS、SSR及SCAR等分子标记技术,对辣椒胞质雄性不育恢复基因进行遗传分析和基因定位研究。田间调查和遗传分析结果表明,F2群体的表现型中可育与不育的分离比为3:1。采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA),从F2可育群体和不育群体中各随机选取10株,构建可育和不育基因池。研究选用295对引物在亲本间进行多态性筛选,其中43对引物在亲本间表现出多态。通过进一步分析43对引物在基因池间的多态性,筛选出Rf基因连锁标记14个。然后对F2群体的210个单株进行连锁分析,最后将恢复基因定位在SSR标记pep43和pep20之间,约3.9 c M(或498.6 kb)的区间内,与两个标记的遗传距离分别为1.3 c M与2.6 c M。本研究为Rf基因的精细定位和克隆奠定了良好基础,也为辣椒雄性不育恢复系的分子标记辅助选择育种提供了理论参考。     

籼型杂交稻亲本稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-ta的分析

检测籼稻骨干亲本的稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-ta,可为抗病育种提供优良的亲本资源。本研究以92份骨干亲本为材料,采用功能基因分子标记检测了92份骨干亲本的Pi-ta基因。结果表明供试的92份材料中,21份携带Pi-ta基因,在供试材料中占22.83%。Pi-ta基因在恢复系和不育系中的分布存在差异,携带Pi-ta基因的21份材料均为恢复系,11份不育系中没有检测到Pi-ta,恢复系携带Pi-ta基因比例远高于不育系。通过本研究可以明确中国部分杂交稻亲本材料的稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-ta的分布状况,为进一步的杂交稻抗病育种提供重要依据。     

新质源CMS-FA杂交稻系统的亲本资源筛选

用新质源雄性不育系金农1A(CMS-FA)作母本, 分别与来自10个国家和国内13个省份的220个水稻品种组配成杂交种, 考察F₁代的花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率。在F₁代中, 当这3项育性指标均≤10%时, 显示父本品种具有雄性不育保持能力, 因而将其划分为保持系资源; 当3项育性指标均≥80%时, 显示父本品种具有雄性不育恢复能力, 将其划分为恢复系资源; 此外的其他父本品种, 即3项育性指标中任何一项指标>10%或<80%, 既不能作为保持系, 也不能作为恢复系, 被划分为非杂交稻亲本资源。在220个水稻品种中, 可作为金农1A保持系的有122个, 占55.5%; 未发现恢复系亲本; 非杂交稻亲本品种有98个, 占44.5%。CMS-FA型的杂交稻亲本资源利用率为55.5%。对照野败型不育系珍汕97A(CMS-WA)的保持系亲本品种有44个, 占20.0%; 恢复系亲本品种42个, 占19.1%; 非杂交稻亲本品种134个, 占60.9%。CMS-WA型的杂交稻亲本资源利用率为39.1%。CMS-FA系统比CMS-WA系统的亲本稻种资源利用率高16.4个百分点, 尤其是保持系资源利用率高35.5个百分点(近1.8倍)。国外品种的育性普遍低于国内品种。     

甘蓝转育异源胞质雄性不育基因（PolCMS）的同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,比较了油菜（polCMS）胞质雄性不育系、甘蓝自交系及其二者杂交后再经连续多代回交获得的甘蓝早代异源胞质（polCMS）雄性不育材料的EST和SOD酶谱差异,结果表明甘蓝polCMS材料既具有油菜polCMS的EST特征谱带Rf=0.740,又具有与甘蓝自交系相同SOD谱带Rf=0.410、0.448,还具有自己的EST特征谱带Rf=0.700,证明在甘蓝polCMS材料中存在油菜polCMS不育基因,也表达出由甘蓝自交系回交转入的部分基因,同时还表现出中间特异性。     

玉米多胞质雄性不育杂交种冀玉988的选育及利用

不育化制种主要在于保证杂交种子的质量及降低其生产成本。多胞质杂交种的利用主要拓宽胞质异质性，增强杂交种对环境的适应能力与防范小斑病菌新的专化小种的严重为害。本研究以优良玉米新品种冀玉988（6048×黄选921．6）为背景，以s组的s，M，R与21A及C组的Rb，Bb与Es雄性不育细胞质（CMS）为试材，将母本6048转育成同核异质体，不育性稳定。父本921．6对21A，s与R三种CMS具有强恢复性。本研究论证了多胞质杂交种在生产上利用的可行性。冀玉988已配制成具有恢复性能的多胞质雄性不育杂交种，可用于生产。     

