Abrupt tropical vegetation response to rapid climate changes

Identifying leads and lags between high- and low-latitude abrupt climate shifts is needed to understand where and how such events were triggered. Vascular plant biomarkers preserved in Cariaco basin sediments reveal rapid vegetation changes in northern South America during the last deglaciation, 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. Comparing the biomarker records to climate proxies from the same sediment core provides a precise measure of the relative timing of changes in different regions. Abrupt deglacial climate shifts in tropical and high-latitude North Atlantic regions were synchronous, whereas changes in tropical vegetation consistently lagged climate shifts by several decades.     

Foraminiferal calcification response to glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric CO2

A record of foraminiferal shell weight across glacial-interglacial Termination I shows a response related to seawater carbonate ion concentration and allows reconstruction of a record of carbon dioxide in surface seawater that matches the atmospheric record. The results support suggestions that higher atmospheric carbon dioxide directly affects marine calcification, an effect that may be of global importance to past and future changes in atmospheric CO2. The process provides negative feedback to the influence of marine calcification on atmospheric carbon dioxide and is of practical importance to the application of paleoceanographic proxies.     

现代化和英国农业制度性及结构性的变革

在现代化进程中,英国"农业革命"先于工业革命,并且伴随着工业化和都市化过程发生了两个突出的制度性和结构性的变革一是符合英国国情的农牧混合体制的定位和完善,实现了农业合理结构和高效益;二是突破封建小农式的"生计农业"的封闭格式,向市场农业转变,农业专门化和商品化进入由市场调节的高层次阶段.这些变革保证英国农业在提高整体素质和效益基础上通过农业经济结构调整,面向市场,加速农业持续稳定发展,促进工业革命深入开展,促进英国现代化经济飞速发展.     

东亚地区植被净第一性生产力对气候变化的时空响应

为了了解气候变化对东亚地区植被生产力的影响,该文利用气象数据和卫星遥感数据(NOVA/AVHRR NDVI,8 km×8 km),采用改进参数的CASA模型研究了东亚地区植被净第一性生产力的时空变化.结果表明:18年来研究区净第一性生产力在波动中呈现增加趋势;净第一性生产力介于8~300 gC/(m2.a)的植被主要分布于气候干旱或气候严寒、冬季漫长的高纬度地区,因而植被生产力较低;净第一性生产力介于300~700 gC/(m2.a)的植被主要分布于10°~35°N低纬度地区以及50°~60°N中高纬度地区;净第一性生产力平均介于700~2 000 gC/(m2.a)的植被主要分布于缅甸、泰国、越南的热带雨林,这些区域的植被生产力最高;各种植被类型中常绿阔叶林的净第一性生产力平均值最大,约为1 229.97 gC/(m2.a).13种植被按其净第一性生产力对气候变化响应的相似性,可以分为4种类型.     

不同盐度对四指马鲅幼鱼存活及鳃组织形态变化的影响

【目的】探究不同盐度对四指马鲅（Eleutheronema tetradactylum）幼鱼存活与鳃组织结构变化的影响,为四指马鲅苗种生产提供有效的技术支持和理论参考。【方法】试验设0、5‰、10‰（对照）、15‰和20‰等5个盐度组,将暂养于盐度为10‰水体中的四指马鲅幼鱼直接放入其他盐度水体中,试验第15 d时进行活体鳃组织取样,采用组织学方法对不同盐度条件下四指马鲅幼鱼的鳃组织结构进行研究。【结果】盐度为0时,四指马鲅幼鱼在12 h之内全部死亡,5‰盐度组幼鱼死亡率成为6.6%,10‰对照组幼鱼无死亡,15‰和20‰盐度组幼鱼死亡率分别为33.3%和60.0%,表明与高盐环境相比,四指马鲅幼鱼更能适应低盐环境,但不能在急性淡水胁迫条件下存活。显微结构观察结果显示,10‰盐度条件下,四指马鲅幼鱼的鳃小片排列紧密,线粒体丰富细胞主要分布在鳃小片基部。随着盐度增加,鳃小片的长度和间距减小,而鳃小片宽度增加。其中,5‰盐度条件下鳃小片的长度、宽度和间距分别为45.19±3.18μm、5.32±1.02μm和17.65±1.43μm,20‰盐度条件下鳃小片的长度、宽度和间距分别为36.67±3.81μm、8.78±2.22μm和11.56±3.81μm,差异均达显著水平（P<0.05）。20‰盐度条件下,鳃小片的远端可观察到线粒体丰富细胞,扁平上皮细胞出现一定程度的脱落或分离现象。扫描电镜观察结果显示,线粒体丰富细胞的顶膜结构分为Ⅰ型（顶膜向内凹陷）和Ⅱ型（顶膜向外凸起）2种类型。5‰盐度条件下,线粒体丰富细胞出现2种类型,主要以Ⅱ型为主,顶膜开口较大,表面有大量微绒毛,扁平上皮细胞表面有隆起的微嵴,形成指纹样回路;10‰盐度条件下,出现Ⅰ型线粒体丰富细胞,扁平上皮细胞表面微嵴形态不规则,细胞间的界限不明显;15‰和20‰盐度条件下,均以Ⅰ型结构为主,且随着盐度增加,顶膜加深,线粒体丰富细胞数量增多,扁平上皮细胞表面微嵴隆起幅度小,指纹样的回路不明显。【结论】当水体渗透压改变时,四指马鲅幼鱼存活率及鳃小片上细胞的数量分布和形态均发生显著变化,鳃组织结构的变化与其所处的环境盐度条件有关。     