玉米豫玉22雄性不育"三系"的选育

本研究以C型不育胞质为背景 ,A61 9为强恢复源 ,采用回交转育的方式 ,完成了豫玉 2 2的雄性不育三系配套。不育系的不育株率高达 99.8%以上 ,育性稳定 ;恢复系的恢复度高达 5级 ;恢复性杂交种的可育株率达99 %以上 ,散粉结实正常 ,其它形状与N豫玉2 2基本一致 ,符合目标要求 ,可单独投入生产使用。     

应用花培技术培育水稻广亲恢种质

将０２４２８／Ｔ９８４／／Ｔ１９５０三交Ｆ１花药培养获得的纯合二倍体花粉植株分别与珍汕９７Ａ、Ｖ２０Ａ、协青早Ａ、Ｄ２９７Ａ和７６２７Ａ等籼型和粳型细胞质雄性不育系测交，分析其恢复能力。有１５份花培系能同时恢复籼型和粳型胞质雄性不育系，表明具有广亲和恢复性。部分花培系与珍汕９７Ａ等籼型不育系配组还表现出较强的杂种优势，可作为籼粳亚种间杂优育种的种质。证实花培是创造水稻广亲和恢复系种质的快速有效途径。     

利用花药培养技术创制加工型辣椒细胞质雄性不育恢复系

为快速创制加工型辣椒胞质雄性不育(CMS)恢复系材料,本试验利用分子标记辅助选择和花药培养相结合的方法将完全恢复的恢复系812的恢复基因Rf导入自交系940,创制含恢复基因的新种质。对其中含Rf的5个花培二代苗系与不育系83-3A进行测交,结果表明,测交株系均表现恢复,且测交株系的恢复株率均为100%。本研究说明结合花药培养和分子标记辅助育种可以达到快速有效育种的目的。     

双低甘蓝犁杂交油菜青杂5号的特征特性及栽培技术

青海省农林科学院春油菜研究所从引进双低春油菜品种马努中选株与波里马细胞质雄性不育系331A测交，并用亲本与完全不育的后代连续回交4代，获得稳定的PolimaC—MS105A和保持系105B；同时用带有不育胞质的恢复系作母本和双低保持系杂交，对杂交后代进行分离选择，最后选育出农艺性状较好的恢复系1831R；不育系105A和恢复系1831R配制出杂交组合305。2003—2005年该组合参加国家春油菜区域试验和生产试验，，表现高产、优质、抗逆性强。2006年9月14日通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定，定名青杂5号。     

Rf-1位点CAPS标记对水稻不同胞质雄性不育育性恢复系的关系分析

水稻育性恢复基因Rf-1是目前水稻上克隆的唯一恢复基因.通过位于Rf-1位点的两个特异性CAPS(cleavable amplified polymorphic sequences)标记对滇I型、野败型、红莲型及BT型恢复系基因型分析,发现这四种不同胞质的恢复系在Rf-1位点具有相同的带型,滇I型的两个保持系具有不同的带型.结果表明这四种不同胞质系统的恢复系均具有Rf-1基因.该结论与从恢复系选育的系谱分析的结果相一致的.     

辣(甜)椒细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的遗传与分布

以辣(甜)椒细胞质雄性不育系21A、8A和9个不同基因型的辣(甜)椒恢复系为材料,研究其不育恢复基因的遗传。结果表明,匈804、LS7、湘紫、洛紫、SI201、转育R甜和转育R辣均能完全恢复21A和8A的不育性,具有1对显性恢复基因,湘紫、洛紫和转育R辣的恢复基因为等位基因,与SI201恢复基因不等位。南昌92-1和洛甜2号对21A和8A的不育性只能部分恢复且恢复率存在差异。利用辣(甜)椒细胞质雄性不育系21A、延A、8A与138个辣(甜)椒自交系测配414个杂交组合,其中有102个组合育性完全恢复,占24.6%;有146个组合育性分离,占35.3%;有166个组合育性完全不恢复,占40.1%。在恢复的组合中,辣椒恢复系占82.4%,甜椒恢复系仅占17.6%,表明恢复基因的分布主要存在于辣椒材料中,甜椒材料相对较少。     

水稻优良恢复系明恢63两个恢复基因恢复力的单独评价

野败型细胞质雄性不育系统是选配杂交稻组合广泛应用的主要不育细胞质资源，野败型细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复能力由两个恢复基因控制。以前的研究表明，明恢63具有2个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(μ)，分别位于第1和第10染色体上。为了分别准确估计这两个恢复基因的遗传效应，根据分子标记基因型，从珍汕97／明恢63衍生的241个F9重组自交系群体中选择两个自交系R124和R1183，它们分别含有单个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)，将R124和R1183与珍汕97A杂交，分别得到F1A和F1B，再自交得到F2A和F2B。在武汉和海南分别考察F1的育性，F1A的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为53．4％和60．2％，F1B的自然结实率海南和武汉分别为70．5％和75．7％。而珍汕97A／明恢63的杂种汕优63结实率为81．4％。F2A和F2B群体育性分离均符合1个主基因1：3的孟德尔期望分离比，表明，R124和R1183分别只含有一个恢复基因Rf3和Rf(M)。Rf(M)的效应较大，恢复力强，它单独几乎可以使育性恢复正常。利用标记辅助选择方法，转移两个恢复基因可以快速选育优良恢复系。     

An improved cytoplasmic male sterile (Diplotaxis berthautii) Brassica juncea: identification of restorer and molecular characterization

We report the development of an improved cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) system of Brassica juncea carrying cytoplasm of the wild species Diplotaxis berthautii. Flowers of the CMS line are smaller than the euplasmic line but have improved nectaries. Anthers are slender and fail to extend to the level of stigma. Female fertility of the CMS line is comparable to the euplasmic line. Fertility restorers of Moricandia arvensis and D. catholica-based alloplasmic CMS systems of B. juncea were found capable of restoring male fertility to this new CMS line. The fertility restoration is monogenic and gametophytic. Southern analysis showed that the cytoplasm of the CMS line is different from euplasmic B. juncea and other CMS systems restored by the same restorer lines. Northern analysis of the CMS, fertility restored and euplasmic lines using eight mitochondrial gene probes revealed altered atpA expression associated with male sterility. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were identified for the plastid gene psbB, which could be useful for a quick identification of this CMS line. S.R. Bhat and P. Kumar contributed equally to this work.     

Characterization for agronomic use of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) introduced from H. resinosus Small

A backcrossing programme was carried out both to assess the stability of a cytoplasmic male‐sterility (CMS) source from Helianthus resinosus, designated RES1, and to incorporate it into inbred sunflower lines (HA89, RHA271, RHA801). All the progenies, grown in different environments, were completely male‐sterile. This suggests that the expression of this cytoplasm is stable. Female‐fertility of lines HA89, RHA271 and RHA801 carrying CMS RES1 were compared with those of the corresponding fertile inbred lines. There were no differences in the number of seeds per head. This indicates that female‐fertility is not affected by RES1 cytoplasm. Cytological studies showed that meiosis proceeds normally until the tetrad stage; consequently, the absence of pollen is caused by alterations that take place during postmeiotic stages. With the aim of identifying male‐fertility restorer genotypes, crosses were made between HA89 (CMS RES1) plants and different annual diploid and perennial hexaploid Helianthus species. All the diploid germplasm evaluated behaved as a CMS RES1 maintainer. However, the hexaploid species, H. resinosus, H. x laetiflorus, H. pauciflorus and H. tuberosus, restored pollen fertility in CMS RES1 plants.     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

不同施肥水平对油菜胞质雄性不育系07A和杂一代品种川油12育性影响研究

以甘蓝型油菜ｐｏｌｉｍａ细胞质雄性不育（ＣＭＳ）系０７Ａ和杂一代品种川油１２号为材料，连续两年采用四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计，研究了氮、磷、钾、硼不同施用量对上述材料育性的影响。结果表明：（１）不育系的不育度和杂一代的恢复度均受年度间气候变化的影响，同一材料在年度间有不同的表现，对各元素施用量的反映也不尽相同；（２）施用过多的氮肥会降低０７Ａ的不育度和杂一代的恢复度，而增施磷、钾、硼肥可提高不育     

恢复系南34恢复谱、恢复力、恢复性的初步研究

通过恢复系南34与35个滇Ⅰ型不育系组配的35个滇型杂交粳稻新组合在不同海拔种植试验，结果表明：恢复系南34对滇Ⅰ型不育系的恢复谱广、恢复力强、恢复性稳定。