Stratospheric response to trace gas perturbations: changes in ozone and temperature distributions

The stratospheric concentration of trace gases released in the atmosphere as a result of human activities is increasing at a rate of 5 to 8 percent per year in the case of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 1 percent per year in the case of methane (CH(4)), and 0.25 percent per year in the case of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The amount of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is expected to double before the end of the 21st century. Even if the production of the CFCs remains limited according to the protocol for the protection of the ozone layer signed in September 1987 in Montreal, the abundance of active chlorine (2 parts per billion by volume in the early 1980s) is expected to reach 6 to7 parts per billion by volume by 2050. The impact of these increases on stratospheric temperature and ozone was investigated with a two-dimensional numerical model. The model includes interactive radiation, wave and mean flow dynamics, and 40 trace species. An increase in CFCs caused ozone depletion in the model, with the largest losses near the stratopause and, in the vertical mean, at high latitudes. Increased CO(2) caused ozone amounts to increase through cooling, with the largest increases again near 45 kilometers and at high latitudes. This CO(2)-induced poleward increase reduced the CFC-induced poleward decrease. Poleward and downward ozone transport played a major role in determining the latitudinal variation in column ozone changes.     

Phosphorylation coupled to the transfer of electrons from glutathione to cytochrome c

Formation of adenosine diphosphate from adenosine monophosphate and inorganic phosphate can be coupled to the oxidation of reduced glutathione by cytochrome c in a reaction which requires oxidized glutathione as a catalyst. The reaction occurs with purified materials in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and may represent the type reaction for one or more oxidative phosphorylations.     

Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface

A method for confining electrons to artificial structures at the nanometer lengthscale is presented. Surface state electrons on a copper(111) surface were confined to closed structures (corrals) defined by barriers built from iron adatoms. The barriers were assembled by individually positioning iron adatoms with the tip of a 4-kelvin scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A circular corral of radius 71.3 A was constructed in this way out of 48 iron adatoms. Tunneling spectroscopy performed inside of the corral revealed a series of discrete resonances, providing evidence for size quantization. STM images show that the corral's interior local density of states is dominated by the eigenstate density expected for an electron trapped in a round two-dimensional box.     

陆地植被净第一性生产力对全球气候变化响应研究的进展

陆地植被的年净第一性生产力是植物每年通过光合作用所固定的碳总量，在全球CO2浓度持续变化的过程中，作为一个对外界综合环境因素敏感的指标，陆地植被第一生产力的变化及与环境因子之间相互作用的机制是关注的焦点，简要介绍了植被净第一生产力研究方法的状况，着重对当前2种主要生产力模型（GLO－PEM模型和NASA－CASM模型）的测定原理，方法，测定结果及优缺点进行了评述，同时对国内相关领域的研究状况也进行了介绍。表2参18     

Target-dependent structural changes accompanying long-term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia neurons

The mechanisms underlying structural changes that accompany learning and memory have been difficult to investigate in the intact nervous system. In order to make these changes more accessible for experimental analysis, dissociated cell culture and low-light-level video microscopy were used to examine Aplysia sensory neurons in the presence or absence of their target cells. Repeated applications of serotonin, a facilitating transmitter important in behavioral dishabituation and sensitization, produced growth of the sensory neurons that paralleled the long-term enhancement of synaptic strength. This growth required the presence of the postsynaptic motor neuron. Thus, both the structural changes and the synaptic facilitation of Aplysia sensorimotor synapses accompanying long-term behavioral sensitization can be produced in vitro by applying a single facilitating transmitter repeatedly. These structural changes depend on an interaction of the presynaptic neuron with an appropriate postsynaptic target.     

2000—2014 年艾比湖NDVI 变化及其与降水、温度响应关系

采用2000—2014 年艾比湖流域1 km×1 km 分辨率的MODIS-NDVI 影像数据,以MVC 法合成 年最大归一化差分植被指数（ NDVI）,利用研究区内20 个气象站点的同期气象因子（温度、降水）数据, 探讨2000—2014 年艾比湖流域 NDVI 变化以及对温度与降水的响应特征。结果表明：15 年间艾比湖流域 NDVI 呈现增长趋势,其中轻微增加面积占82.97%,轻微减少和明显减少面积分别占2.11%、0.27%,植被 改善情况较好;从年际变化水平来看,线性相关与二维空间分析结果总体上研究区NDVI 与降水量呈正相 关、与温度呈负相关,同时降水对NDVI 变化的响应关系高于温度的影响,NDVI 与降水量和温度的线性相 关系数分别为R2=0.95、R2=0.81。利用遥感技术对艾比湖NDVI 进行长时间序列的趋势变化研究,对当地生 态安全的保护有理论与实际意义。     

Bidirectional counting of single electrons

A bidirectional single-electron counting device is demonstrated. Individual electrons flowing in forward and reverse directions through a double quantum dot are detected with a quantum point contact acting as a charge sensor. A comprehensive statistical analysis in the frequency and time domains and of higher order moments of noise reveals antibunching correlation in single-electron transport through the device itself. The device can also be used to investigate current flow in the attoampere range, which cannot be measured by existing current meters.     

天门冬对不同浓度NaCl溶液胁迫的生理响应

在不同浓度NaCl溶液胁迫下测定了天门冬叶片生理指标,并分析其抗盐特性.结果表明:NaCl处理后,天门冬叶片中的可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量及SOD活性随胁迫程度的增强呈先上升后下降趋势,丙二醛含量呈持续上升趋势.随处理时间的延长,可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量在第6天达最大值,第8天出现不同程度的下降趋势,SOD活性呈...